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1 PGM Department
IK and ISK
Respect for Indigenous Spatial Knowledge
Understanding mental maps
2 PGM Department
Naive Geography – “real space”
Real space tightly coupled with Time
Distances are non linear
Distances are asymmetric
Key nodes are the interest, not the space between – space jumps
Fuzzy, Flexible, boundaries & zones
Layered zones
Continuous or discrete space
Uncertain and Restricted spaces
3 PGM Department
Representing Real Space
Natural language uses near, far, islotaed, crowded, etc.
3 Dimensions of space not universal. E.gs. of Ethnospace adding diurnal, seasonl, centrality, zenith, nadir
Jumping scale
Spatial learning – Landmarks, Routes, Survey Area
Space includes soundscape, smellscape
4 PGM Department
Gendered ISK & Genderising GIS
GIS as ‘masculinist’, materialist positivist technology
handles only discrete, bounded, pre-defined units of analysis, and
unable to cope with ambiguity, fuzziness, abstract concepts or synthesis, and
straight-jacketing emotions and spiritual values.
GIS is missing reflexivity, & ignoring qualitative info
“feminisation of GIS”. Hall 1996, Kwan 2002, …
5 PGM Department
Reproducing Cosmo space
Incorporating or Inscribing
Incorporating: ceremony, stories, dance, song Singing geospatial pictograms - songlines
Inscribing: reports, maps, cadastres
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Stewardship of the Land
Maori :
Tapu – respect for resources
Mana - authority
Mauri - Life force life energy
Stewardship - Land is held in trust:
NZ, India, islamic law, Solomon Islands, First Nations
International Court of Justice, FoE : “our grandchildren´s grandchildren”
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Representing land tenure
Customary Land Tenure System
e.g. Aboriginal Australia
Market-oriented Land Tenure
e.g. Australian Cadastral System
Spiritual physical connection to land Land as a marketable commodity
Communal Ownership. Stewardship. Register land with cadastre. Exclusive ownership.
Land transferred through inheritance Transfer land sale, lease, inheritance.
Evidence tenure via song, dance, stories, pictures, ceremony – ‘incorporating’
Written Records by Certificate of Title granted by state. Long-term ‘inscribed’ storage in databases.
Boundaries are ‘limits of influence’ topography, sacred spaces.
Boundaries geodetic, demarcated by monuments. State regulation.
Overlapping rights, responsibilities, negotiate with neighbour peoples
Rights on neighbouring lands restricted & controlled by the State
Soft boundaries Hard boundaries
Temporary/Seasonally flexible bound
Richer Meanings – holistic
GIS cannot handle – Maybe PGIS
Mostly fixed boundaries
Preciser meanings - reductionist
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´Claiming Our Land´ - Demarcating Customary Lands & Traditional Boundaries
Identify areas of Use and Occupancy
Priorities for Claims
Evaluation of Scenarios – of alternative land management
Prep. for Court Procedures – rigour, accuracy, appearance
9 PGM Department
GIS & Maps in Land Claims
“A map is likely to enhance a court’s understanding, synthesis, and resolution of a land dispute”
“GIS [is] a useful tool in bridging the gap between traditional landscape images and the demand for formal cartographic representations of land necessary for land claim negotiation.”
“the key text for modern states to take over resource tenure is the map”
10 PGM Department
Maps and Land Titling - a Warning
“ .. mapping of land titling oversimplifies overlapping claims from different family members and reduces them to simplistic 2-D space of ‘household title’ –
leads to exclusion, dispossession, & conflicts”
(Ganjanapan 1994)
11 PGM Department
Respect for People’s Land RightsConcepts of Land
ISK as symbolic, emotional, and visionary knowledge –
Cultural, historical, & spiritual values of land.
Land in the stewardship of people.
Land determines activity spaces and responsibility spaces.
12 PGM Department
ISK / ITK - Indigenous (Spatial) Technical Knowledge
IK and scientific knowledge are not always so different.
ITK/ISK maybe more accurate because embodies generations of practical knowledge, and works in interactive, holistic systems.
Examples:
Interpret satellite images of land capability with Bedu shepherds Jordan (Patrick 2002);
ITK of grazing lands in Burkina Faso (Sedogo 2002);
Australia: mapping ITK of valuable vegetation types
Senegal River valley: comparison farmers’ & scientific soil classifications (Tabor & Hutchinson 1994);
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Mapping Local Urban Resources
17 PGM Department
Equity & Legitimacy - Gendered Space
Spatial knowledge is a form of power over space and power over behaviour.
Gendered spaces are different in character and value and use.
Women’s space may be very restricted (due to culture, or danger)
Women’s space may not be visible, nor easily transferable to GIS
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Poverty & Conservation Sketch Map, Mali village
22 PGM Department
Other Mental maps
Children´s mental maps
urban examples
Animals´Mental maps
23 PGM Department
Children´s Map of Beacon Park
24 PGM Department
P-GIS in Conflict Management
Conflict mapping
Fuzzy and flexible boundaries,
Conflicts over land, land resources, access to resources, ownership of resources,
Or, conflicts between different forms of ownership or entitlements
Counter mapping
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Cultural-Historical Identity >Building the Community
- Promote Community awareness- Cultural Historical Knowledge > local history
- Community development of GIS strengthened Ifugao historical cultural consciousness and prepared for negotiations.
- Sacred Lands- Land for the Ancestors
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Mental Maps – Los Angeleswhite elite, black, hispanic
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Rosario, Argentina
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Community Green Map, James Bay
33 PGM Department
Bostonian´s Image
34 PGM Department
New Yorker´s Image of the USA
35 PGM Department
Jefferson City - watersheds
36 PGM Department
Ownership of Spatial Data
o gathering, hunting, fishing, grazing, woodfuel o waterholes. o boundaries of culture areas, clans, tribes.o customary property demarcations within a cultural
boundary, e.g. by clan, lineage, household,o historic placeso ancestral grounds, sacred areas, buried arto indigenous place names, cosmological (creation)
locations.
37 PGM Department
Maori Indigenous Values of Land (Harmsworth)
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How is Ownership protected?
o concealed files linked to GIS
o overlay only at a crude scale
o hyperlink to an accepted authority figure
39 PGM Department
Questions of ownership (Rambaldi)
Who decides on what is “important”?Who owns
the pictorial language, its graphic vocabulary and the resulting message?
Who owns the Legend?