1

Plants – Targeted ReviewPlants – Targeted Review

2

OrderOrder Part 1 Part 1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahXIMUkSXX0

Part 2 Part 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOIP_Z_-0Hs

Part 3Part 3 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14-NdQwKz9w

3

Inner Life of The CellInner Life of The Cell

http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/innerlifeseries.html

Largely beyond the scope of this Largely beyond the scope of this classclass

Big Picture Stuff – Big Picture Stuff – notnot details! details!

4

What is a Plant?What is a Plant? 2 kingdoms ….. Plant 2 kingdoms ….. Plant

& Animal& Animal Animals moved about; Animals moved about;

Plants didn’t and Plants didn’t and were photosyntheticwere photosynthetic

FungiFungi Photosynthetic Photosynthetic

protists (aka protists (aka “algae”)“algae”)

Land PlantsLand Plants

5Elysia chlorotica :: solar-powered sea slug

Division Phase of the Cell Division Phase of the Cell CycleCycle

Division of the nucleus is Division of the nucleus is karyokinesis karyokinesis

There are two types: There are two types: Mitosis - Duplication divisionMitosis - Duplication division Meiosis - Reduction divisionMeiosis - Reduction division

Division of the cytoplasm is Division of the cytoplasm is cytokinesiscytokinesis

Centrioles/CentrosomeCentrioles/Centrosome Absent Absent

PinophytaPinophyta AngiospermsAngiosperms Some fungiSome fungi

Present Present Some fungiSome fungi Male gametes ofMale gametes of

o CharophytesCharophyteso BryophytesBryophyteso Ferns and fern alliesFerns and fern allieso CycadsCycadso GingkoGingko

7

8

MitosisMitosis Four phases:Four phases:

ProphaseProphase MetaphaseMetaphase AnaphaseAnaphase TelophaseTelophase

II PProposed roposed MMarriage to arriage to AAnna by nna by TTelephone, elephone, CCarefullyarefully

In or nearIn or near meristem cellsmeristem cells

Less Common Types of Less Common Types of DivisionDivision

Karyokinesis Karyokinesis without cytokinesiswithout cytokinesis Multinucleate cells Multinucleate cells

-- coenocytes-- coenocytes Cytokinesis Cytokinesis

without without karyokinesiskaryokinesis Most common in Most common in

algae, fungi, and algae, fungi, and the nutritive tissues the nutritive tissues of seedsof seeds

Unusual Unusual Mitosis may Mitosis may represent represent evolutionarilevolutionarily older linesy older lines

11

Cell Division: ProkaryotesCell Division: Prokaryotes Division by binary Division by binary

fissionfission Circular DNA replicates Circular DNA replicates

attached to the cell attached to the cell membranemembrane

Replicates separated by Replicates separated by membrane growthmembrane growth

Cytokinesis occurs by a Cytokinesis occurs by a process of infurrowingprocess of infurrowing

The plasma membrane The plasma membrane pulls inward and pinches pulls inward and pinches in twoin two

Division: Chloroplasts and Division: Chloroplasts and MitochondriaMitochondria

DNA is replicated as DNA is replicated as in prokaryotesin prokaryotes Division occurs either Division occurs either

by in furrowing or by by in furrowing or by being pulled in twobeing pulled in two

Replication -- not Replication -- not coordinated with the coordinated with the cell cycle cell cycle

Appears continuous Appears continuous throughout interphase.throughout interphase.

Gamete TypesGamete Types

14

GametesGametes Process? It depends!Process? It depends! Meiosis …..Meiosis …..

AnimalsAnimals Some protistsSome protists Some AlgaeSome Algae

MitosisMitosis PlantsPlants Some AlgaeSome Algae

A brief note on ploidy …..A brief note on ploidy …..15

16

Fertilization and meiosis Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life alternate in sexual life

cyclescycles Life cycle -- generation-to-generation sequence of Life cycle -- generation-to-generation sequence of

stages in the reproductive history of an organismstages in the reproductive history of an organism

Sexual Reproduction -- Alternation of meiosis and Sexual Reproduction -- Alternation of meiosis and fertilizationfertilization

Life cycles -- timing of meiosis and fertilization Life cycles -- timing of meiosis and fertilization

17

Key

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Haploid gametes (n = 23)

Ovum (n)

Spermcell (n)

TestisOvary

Mitosis anddevelopment

Multicellular diploidadults (2n = 46)

FERTILIZATIONMEIOSIS

Diploidzygote

(2n = 46)

In In animalsanimals, , meiosis meiosis

produces produces gametesgametes The only The only

haploid cells in haploid cells in animalsanimals

Gametes fuse Gametes fuse to form a to form a

diploid zygotediploid zygote

Gametic Gametic MeiosisMeiosis

18

Gametic

meiosis

Animals, some

protists, some algae

19

Zygotic MeiosisZygotic Meiosis

In most fungi and some protistsIn most fungi and some protists only diploid stage is the single-celled only diploid stage is the single-celled

zygotezygote Zygote -- haploid cells by meiosisZygote -- haploid cells by meiosis Haploid cell grows by mitosis into a Haploid cell grows by mitosis into a

haploid multicellular organismhaploid multicellular organism The haploid adult produces gametes by The haploid adult produces gametes by

mitosismitosis

20

Zygotic meiosis

Fungi, some algae

21

Alternation of Alternation of GenerationsGenerations

Sporic MeiosisSporic Meiosis Plants and some algae Plants and some algae Two multicellular “generations” -- one Two multicellular “generations” -- one

diploid and one haploiddiploid and one haploid Sporophyte (diploid) -- makes haploid Sporophyte (diploid) -- makes haploid

spores by meiosisspores by meiosis Spore germinates -- haploid organism Spore germinates -- haploid organism

called a gametophytecalled a gametophyte Gametophyte (haploid) -- haploid Gametophyte (haploid) -- haploid

gametes by mitosisgametes by mitosis

22

Sporic meiosi

s

Plants, some algae

TaxonomyTaxonomy Naming and Naming and

classifying speciesclassifying species Early goals:Early goals:

Develop Develop natural natural systemsystem of of classification – classification – grouping closely grouping closely related organismsrelated organisms

Assigning plant Assigning plant names based on names based on phylogenetic phylogenetic relationshipsrelationships

ConceptsConcepts Modern GoalsModern Goals

understanding evolutionary linesunderstanding evolutionary lines system of nomenclature reflecting system of nomenclature reflecting

phylogenyphylogeny TaxonomyTaxonomy – study of how things are – study of how things are

classified classified Phylogenetics -- Phylogenetics -- Reconstructing Reconstructing

evolutionary historyevolutionary history Phylogeny is reality; classification Phylogeny is reality; classification

systems are hypotheses. systems are hypotheses.

Figure 1: Five recently published representative topologies among Figure 1: Five recently published representative topologies among eudicots (Eud), monocots (Mon), magnoliids (Mag), eudicots (Eud), monocots (Mon), magnoliids (Mag), Ceratophyllaceae (Cer) and Chloranthaceae (Chl).Ceratophyllaceae (Cer) and Chloranthaceae (Chl).

25

From: Zeng, L., Q. Zhang, R. Sun, H. Kong, N. Zhang and H. Ma. From: Zeng, L., Q. Zhang, R. Sun, H. Kong, N. Zhang and H. Ma. 2014. 2014. Resolution of deep Resolution of deep angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times. Nature angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times. Nature Communications 5, Article number: 4956 doi:10.1038/ncomms5956Communications 5, Article number: 4956 doi:10.1038/ncomms5956

ConceptsConcepts Phylogenetics -- Phylogenetics -- Reconstructing Reconstructing

hypothetical hypothetical evolutionary historyevolutionary history Knowledge incomplete and imperfect Knowledge incomplete and imperfect

classification systems are only classification systems are only approximationsapproximations

Phylogenies are only hypotheses Phylogenies are only hypotheses

A phylogeny is only as robust as the A phylogeny is only as robust as the data!data!

27

Systematics:Systematics:Links Taxonomy and Links Taxonomy and

PhylogenyPhylogeny Systematists Systematists

depict depict evolutionary evolutionary relationships in relationships in branching branching phylogenetic phylogenetic treestrees

Carnivora

Pantherapardus

(leopard)

Mephitismephitis

(striped skunk)

Lutra lutra(European

otter)

Canisfamiliaris

(domestic dog)

Canislupus(wolf)S

pec

ies

Gen

us

Fam

ilyO

rder

Felidae Mustelidae Canidae

Panthera Mephitis Lutra Canis

Reading TreesReading Trees

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Unrooted TreesUnrooted Trees Often drawn as networkOften drawn as network No outgroupNo outgroup

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TopologyTopology EquivalentEquivalent Direction of time Direction of time

differentdifferent

30

TopologyTopology

Order of terminal Order of terminal nodes is irrelevant nodes is irrelevant – only branching – only branching order important.order important.

31

32

TopologyTopology

D

B

TopologyTopology

A – cladogram: A – cladogram: information contained information contained in branching orderin branching order

B – phylogram: branch B – phylogram: branch lengths proportional to lengths proportional to measure of divergencemeasure of divergence

C – phylogram: branch C – phylogram: branch lengths scaled to timelengths scaled to time

33

34

Cladistics / PhylogeneticsCladistics / Phylogenetics Clades can be Clades can be

nested in nested in larger clades, larger clades, but not all but not all groupings or groupings or organisms organisms qualify as qualify as cladesclades

Carnivora

Pantherapardus

(leopard)

Mephitismephitis

(striped skunk)

Lutra lutra(European

otter)

Canisfamiliaris

(domestic dog)

Canislupus(wolf)S

pec

ies

Gen

us

Fam

ilyO

rder

Felidae Mustelidae Canidae

Panthera Mephitis Lutra Canis

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Phylogenetic GroupingsPhylogenetic Groupings

Phylogenetic GroupingsPhylogenetic Groupings

What’s a What’s a monophyletimonophyletic group?c group?

How many How many monophyletimonophyletic groups?c groups?

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Phylogenetic Terminology Apomorphy –

derived character Plesiomorphy –

Ancestral character Autapomorphy –

unique & characteristic to monophyletic group

Synapomorphy – shared derived characters

Homoplasy – similarity not due to common ancestry

37

38

Grouping Species: The Grouping Species: The Basic IdeaBasic Idea

Kingdoms and domains -- broadest Kingdoms and domains -- broadest units of classificationunits of classification

King Philip Cleverly Ordered Fried King Philip Cleverly Ordered Fried Green squidGreen squid … …

Ursidae

Ursus

Carnivora

Mammalia

Chordata

Animalia

Eukarya

Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom DomainUrsusamericanus(Americanblack bear)

© 2009 W.W. Norton & © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Company, Inc.

DISCOVER BIOLOGY DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e4/e

Levels of Taxonomic Hierarchy

Seven primary levels(8 counting Domain!)

4040

NomenclatureNomenclatureTaxonomic

rankFungi Algae Plants

Phylum -mycota -phyta -phyta

Subphylum -mycotina -phytine -phytina

Class -mycetes -phyceae -opsida

Subclass -mycetidae -phycidae -idae

Order -ales -ales -ales

Suborder -ineae -ineae -ineae

Family -aceae -aceae -aceae

Subfamily -oideae -oideae -oideae

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International Code of Botanical Nomenclature – http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm

Families, Genera & Families, Genera & SpeciesSpecies Family – Rosaceae (ca. 100 genera Family – Rosaceae (ca. 100 genera

worldwide) worldwide) GeneraGenera

AmelanchierAmelanchier MalusMalus PrunusPrunus PyrusPyrus RosaRosa RubusRubus

42

Families, Genera & Families, Genera & SpeciesSpecies Family Rosaceae – species Family Rosaceae – species Rosa Rosa

multifloramultiflora Species in different generaSpecies in different genera

Amelanchier arborea Amelanchier arborea -- serviceberry -- serviceberry Malus pumilaMalus pumila – common apple – common apple Prunus americanaPrunus americana – American plum – American plum Pyrus communisPyrus communis – pear – pear Rubus odoratusRubus odoratus – wild blackberry – wild blackberry

Species in the same genusSpecies in the same genus Rosa canina Rosa canina – Dog rose– Dog rose Rosa setigeraRosa setigera – Prairie rose – Prairie rose Rosa carolinaRosa carolina – Carolina rose – Carolina rose

43

Binomial Scientific Binomial Scientific NamesNames The The scientific namescientific name -- genus name and -- genus name and

specific epithetspecific epithet UniqueUnique Properly includes authorityProperly includes authority

Names are treated as Latin and always Names are treated as Latin and always underlinedunderlined or or italicizeditalicized The first letter of the genus name is The first letter of the genus name is alwaysalways

capitalizedcapitalized The first letter of the species name is The first letter of the species name is alwaysalways lower lower

casecase Authorities, “variety,” etc. unitalicized.Authorities, “variety,” etc. unitalicized.

Species name is Species name is alwaysalways paired with its genus paired with its genus namename Homo sapiensHomo sapiens

Specie == MoneySpecie == Money44

45

Biological DiversityBiological Diversity

Biologists have named about 2 million speciesBiologists have named about 2 million species

46

Biological DiversityBiological Diversity

Estimates of total species range from 10 million to over 200 millionEstimates of total species range from 10 million to over 200 million

47

Early Biological Early Biological ThoughtThought

Expressed by ancient Expressed by ancient Greek philosophersGreek philosophers Plato (427-347 B.C.)Plato (427-347 B.C.) Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)

arranged all organisms arranged all organisms on a linear scale of on a linear scale of increasing complexity increasing complexity (“ladder of Nature”)(“ladder of Nature”)

48

History of Classification History of Classification SchemesSchemes

Until 1969 – 2 Kingdoms (Plant & Until 1969 – 2 Kingdoms (Plant & Animal)Animal)

1969 – Robert Whittaker: 5 1969 – Robert Whittaker: 5 KingdomsKingdoms all bacteria in Kingdom Moneraall bacteria in Kingdom Monera

1990 – Carl Woese: 3 Domains1990 – Carl Woese: 3 DomainsBACTERIA EUKARYAARCHAEA

49

The Three Domains of LifeThe Three Domains of Life At the highest level, life is classified into At the highest level, life is classified into

three domains:three domains: Bacteria (prokaryotes)Bacteria (prokaryotes) Archaea (prokaryotes)Archaea (prokaryotes) Eukarya (eukaryotes)Eukarya (eukaryotes)

o Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protistao Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantaeo Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungio Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

50

The Five Kingdoms of The Five Kingdoms of LifeLife

ProkaryotesProkaryotes Archaea – Archaea – Domain ArchaeaDomain Archaea Bacteria Bacteria – – Domain BacteriaDomain Bacteria Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria – – Domain BacteriaDomain Bacteria

Animals – Animals – Domain EukaryaDomain EukaryaPlants Plants – – Domain EukaryaDomain EukaryaFungi Fungi – – Domain EukaryaDomain EukaryaProtists Protists – – Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya

51

TaxonomyTaxonomyA Constant State of FluxA Constant State of Flux

Classifications Change ……Classifications Change …… Systematists regularly propose changes Systematists regularly propose changes

in classificationin classification Classifications Change When New Classifications Change When New

Information Is DiscoveredInformation Is Discovered

A classification is …….A classification is …….

52

53

54

The Three Domains of LifeThe Three Domains of Life

55

56

57

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you are here

Fungi

Slime Molds

58

Another Classification Another Classification SchemeScheme

http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/taxa.htm

59

60

The Three Domains of LifeThe Three Domains of Life

Phylogenies of Bacteria, Archaea and eukaryotes inferred from concatenated rRNA.

Williams T A et al. Proc. R. Soc. B doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1795

©2012 by The Royal Society

Notice that Eukaryotes

are embedded

within Archaea in 3 of the 4

trees!

Archaea

Bacteria

Eukarya