1 滚动轴承 Rolling Bearings 工作时，由滚动体在内外圈的滚道上进行滚动摩擦，并支承轴的部件，叫滚动轴承。滚动轴承由外圈、内圈、滚动体和

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滚动轴承 Rolling Bearings

工作时，由滚动体在内外圈的滚道上进行滚动摩擦，并支承轴的部件，叫滚动轴承。

滚动轴承由外圈、内圈、滚动体和保持架四个部分组成。

Rolling bearings is a collective name for shaft support bearings that have revolving elements between a moving and a stationary ring. This is in contrast to plain bearings.

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点、线接触 Point and Line contact

With a ball bearing, the load is transmitted to the runway through the balls and a very small surface. This is called a point contact. The bearing capacity is therefore less than that of a roller bearing, where the load is trans mitted through a line contact to the runways.

球轴承中，在载荷的作用下，滚动体（球）与滚道的接触面几乎为一个点，称为点接触。

而接触面为一条线，称为线接触。

点接触轴承承载能力不如线接触轴承。

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滚动轴承的类型 Radial and Axial Bearings

Rolling bearings are subdivided into two main groups, namely

Radial rolling bearings.

Axial rolling bearings

- Radial bearings mainly serve for taking up a load radially, i.e. perpend icular to the shaft. Axial bearings mainly serve for a load in the axial direction of the shaft. Certain types of bearing can take a combined load.

向心轴承。主要承受径向载荷。

推力轴承。只能承受轴向载荷。

向心推力轴承。能同时承受径向载荷和轴向载荷的轴承。

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滚动轴承和滑动轴承的比较Rolling bearings compared to a plain bearings

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滚动轴承的优点Advantages of rolling bearings to plain bearings

1. 起动灵敏。 Small starting moment

2. 摩擦系数小。 Low friction at all speeds

3. 效率高。 Low consumption of energy

4. 旋转精度高。 High reliability

5. 轴向尺寸小。 Little width

6. 润滑简便。 Long lubrication intervals

7. 润滑剂消耗最小。 Minimum consumption of lubricant

8. 易于更换。 Easy to replace

9. 标准件。 Standardised dimensions

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滚动轴承的结构及名称Definitions

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滚动轴承的类型Bearing types

• 深沟球轴承• Deep groove ball bearing

• 调心球轴承• Self aligning ball bearing

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• 角接触球轴承• Angular contact bearing

• 双列角接触球轴承• Two row angular contact bearing


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• 调心滚子轴承• Spherical roller bearing

• 圆柱滚子轴承• Cylindrical bearing


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• 滚针轴承• Needle bearing

• 推力球轴承• Thrust ball bearing


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• 推力圆柱滚子轴承• Cylindrical thrust bearing

• 推力调心滚子轴承• Spherical roller thrust bearing


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滚动轴承的代号Rolling bearing coding

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例子An example

22320 EK C3 The significance of the above bearing code is as follows:2 =two-row barrel shape bearing 调心滚子轴承23=dimension series 尺寸系列代号， 2 为宽度系列代号， 3 为直径系列代号 20=diameter bore 内径代号

x5=20x5=100 mmE=altered internal construction 内部结构改变K=conical bore 1:12 内孔锥度为 1 ： 12

C3= radial clearance larger than normal. 游隙代号

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轴承装配的预防措施Precautionary measures with the assembly of bearings

Inspect the parts of the bearing set-up and remove all burrs （毛刺） . Clean the shaft and check the seats on diameter tolerance and dimensional accuracy. Inspect the seals and replace them if they are damaged. A rubber seal must always be replaced.

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轴承装配的预防措施Precautionary measures with the assembly of bearings

Unpack new bearings just before the assembly. They must remain protected against dirt as long as possible. The preserving( 保留 ) agent must not be removed, except from the bearing bore and the outer surface of the outer ring. Wash these surfaces with an oilbased solvent and dry them. Use a lint-free cloth. Large bearings are often protected by a relatively thick layer of hot greasy preserving agent, in which the bearing is immersed( 陷入 ). This layer must be removed by washing before assembly.

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轴承的清洗方法

Cleaning methods of bears

There are two methods to clean bearings: cold and hot. With cold cleaning, the bearing is washed with an oilbased solvent. Always use clean liquid and tools, with the first washing stage being done in one tank and the last rinsing （冲洗） stage in another tank. Dry the bearing and smear （涂上） it immediately after drying with grease or oil. Protect it against dirt until assembly. With hot cleaning, use a thin, clean oil with a flash point of at least 250 °C. The oil must be heated to about 120 °C. Hot cleaning is mostly very efficient, and the remaining oil offers a temporary （临时的） protection against corrosion （侵蚀） .

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轴承的安排Bearing arrangement

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滚动轴承装配的方法滚动轴承装配的方法 assembly and/or disassembly methodassembly and/or disassembly method

1. 机械压入法。 Mechanical method

2. 液压法。 Hydraulic method

3. 压油法。 Pressure oil method

4. 温差法。 Thermal method

The following division is made with regard to bearing size:- Small bearings:bore < 80 mm- Medium bearings:bore 80 to 200 mm- Large bearings:bore > 200 mm.

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圆柱孔轴承的装配圆柱孔轴承的装配Assembly of bearings with cylindrical boreAssembly of bearings with cylindrical bore

不能直接敲打轴承的内外圈、保持架和滚动体。

During assembly, never strike directly against the bearing rings, cage or the rolling elements.

装配的压力应直接加在待配合的套圈端面上，决不能通过滚动体传递压力。

Never exert force on the one ring to assemble the other. The force will then be transmitted to the rolling elements.

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圆柱孔轴承的装配圆柱孔轴承的装配 Assembly of bearings with a cylindrical bore

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机械方法Mechanical method(cold assembly)

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用温差法装配Thermal method(hot assembly)

During assembly, use clean protective gloves( 手套 ) to handle the bearing. Slide the bearing over the shaft as far as the contact face and keep it pressed against this until the bearing is fixed.

The temperature difference between the bearing and the seat depends on the tightness of the fit and the bearing size. Usually, a bearing temperature of 80 to 90 °C above that of the shaft is sufficient for assembly. The bearing may never be heated above 125 °C, because there is a chance that the material properties will change.

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Depending on the type of bearing to be assembled, there are different heating methods applicable, i.e.: Induction heaters 感应加热器 Electrical heating plates 电子加热盘 Heating cabinets 加热箱 Oil baths. 油浴

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Bearings must never be heated in an open fire because this will cause stresses in the bearing material.

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•感应加热器• Induction heater

•电加热盘• Electrical heating plate


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Heating cabinetHere, the bearings are heated in an electrical heating cabinet, in which a blower( 送风机 ) is fitted. The advantages of these cabinets are that a large number of bearings can be heated at the same time and that the bearings can be kept at the same temperature for a long time.

Oil bathWhen heating a bearing with the aid of an oil bath, we use a tray ( 盘 )filled with oil that is placed on a heating element. Because the bearing may never come into contact with the tray, the tray contains a perforated( 打孔 ) plate on which the bearing lies. Of course, it is also possible to hang the bearing on a bracket( 支架 ) in the oil. It is necessary to watch the temperature of the oil bath carefully.

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圆柱孔轴承的拆卸Disassembly of bearings on a cylindrical seating

With the disassembly of bearings with a cylindrical bore, the cold disassembly method should be subdivided into:- Mechanical method 机械的方法- Hydraulic method 液压的方法- Pressure oil method. 压油的方法

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Mechanical methodSmall and medium size bearings with a tight fit on the shaft can be disassembled with the aid of a normal puller.

Puller on the inner ring Turning of the bearing during disassembly

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Disassembly via the outer ring

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Tight fit on inner and outer rings

Disassembly by means of a hydraulic puller

Disassembly by means of pressure oil method

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Thermal methodDisassembly by means of heating is a suitable method to remove the inner rings of cylinder bearings. Here, special tools can be applied, such as aluminium rings.

Heating by means of aluminium ring

Heating by means of induction heater

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圆柱孔轴承的装配和拆卸圆柱孔轴承的装配和拆卸 Cylindrical seating

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圆锥孔轴承的装配Assembly of bearings with tapered bore

With the cold method, however, another distinction( 区别 ) must also be made:- Mechanical method- Hydraulic method- Oil pressure method. Small bearings are usually assembled cold with the aid of a mounting bush and a hammer or a locking nut and a spanner. Larger bearings can be assembled more easily by using a hydraulic nut and/or the pressure oil method. In certain cases, the bearing can be assembled by means of the thermal method.

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机械的方法Mechanical method (cold method)

Assembly with the aid of an impact bush

Assembly with the aid of the nut and spanner

The use of a impact spanner

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用液压螺母装配轴承Hydraulic method

Bearings with a bore of more than 50mm can be assembled easily and reliably （可靠的） with the aid of a

hydraulic nut.

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压油的方法Pressure oil method

This is a method for medium size and large bearings. Here, oil is injected under high pressure between the surfaces of the bearing and the seat, until both are completely separated. This reduces the friction to practically zero.

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热配法Hot assembly

When, for one reason or another, the pressure oil method or a hydraulic nut cannot be used, the alternative （可选择的方法） is to heat the bearing. This can be done with the aid of an induction heater, heating cabinet （箱） or an oil bath （油浴） .

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Assembly against a collarSlide the cold bearing on the shaft until it makes good contact with its seat. Measure the distance between the inner ring and the collar （套） . This must be reduced by the axial driving on; for this, consult （参考） the tables.

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Assembly on a shaft without collar

Follow the procedure （程序） described above, but measure with respect to a reference （参考） plane instead of to a collar. Increase or reduce this dimension by the length of driving up to obtain the “assembly distance”. Measure the distance while the bearing is slid onto the tapered seat. Keep the bearing in place until it clamps. Place the locking nut and check the clearance when the bearing has cooled down.

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用紧定套安装轴承 Mounting a bearing with a adapter sleeve

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Assembly of a self-adjusting ball bearing on a drawing sleeve

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Assembly of a two-row barrel shape bearing on a drawing sleeve

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An alternative method is to heat the bearing.

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用退卸套安装轴承 Mounting a bearing with a adapter sleeve

Assembly on a pressing sleeve （退卸套）

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Cold assembly

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Use of a hydraulic nut or pressure oil method

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用液压螺母装配轴承 Assembly of bearings with hydraulic nut

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圆锥孔轴承的装配和拆卸圆锥孔轴承的装配和拆卸Tapered seating

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紧定套 Adapter sleeve

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退卸套 Withdrawal sleeve

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圆锥孔轴承的拆卸 Disassembly of bearings with tapered bore on a tapered axle journal

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圆锥孔轴承的拆卸 Disassembly of bearings with tapered bore on a drawing or pressing sleeve

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Documents

1 滚动轴承 Rolling Bearings 工作时，由滚动体在内外圈的滚 道上进行滚动摩擦，并支承轴的部件 ，叫滚动轴承。 滚动轴承由外圈、内圈、滚动体和

1 滚动轴承 Rolling Bearings 工作时，由滚动体在内外圈的滚道上进行滚动摩擦，并支承轴的部件，叫滚动轴承。滚动轴承由外圈、内圈、滚动体和