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Run Time: [01:08:22] At the dawn of the first century, the ancient world was ruled by Rome. Learn how Rome's empire was threatened, faltered under the rule of tyrant emperors, faced civil war, and grew stronger and more resilient.

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Chapter 16 Words, Terms and People to Know

(all words and terms are on test) Scriptures Abbot Patriarchs Bishops Parish Convents Parables Missionary

Gentiles Heresy Palestine Constantine I Benedict Eastern

Orthodox Diocese

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*Christ Crucified around 30 A.D.

*Periodic persecutions until…Nero (64 A.D.)

Domitian (c.90-96)Trajan (98-117)

Hadrian (117-138) Marcus Aurelius (161-181)

Septimus Severus (202-211) Maximus the Thracian (235-251)

Decius (249-251)Valerian (257-260)

Diocleation (303-311)

*Christianity becomes a legal Cult 313 (1st Council of NICAEA - 325 AD)

*392 with Theodosius I ('The Great'), Christianity became the official

STATE RELIGION

So, …by the time St. Jerome wrote

“ It is the end of the world…Words fail me. My sobs break in… The city which took captive the whole world has itself been captured.”

in 410, Rome had been becoming increasingly-- a Christian empire for nearly a century. In fact—many of the Germanic invaders of Rome, beginning in 410, (Alaric and his Goths had embraced Christianity probably from the teaching of Ulfilas, the Arian bishop) will be Christians—albeit heretical Christians in the eyes of the Church.

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The Rise of Christianity C-16Worship of Roman gods was impersonal and

practiced without a great deal of emotion. Priests used sacred rites to intercede on behalf of worshippers

Animals being led to slaughter at a temple sacrifice

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In the 1st century A.D. barbarian attacks and other factors made the Roman Empire increasingly unstable. People rejected Greco-Roman rationalism and turned toward Mithraism, Judaism and emerging Christianity

Inscription dedicated by parents of deceased 7 year old girl, Apuleia Crysopolis; Good Shepherd and bush (Catacomb of St. Callisto, Rome). . The fish's first known use as a Christian religious symbol sometime within the first three centuries AD. Christians began using the Greek word for "fish" as an anagram/acronym for "Jesus Christ God's Son, Savior."

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An increasing insecure society turns to the supernatural world for protection and hope. Romans begin to produce increasing numbers of objects meant to ward off witches and demons.

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Protective Sights & Sounds

Evils brought into human lives by demons Evils brought into human lives by demons could be prevented by could be prevented by magical protectionmagical protection designed to function in people’s daily lives. In designed to function in people’s daily lives. In Late Antiquity, Late Antiquity, mirrorsmirrors and and mirror signsmirror signs deflected these harmful forces; shocking sights, deflected these harmful forces; shocking sights, like the like the Gorgon MedusaGorgon Medusa, frightened these evils , frightened these evils away in the Roman world. The away in the Roman world. The tinkling of bellstinkling of bells was also used to ward off evil.was also used to ward off evil. But, even But, even coins with an emperor’s face were useful and coins with an emperor’s face were useful and could bring about could bring about regeneration and securityregeneration and security..

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Protective Sights & Sounds

Wedjat eyes (“eyes of Horus”)Dynastic Egyptian Glazed composition wareProminent among Egyptian amulets, these Wedjat eyes have a deeper religious meaning than mere watchfulness. Signifying regeneration, wholeness, and good health, they refer to the restoration of the god’s missing eye, returned to him by Isis. All these examples are pierced end to end for stringing, to be used in life and in burial.

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Protective Sights & Sounds

BellsRoman period, c. 1st – 3rd century C.E.Copper alloy; cast

The sound of bells was believed to ward off evil spirits. Bells could therefore be worn as personal charms, or hung as wind chimes, tintinabula, for household entrances and gardens.

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Prosperity Motifs

Boar Tusk Amulet French, 400-700 C.E.Tusk with traces of red and green paint; carved

On the front surface, grapevines are interspersed with animals and vessels. The suspension hole is a sign that the tusk would be worn around the neck as an amulet, perhaps to bring good fortune in the hunt. Point being-find protection and aid from any and all available sources!103

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CrossesThe cross is found on all types of objects of daily life

ranging from lamps to jewelry. The idea of the cross is manifested in both the traditional form that is easily recognizable to a modern viewer, but also in the form of a Chi Rho monogram. The Chi Rho is one of the earliest cruciform symbols used by Christians and comes from the first two Greek letters in the word “Christ.” These cross symbols were used for protection both in life and in the afterlife, for safety and salvation were the same word in Latin. All of the objects on display, jewelry, keys, and lamps, were used on a daily basis in the ancient world.

Mold for Making a Metal Cross Pendant

Byzantine, 400-600 C.E.Steatite; carved & incised2423

Cross Shaped Belt Buckle

Byzantine, c. 400-600 C.E.Copper alloy; hand madeWearing a cross as an accessory or on clothing was a popular way of reinforcing daily life with saving power.FIC

Cross Pendant

Byzantine, c. 400-600 C.E.Copper alloy; castThis cross would have been worn around the neck, as is often done today. It serves as a protective sign. Small depressions on the front may have held silver inlay.A.545

know Chi (x =ch) and Rho (p = r) are the first three letters of "Christ" or "Christos"

in the Greek language

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Roman Power Spreads to Judea Around 63 B.C. Romans learn from attempts of

Antiochus IV and the Maccabean Revolt in 164 B.C. At first the Jewish kingdom remained independent, at least in name. Jewish Kings ruled as representatives of Rome. Some Jews allied with the Romans and accepted their plans to "Romanize" Jerusalem. The ruler Herod, for example, was a Romanized Jew. His loyalties were divided between Rome and the Jewish people, but he ruled with an iron hand and angered many Jews. When he died, the Jews began a revolt against Roman influence that lasted for ten years. Rome finally took control of the Jewish Kingdom and made it the province of Judea in A.D.6

Coin of Herod the Great, bearing a temple and star of David

http://www.unrv.com/

The most ambitious of Herod's projects was the re-building of the Temple, which was almost certainly an attempt to gain popularity among his subjects who, he knew, held

him in contempt and also to make amends for his cruelty toward the rabbis. 20–19 BCE

It took 10,000 men ten years just to build the retaining walls around the Temple Mount (on top of which the Muslim shrine, the Dome of the Rock, stands today). The Western Wall (formerly known as the Wailing Wall) is merely part of that 500-meter-long retaining wall that was designed to hold a huge man-made platform that could accommodate twenty four football fields. When it was completed, it was the world's largest functioning religious site and until today it remains the largest man-made platform in the world.

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Jews Divided by Roman Rule Some Jews believed a messiah would soon appear and restore the kingdom to the Jews thru divine intervention. In what manner this intervention would show itself was uncertain.

Zealots—Believed they could rid homeland of Romans by military force. Lead rebellion in 70 A.D. Masada (73A.D.)/ destruction of the temple.

(395) They then chose ten men by lot out of them, to slay all the rest; every one of whom laid himself down by his wife and children on the ground, and threw his arms about them, and they offered their necks to the stroke of those who by lot executed that melancholy office; (396) and when these ten had, without fear, slain them all, they made the same rule for casting lots for themselves, that he whose lot it was should first kill the other nine, and after all, should kill himself. Accordingly, all these had courage sufficient to be no way behind one another in doing or suffering; (397) so, for a conclusion, the nine offered their necks to the executioner, and he who was the last of all took a view of all the other bodies, lest perchance some or other among so many that were slain should want his assistance to be quite dispatched; and when he perceived that they were all slain, he set fire to the palace, and with the great force of his hands ran his sword entirely through himself, and fell down dead near to his own relations. (398) So these people died with this intention, that they would leave not so much as one soul among them all alive to be subject to the Romans.

Josephus Describes the Mass Suicide at MasadaThe Wars of the Jews, Book 7

Extra Credit viewing: View this 1980s made for TV movie and write a 250 word synopsis of the film to receive 10 extra credit bonus points

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Run Time: [06:08] After leaving Herodium Herod transformed Masada into an engineering marvel. His greatest accomplishment at Masada was the three tiered palace on its northern face of a mountain. The fact that the Romans were able to take the fortress in 73 A.D. indicates their determination to remove Jewish resistance no matter the cost or effort.

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In an attempt to restore order the Romans gave control of religious matters and local affairs to the Jewish court called the Sanhedrin. Sanhedrin comes from the Greek term

sunedrion  (literally, "sitting together")  meaning council.  The Sanhedrin is both a Jewish judicial and administrative body.  The Sanhedrin was composed of local elites--including members of the high-priestly family, scribes (religious experts), and lay elders.  It probably operated under some sort of Roman oversight, at least with respect to its taxing, law enforcement, and other administrative functions. 

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Herod Antipas (before 20 BC – after AD 39) was

First century AD ruler of Galilee and Perea, who bore the title of tetrarch ("ruler of a quarter"). He is best known today for his role in the events that led to the executions of John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth, both from the accounts of these events in the New Testament and their portrayal in modern media (Dan Brown’s book) such as film (Mel Gibson).

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55-6

0 m

iles

30 miles?

It’s a small place!

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Myth, Mystery, History…and Extrapolation…

Myth: traditional or legendary story, usually concerning some being or hero or event, with or without a determinable basis of fact or a natural explanation,

Mystery: anything that is kept secret or remains unexplained or unknown:

History: A usually chronological record of events, as of the life or development of a people or institution, often including an explanation of or commentary on those events

Extrapolation: to infer from values within an already observed interval 2: to project, extend, or expand (known data or experience) into an area not known or experienced so as to arrive at a usually conjectural knowledge of the unknown area : to predict by projecting past experience or known data.

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Dan Brown…”or what was old is new again!”

This book describes the attempts of Robert Langdon, Professor of Religious Symbology at Harvard University, to solve the murder of renowned curator Jacques Saunière of the Louvre Museum in Paris. A baffling cipher is found near his body.Saunière's granddaughter, Sophie Neveu and Langdon attempt to sort out the bizarre riddles and are stunned to discover a trail of clues hidden in the works of Leonardo Da Vinci.

The unraveling of the mystery requires solutions to a series of brain-teasers, including anagrams and number puzzles. The ultimate solution is found to be intimately connected with the possible location of the Holy Grail and to a mysterious society called the Priory of Sion, as well as to the Knights Templar. The story also involves the Roman Catholic organization Opus Dei.

Brown’s work is based upon an earlier work seen to the left. Both works have been a source of consternation for the faithful

Brown’s book, and a subsequent movie, caused quite a stir and prompted many protests by devote Catholics (not to mention the Catholic Church) considering it a work of blasphemous slander. Works such a Brown’s or even Mel Gibson’s movie The Passion of the Christ always cause consternation among one or another segment of the faithful as they deal with what many consider to be the sacred, and, are therefore, always controversial.

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Historic Jesus

Josephus (AD 37 – c. 100), also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph, son of Matthias) and, after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus,was a first-century Jewish historian and apologist of priestly and royal ancestry who survived and recorded the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70. His works give an important insight into first-century Judaism. Other historic works mentioning Jesus are written by:

Tacitus, Suetonius

and Pliny the Younger.

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The words in ALL CAPS are likelylikely interpolations added by Christian copyists over the centuries in an attempt to make Josephus support faith in Jesus as the Christ. We have only three Greek manuscripts of this section of Josephus, all from the 11th century. Indeed, it is the earliest reference to Jesus outside the New Testament, and its rather matter of fact, neutral reporting, makes it all the more valuable to the historian. John Meier, A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus (Doubleday, 1991), Vol I, pp. 57-88.

“Now there was about this time Jesus, a wise man IF IT BE LAWFUL TO CALL HIM A MAN, for he was a doer of wonders, A TEACHER OF SUCH MEN AS RECEIVE THE TRUTH WITH PLEASURE. He drew many after him BOTH OF THE JEWS AND THE GENTILES. HE WAS THE CHRIST. When Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men among us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him, FOR HE APPEARED TO THEM ALIVE AGAIN THE THIRD DAY, AS THE DIVINE PROPHETS HAD FORETOLD THESE AND THEN THOUSAND OTHER WONDERFUL THINGS ABOUT HIM, and the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct at this day…” (Antiquities 18:63-64).

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JOSEPHUS' WRITINGS – Antiquities BOOK 20, CH. 9 “…so he assembled the Sanhedrim of

judges, and brought before them the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James, and some others, [or, some of his companions]; and when he had formed an accusation against them as breakers of the law, he delivered them to be stoned: …”

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The Problem of Christianity for theRoman Empire (1.) They’re not Jews Jews paid a punitive tax specifically for the Jews

called fiscus Judaicus. Christians were not recognized as Jews and did not pay the tax. You want to be exempt from the state religion? Okay, so long as you pay for the privilege.

(2.) They’re not willing to go along with worship of the emperor

(3.) Roman writers viewed Christianity not as another kind of pietas, (religious attitude that helped unify the state. Romans believed in over 400 gods) but as a superstitio, or superstition.

Suetonius called Christians "a class of persons given to a new and mischievous superstition."

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Pliny the Younger governor of

Pontus/Bithynia from 111-113 AD “It is my practice, my lord, to refer

to you all matters concerning which I am in doubt. For who can better give guidance to my hesitation or inform my ignorance? I have never participated in trials of Christians. I therefore do not know what offenses it is the practice to punish or investigate, and to what extent. And I have been not a little hesitant as to whether there should be any distinction on account of age or no difference between the very young and the more mature; whether pardon is to be granted for repentance, or, if a man has once been a Christian, it does him no good to have ceased to be one; whether the name itself, even without offenses, or only the offenses associated with the name are to be punished. ....”

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Emperor Trajan to Pliny the Younger“You observed proper

procedure, my dear Pliny, in sifting the cases of those who had been denounced to you as Christians. For it is not possible to lay down any general rule to serve as a kind of fixed standard. They are not to be sought out; if they are denounced and proved guilty, they are to be punished, with this reservation, that whoever denies that he is a Christian and really proves it--that is, by worshiping our gods--even though he was under suspicion in the past, shall obtain pardon through repentance. But anonymously posted accusations ought to have no place in any prosecution. For this is both a dangerous kind of precedent and out of keeping with the spirit of our age. “

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Cornelius Tacitus: Roman historian who lived circa 56-120 AD., born in France or Gaul ; became a senator, a consul, and eventually governor of Asia.Tacitus wrote at least four historic treatises. Around 115 AD, he published Annals in which he explicitly states that Nero prosecuted the Christians in order to draw attention away from himself for Rome's devastating fire of 64 AD. He mentions Christus who was put to

death by Pontius Pilate. Christus: Annals 15.44.2-8

"Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judaea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome..."

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Persecution of Christians Out of the 54 emperors who ruled between 30 and 311

AD, only about a dozen went out of their way to persecute Christians.

It has been calculated that between the first persecution under Nero in 64 to the Edict of Milan in 313, Christians experienced 129 years of persecution and 120 years of toleration and peace.

The Roman persecutions were generally sporadic, localized, and dependent on the political climate and disposition of each emperor. Moreover, imperial decrees against Christians were often directed against church property, the Scriptures, or clergy only.

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Run Time: [11:32] Pliny the Younger, Vespasian and Josephus

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=141443

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Chapter 16 Christianity 1 B.C.—1054 A.D.

The spread of Christianity was made a lot easier by the efficiency of the Roman Empire during the Pax Romana, but its principles were sometimes misunderstood and membership in the sect could be dangerous.

Although Jesus had died, his message had not. Word of his teachings spread to Jewish communities across the empire. This was helped by energetic apostles, such as Paul and by the modern communications of the Roman Empire.

Christians were distrusted in part because of the secret and misunderstood nature of their worship. Talk of "eating Christ's flesh and drinking his blood" sounded understandably suspicious to the pagans, and Christians were suspected of cannibalism, incest, orgies, and all sorts of immorality.

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Section One: discusses the origins of Christianity

I. The Beginnings (who wrote the gospels?)

A. Christianity based on life and teachings of Jesus 1. lived in Palestine during reign of Augustus

B. Life of Jesus 1. born town of Bethlehem and grew up in Nazareth 2. studied the Jewish scriptures (sacred writings) 3. worked as a carpenter

4. at 30 began to preach and travel in Palestine (a.) God, the Father loved all people (b.) Repent and be forgiven

Situated inside a bowl atop the Nazareth ridge north of the Jezreel valley,

Nazareth was a relatively isolated village in the time of Jesus

with a population less than two hundred.  

Today Nazareth is home to more than 60,000 Israeli Arabs, and Upper Nazareth is home to thousands more Jewish residents.

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(c.) often taught in parables

I. Continued Matthew 13:10-17 (New International Version) 

10The disciples came to him and asked, "Why do you speak to the people in parables?"

 11He replied, "The knowledge of the secrets of the kingdom of heaven has been given to you, but not to them. 12 Whoever has will be given more, and he will have an abundance. Whoever does not have, even what he has will be taken from him. 13 This is why I speak to them in parables:    "Though seeing, they do not see; though hearing, they do not hear or understand. 14 In them is fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah: " 'You will be ever hearing but never understanding; you will be ever seeing but never perceiving. 15 For this people's heart has become calloused; they hardly hear with their ears, and they have closed their eyes.  Otherwise they might see with their eyes, hear with their ears,  understand with their hearts and turn, and I would heal them.'[a] 16 But blessed are your eyes because they see, and your ears because they hear. 17 For I tell you the truth, many prophets and righteous men longed to see what you see but did not see it, and to hear what you hear but did not hear it.”

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5. 30 A.D. Jesus and 12 disciples went to Jerusalem to celebrate Passover

6. Romans angry at Jews because they refused to worship statues of Roman emperor

7. Jews were tired of high taxes (a.) Jews waited for a messiah to save

them from Roman rule 8. Jesus was convicted of treason under

Roman law and was crucified outside Jerusalem

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Jerusalem

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I. cont. 9. disciples saddened and fearful after

Jesus’ death on the cross (Straight Dope)

10. according to Christian belief, Jesus rose from the dead and remained on Earth for 40 days before ascending into heaven

11. His resurrection from the dead convinced his followers he was indeed the Son of God who had become man for the remission of their sins

12. Anyone who believed in his divinity and lived by his teachings would have eternal life.

The Crucifixion, by Vouet,

Deposition by Rubens,

Caravaggio's, Entombment of Christ

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I. cont. C. Paul maps

1. After Jesus died his disciples (apostles those chosen by Jesus to spread his teachings) tried to spread the gospel

2. Most Palestinian Jews wanted a political leader not a religious one.

3. People in Antioch, Corinth, Rome and other trading cities of the Mediterranean area become believers

4. Paul had been a persecutor of Christians (a.) on the road to Damascus he was blinded by a light

and heard Christ’s voice

There is no longer Jew or Gentile, slave or free, male and female. For you are all one in Christ Jesus. Galatians 3:28

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Run Time: [08:07] The Reign of Nero began and a man by the name of Paul helped to transform a Jewish splinter group into a church that came to dominate Rome.

©2001, PBS.

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=141449

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I. more (b.) spends the rest of his life

spreading the Christian message throughout the Roman world and becomes the first to teach to non-Jews (Gentiles)

5. In each city Paul preached to new Christian communities

6. Paul wrote letters to these groups 7. Paul was the Christian church’s first

missionary The Martyrdom of St. Paul Martyrdom of Paul and Peter

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Section Two: describes the difficulties Christianity faced in hostile Roman society

II. Christianity and Rome

A. Roman Empire helped Christianity to spread

B. Political Conditions 1. Romans were tolerant of all religions, but expected

all to worship the emperor as a god 2. Christians like Jews refused to worship the

emperor. 3. Romans did not like Christian beliefs

(a.) did not serve in the army (b.) did not want to hold public office (civic virtue) (c.) criticized Roman festivals and games (d.) taught all people would be equal in heaven

4. Blamed disasters on Christians

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Often Christians were executed in the arena p 453 The Last Fight in the Colosseum 404.

5. In 64 A.D., The Romans accused Christians of starting a fire that burned much of Rome

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6. Christians buried their dead in catacombs Who Built The Catacombs? Video 46 min.

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=226920

C. The Spread of Christianity http://www.cwo.com/~pentrack/catholic/chron.html 1. spread first among poor and slaves in the

cities 2. after 250 A.D. Romans began to convert from

fear of the collapse of the empire

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II. Cont. D. Constantine I and Theodosius

1. Constantine sees the flaming cross in the sky (a.) in hoc signo vinces—“In this sign thou shalt

conquer” (b.) orders his soldiers to paint crosses on shields (c.) issues Edict of Milan in 313 A.D. giving religious

freedom to all people and made Christianity legal (d.) had Christian churches built in Rome and Jerusalem (e.) used govt. money to pay for Christian schools (f.) let church leaders enter govt. and excused them from

taxes Constantine becomes the first Roman emperor

to become a Christian 2. In 392 A.D. Theodosius made Christianity the official

religion of the Roman Empire and outlawed all other religions

http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/Mediterranean/Theodosius.CP.html

A statue of Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great and the wife of the Emperor Constantius I Chlorus, who reigned in 305-306 A.D. In 325, Helena was in charge of a journey to Jerusalem to gather Christian relics, by her son Emperor Constantine I, who had recently declared Rome as a Christian city. Jerusalem was still rebuilding from the destruction of Hadrian, a previous emperor, who had built a temple to Venus over the site of Jesus's tomb, near Calvary.

According to legend, Helena entered the temple with Bishop Macarius, ordered the temple torn down and chose a site to begin excavating, which led to the recovery of three different crosses. Refused to be swayed by anything but solid proof, a woman from Jerusalem, who was already at the point of death from a certain disease, was brought; when the woman touched the first and second crosses, her condition did not change, but when she touched the third and final cross she suddenly recovered and Helena declared the cross with which the woman had been touched to be the True Cross. On the site of discovery, she built the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, while she continued building churches on every Holy site.

She also found the nails of the crucifixion. To use their miraculous power to aid her son, Helena allegedly had one placed in Constantine's helmet, and another in the bridle of his horse. Helena left Jerusalem and the eastern provinces in 327 to return to Rome, bringing with her large parts of the True Cross and other relics, which were then stored in her palace's private chapel, where they can be still seen today. Her palace was later converted into the Santa Croce in Gerusalemme.

According to the western Christian tradition, Helena acquired the Holy Tunic on her trip to Jerusalem and had it send to Trier. The robe is housed in the Cathedral of Trier and its existence has been well documented since the 12th century.

Theodosius

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Section Three: explains the organization of the Roman Catholic church

III. The Church A. while waiting for Jesus to return early Christians

lived together in small groups called churches (a.) shared possessions and took turns leading worship services (b.) apostles, people chosen by Jesus to spread his

teachings, visited taught, and gave advice and provided a sense of unity

B. Church Structure (a.) used the Roman Empire’s structure of

government as a model to organize the post apostle church (as the state began to crumble the church filled the vacuum)

(b.) A.D. 300 each church called a parish (1.) each parish had a leader known as a priest

(2.) several parishes called a diocese (3.) bishop headed each diocese Terms to Learn: Monks Terms to Learn: Nuns

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Christians Conquer Rome in Phases PHASE I: 30 A.D. to 312 A.D.

Christians are an illegal assembly (see the letter of Pliny to Trajan), not authorized by the Roman govt. and therefore in violation of the law.

PHASE II: 313 A.D. to 392 A.D Christianity becomes a legal Cult (1st Council of NICAEA - 325 AD) , authorized by the Roman government (Galerius-- in last days of his rule, & Constantine) and thus able to exist publicly, to build churches, to receive bequests as a corporation, etc.

PHASE III: 392 . Thanks to Theodosius I ('The Great'), Christianity became the official STATE RELIGION; pagan temples were closed; festivals (Olympics, etc.) cancelled forever; theaters closed. The government enforced religious conformity; HERESY was both a crime and a in.

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ORGANIZATION: THE POPE Bishop of Rome "Vicar of Jesus Christ on

Earth" HEAD OF THE CHURCH: (according to Matthew 16--in the Catholic view of the

text) appointed by Christ to supervise the entire world:

"You are `Peter', and upon this `rock' I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it; whose sins you forgive, they are forgiven them; but whose sins you do not forgive, they are retained."

This text was not however used to prove this until the 4th century A.D., and the interpretation was at all times resisted by some Christians ('vile heretics' according to orthodox believers in the Western Church).

THE PATRIARCHS (Rome, Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, and Constantinople) divided up the Mediterranean into administrative districts; under them were the heads of PROVINCES (sometimes exactly the Roman civil provinces) the METROPOLITAN BISHOPS, who led the PROVINCIAL COUNCILS of Bishops. Each bishop was "overseer" of a diocese, originally by election by the entire community in the city, both clergy and laity.

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Organization cont. ECUMENICAL COUNCILS: first one held in 325 A.D. (May to

July) at NICAEA in the Roman province of Bithynia. Summoned and presided over by CONSTANTINE THE GREAT, the Emperor, to decide the most important questions of doctrine and discipline. Even as a Christian, Constantine wanted law and order. This was the beginning of CAESAROPAPISM, the idea that the Emperor was head of both Church and State, a kind of super-bishop who could and should control even the Pope for the common welfare of the entire people, CHRISTENDOM (the new unifying principle). This began a pair of struggles which continues down to our own day:

(a) Is the whole (ECUMENICAL COUNCIL) greater than the part (POPE)?(b) Is the STATE inferior to, equal to, superior to or indifferent to the CHURCH/ RELIGION?

IN LAW, too, the Christian Church followed the example of the Empire:

magistrates (Bishops) could issue decrees which were valid inside their jurisdiction;

regional synods and Ecumenical Councils could issue rules of behavior (CANONS) of regional or universal application.

Bishops became judges, with courts and jurisdiction.

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III. Continued (c.) most important bishops called archbishops (d.) five leading archbishops called patriarchs (e.) By 600 A.D. archbishop of Rome claims

power over others and becomes known as Pope (f.) Greek speakers turn to the church in

Constantinople for leadership (g.) In 1054 A.D. the two churches separated

(issues included allowing priests to marry, re-baptizing Roman Christians and deleting “and the Son” from the Nicene Creed.”)

(1.) Latin churches—Roman Catholic Church headed by the Pope

(2.) Greek Churches –Eastern Orthodox Church

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The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

Augustine of Hippo

Jerome of Stridonium

Basil of Caesarea

Benedict of Nursia

Location of the 5 leading archbishops called Patriarchs

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III. continued

C. The New Testament (1.) end of 300 A.D. four accounts accepted

as part of the New Testament along with some letters written by Paul and other disciples (2.) official doctrine of church accepted

at this time. (3.) Views that differed were declared

heresy (and speaking of which—here are some.)Portrait by Philippe de Champaigne,

17th century.

Arianism-- Jesus less than God -- more than human—

   The Arian controversy began in Alexandria, Egypt about 318 AD. Arius (c. 250-c. 336) was a popular Alexandrian priest whose theology about who Jesus was was condemned as heretical by the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and also at the First Council of Constantinople in 381. Arius disagreed with the Bishop Alexander of Alexandria's idea of the Trinity. Arius thought that Alexander was confusing the Son with the Father, who stressed the divinity of the Logos and also his exact likeness with the Father. Arius argued that Jesus, the Logos, was a "creature" who was "begotten" of the Father, who was "unbegotten." Arius, like Origen, believed that the Father was the only true God. The Nicene Creed was written to respond to Arianism.

Docetism-- Jesus wholly divine -- his humanity and suffering only seemed to be real--   This heresy emerged in about 110 C. E. The term "docetism" is derived from the Greek word dokesis, "to seem." Ignatius warned the church of Smyrna of the danger of this new heresy.

   "Docetist" was first used to identify a particular group in Serapion's condemnation of the Gospel of Peter (c 190 CE). Eusebius reports that Serapion forbade use of the Gospel of Peter on the basis of its docetism.(Eusebius, EH VI.xii).-- from Docetism by A. K. M. Adam

Gnosticism-- dualistic worldview, gnosis is Greek for "knowledge"--   According to the Gnostic Society Archives, "Gnosticism is the teaching based on Gnosis, the knowledge of transcendence arrived at by way of interior, intuitive means. The soul is immortal but is imprisoned within the body, which is essentially evil, as is all other matter. Because matter is evil, God could have had no direct part in creating the world of matter; this was the task of lesser beings. Jesus was wholly spiritual being, for to be a material being would have contaminated him with evil matter. The Gnostics were rejecting one of the most powerful and essential Christain ideas: that God had chosen to send his son into the world of man so that he might die in atonement for man’s sins.

Monophysitism--Jesus was a God with human attributes; he had

one (mono) dominant nature: divine--   Monophysitism was popular in Palestine, Egypt, and Antioch. The fourth church council Chalcedon declared this belief to be heresy in 451. Descendents of the groups declared heretical still exist today: they are the Eastern Orthodox churches, who accept the first three church councils but not the fourth Their biblical canons are also different from the Roman Catholic Church. The Eastern Orthodox churches include:

The Coptic Church of Egypt The Ethiopian Orthodox Church The Syrian Orthodox Church The Armenian Orthodox Church The Malankara (Indian) Orthodox Church

Nicene Creed (325 A.D.)

We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is, seen and unseen.

We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God, eternally begotten of the Father, God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, begotten, not made, of one Being with the Father.  Through him all things were made.  For us and for our salvation he came down from heaven: by the power of the Holy Spirit he became incarnate from the Virgin Mary, and was made man.  For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate; he suffered death and was buried.  On the third day he rose again in accordance with the Scriptures; he ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father.  He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead, and his kingdom will have no end.

We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father.  With the Father and the Son he is worshiped and glorified. He has spoken through the Prophets.  We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church.  We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.  We look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come.  Amen.Note:  The word "catholic" with a lower case 'c' does not mean the Roman Catholic Church, but the universal Christian Church as a whole.

This creed was first formulated at the First Ecumenical Council, held at Nicea, located in what is now Turkey, in 325, as a response to the Arian heresy, which denied the divinity of Christ.  It was revised at the Second Ecumenical Council, held at Constantinople in 381 as a response to the Macedonian or Pneumatomachian heresy, which denied the divinity of the Holy Spirit.

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Theology: The study of the nature of God and religious truth; rational inquiry into religious questions. A system or school of opinions concerning God and religious questions: Protestant theology; Jewish theology. A course of specialized religious study usually at a college or seminary.Theologian: someone who is learned in theology or who speculates about theology

Doctor of the Church: is a title given by a variety of Christian churches to individuals whom they recognize as having been of particular importance, particularly regarding their contribution to theology or doctrine.

The first “canon” was the Muratorian Canon, which was compiled in A.D. 170. The Muratorian Canon included all of the New Testament books except Hebrews, James, and 3 John. In A.D. 363, the Council of Laodicea stated that only the Old Testament (along with the Apocrypha) and the 27 books of the New Testament were to be read in the churches. The Council of Hippo (A.D. 393) and the Council of Carthage (A.D. 397) also affirmed the same 27 books as authoritative.http://www.gotquestions.org/canon-Bible.htm

http://www.answers.com/topic/theology#ixzz1BZf6wHyr

Catholic Doctrine Flow Chart:Through Time It Becomes PrettyComplicated!

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D. Fathers of the Church http://www.doctorsofthecatholicchurch.com/

(1.) 100-500 A.D. works that influenced later Christians written by what become known as “Fathers of the Church”

People to Know: Jerome People to Know: Augustine

(2.) Jerome of Stridonium translates the Old and New Testaments into Latin creating the Vulgate bible used by Roman Catholics

(3.) Augustine of Hippo wrote City of God as a defense of Christianity against those who said Christianity made the empire fall

http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1201.htm

E. Monasteries

Saint Jerome visited by angels

by Bartolomeo Cavarozzi

Augustine of Hippo

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III. Still more. F. Monasteries

(1.) attract thousands to live alone in isolated areas as hermits. 300 A.D. Basil of Caesarea, suggests people live as an example near cities

(2.) Christian men who did as Basil suggested were called monks

(3.) settlements called monasteries (4.) women who did this called nuns who lived in convents (5.) Basils rules for living become know as Basilian Rule (6.) and the model for Eastern Orthodox religious life (7.) In the West the Benedictine Rule was followed, drawn up

in 529 A.D. by a Christian scholar Benedict (of Nursia) (a.) had to obey the orders of the abbot of the

monastery (8.) By 800 A.D. monks were playing an important role in

spreading Christianity throughout Europe

Saint Basil the Great

Saint Benedict

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The reasons Christianity succeeded in the empire while other religions failed: 1. The church doctrines of the Trinity, Virgin Birth,

Resurrection, Ordination and Salvation appealed to the common masses.

2. The time of appearance was opportune; Romans were dissatisfied with the old Roman religion and the immorality of the emperors.

3. Message of the church taught Equality for all and Love.

4. The church was open to all including men, women, rich, poor, free and slave.

5. The Christian religion assimilated the Roman culture rather than opposed it.

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Pick one of the following to prepare for tomorrow’s test

1. How are parables like legends and other old stories? How are they different?

2. Who do you think did more to spread Christianity-Paul or Constantine? Explain Explain your answer.

3. What relationship existed between Christianity and Roman society before and after the time of Constantine I?