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Legacy of the Anglo-Saxons. The followup to William the Conqueror's invasion. His supporters. His wife, Matilda. Castle construction.
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England After the Conquest
Political
Cultural
Econom
ic
Military
Some Themes (1066-1327)
• Problem of succession• Development of Common Law• Distribution of power
– King– Nobles– Commoners
Some Themes (1066-1327+)
• King vs. Church; England vs. Rome• England vs. France
Legacy – Pre-Conquest England
• Tax system – Danegeld, heregeld • Shiring• Cities• Law – Charters in the vernacular• Concentration of land ownership• Agricultural advancements
England 1066Sons of Godwine
William the Conqueror
Successor to Edward the Confessor
William the Rightful Successor
• …above all else the one God to be venerated throughout his entire kingdom; the one Christian faith always to be kept inviolate; peace and security to be maintained between Englishmen and Normans
• … I wish and enjoin: that in [cases affecting] lands, as in all other matters, all shall keep and hold the law of King Edward, with the addition of those [amendments] which I have made for the benefit of the English people
Succession
Succession - Different Customs
NormandyA bequest, made formally, in the presence of witnesses, it could not legally be revoked
EnglandVerba novissima An act made on one's death-bed, in extremis, was taken to supersede previous donations of the same property
John S. Beckerman “Succession in Normandy, 1087, and in England, 1066: The Role of Testamentary Custom” Speculum, Vol. 47, No. 2 (Apr., 1972), pp. 258-260
Harold’s Oath
Matilda
Anglo-Norman Empire
Feudalism
When did feudalism start in Great Britain?a. 873 Alfred the Great
b. 1215 John
c. 1066 Conquest
d. 1042 Edward the Confessor
e. 1776 Revolution in the colonies
✔
Feudalism
When did feudalism end in Royal territories?a. 2004
b. 1648 Cromwell
c. 1215 Magna Carta
d. 1560 Henry VIII
e. 2008
f. Not yet
Date set for demise of the feudal system
November 22, 2002 Scotland's ancient feudal system of property ownership will be consigned to history in just over two years.The legislation, one of a series of executive bills to reform Scotland's land and property laws, is based on a report by the Law Commission that followed the passing of the Abolition of Feudal Tenure Act in 2000. both pieces of legislation would come into force on November 28, 2004.
Sark - 2008
Royal Finances - Feudal
• ‘Aids’– knighthood, marriage, ransom
• Relief– Payments on inheritance– Marriage, wardship
• Scutage
Royal Finances – Non-feudal
• Geld– land based tax
• Income from royal demesne– rent– sale of crops and livestock
• Tallage– tax imposed upon residents of King’s land,
townsmen and Jews
Royal Finances – Judicial
• Judicial writs• Fines• Forest
Enforcement• Foresters• Sheriffs
Choices for the Anglo-Saxons
• Capture – gentile confinement– monastery
• Flee– Scotland– Flanders– Scandinavia– Byzantium
Choices for the Anglo-Saxons
• Join and cooperate– work as administrators– switch masters– Adopt Norman ways
• inter-marry• change names
• Rebel
The Norman Occupation
Close associates of William
170 Tenants-in-chief
5,000 -10,000 Knights
vs.
1-1.5 million English
William’s SupportersName Ships Manors (£)
Robert, Count of Mortain 120 2100
Odo, Bishop of Bayeux 100 >3000
William, Count of Evreux 80
Roger of Montgomery 60 2430
William fitz Osbern 60 forfeit
Hugh, Earl of Chester 60 800
Robert, Count of Eu 60 <180
Roger of Beaumont 60 <114
Wasting of the Southeast
Fortifying EnglandCastles
Motte and Bailey
Motte and Bailey Castle
1067
• Temporary fortifications – London – tower– Ludgate? –Montfichet– London - Baynard’s Castle
• England entrusted to William Fitz Osbern and Bishop Odo when William returns to Normandy
Motte and Bailey: Windsor
Arundel, 1067, 1138
Clifford’s Tower York
Colchester
Chepstow Welsh Border
Expanding TerritoryFighting Rebels
• Anglo-Saxon holdouts– Danish allies– Norse allies– Welsh allies– Scottish allies
• Disgruntled Normans