1 Section 11.1 The Flow of Energy - Heat u OBJECTIVES: Explain the relationship between energy and heat

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Section 11.1The Flow of Energy - Heat

OBJECTIVES:

• Explain the relationship between energy and heat.

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Section 11.1The Flow of Energy - Heat

OBJECTIVES:

• Distinguish between heat capacity and specific heat.

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Energy and Heat Thermochemistry - concerned with

heat changes that occur during chemical reactions

Energy - capacity for doing work or supplying heat

• weightless, odorless, tasteless

• if within the chemical substances- called chemical potential energy

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Energy and Heat Gasoline contains a significant

amount of chemical potential energy Heat - represented by “q”, is energy

that transfers from one object to another, because of a temperature difference between them.

• only changes can be detected!

• flows from warmer cooler object

Exothermic and Endothermic Processes

Essentially all chemical reactions, and changes in physical state, involve either:

• release of heat, or

• absorption of heat


In studying heat changes, think of defining these two parts:

• the system - the part of the universe on which you focus your attention

• the surroundings - includes everything else in the universe


Together, the system and it’s surroundings constitute the universe

Thermochemistry is concerned with the flow of heat from the system to it’s surroundings, and vice-versa.

• Figure 11.3, page 294


The Law of Conservation of Energy states that in any chemical or physical process, energy is neither created nor destroyed.

• All the energy is accounted for as work, stored energy, or heat.


Fig. 11.3a, p.294 - heat flowing into a system from it’s surroundings:

• defined as positive

• q has a positive value

• called endothermic

–system gains heat as the surroundings cool down


Fig. 11.3b, p.294 - heat flowing out of a system into it’s surroundings:

• defined as negative

• q has a negative value

• called exothermic

–system loses heat as the surroundings heat up

Exothermic and Endothermic Fig. 11.4, page 295 - on the left, the

system (the people) gain heat from it’s surroundings (the fire)

• this is endothermic On the right, the system (the body)

cools as perspiration evaporates, and heat flows to the surroundings

• this is exothermic

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Exothemic and Endothermic

Every reaction has an energy change associated with it

Exothermic reactions release energy, usually in the form of heat.

Endothermic reactions absorb energy

Energy is stored in bonds between atoms

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Heat Capacity and Specific Heat

A calorie is defined as the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of pure water 1 oC.

• Used except when referring to food

• a Calorie, written with a capital C, always refers to the energy in food

• 1 Calorie = 1 kilocalorie = 1000 cal.

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The calorie is also related to the joule, the SI unit of heat and energy

• named after James Prescott Joule

• 4.184 J = 1 cal Heat Capacity - the amount of heat

needed to increase the temperature of an object exactly 1 oC

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Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Specific Heat Capacity - the

amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the substance by 1 oC (abbreviated “C”)

• often called simply “Specific Heat”

• Note Table 11.2, page 296 Water has a HUGE value,

compared to other chemicals

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For water, C = 4.18 J/(g oC), and also C = 1.00 cal/(g oC)

Thus, for water:

• it takes a long time to heat up, and

• it takes a long time to cool off! Water is used as a coolant!

• Note Figure 11.7, page 297

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To calculate, use the formula: q = mass (g) x T x C heat abbreviated as “q” T = change in temperature C = Specific Heat Units are either J/(g oC) or cal/(g oC) Sample problem 11-1, page 299

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Section 11.2Measuring and Expressing Heat

Changes

OBJECTIVES:

• Construct equations that show the heat changes for chemical and physical processes.

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Section 11.2Measuring and Expressing Heat

Changes

OBJECTIVES:

• Calculate heat changes in chemical and physical processes.

Calorimetry Calorimetry - the accurate and

precise measurement of heat change for chemical and physical processes.

The device used to measure the absorption or release of heat in chemical or physical processes is called a Calorimeter

Calorimetry Foam cups are excellent heat

insulators, and are commonly used as simple calorimeters

• Fig. 11.8, page 300 For systems at constant pressure,

the heat content is the same as a property called Enthalpy (H) of the system

Calorimetry Changes in enthalpy = H q = H These terms will be used

interchangeably in this textbook Thus, q = H = m x C x T H is negative for an exothermic

reaction H is positive for an endothermic

reaction (Note Table 11.3, p.301)

Calorimetry Calorimetry experiments can be

performed at a constant volume using a device called a “bomb calorimeter” - a closed system

Figure 11.9, page 301 Sample 11-2, page 302

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C + O2 CO2E

nerg

y

Reactants Products

C + O2

C O2

395kJ

+ 395 kJ

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In terms of bonds

COO C

O

O

Breaking this bond will require energy.

CO

OOO C

Making these bonds gives you energy.In this case making the bonds gives you more energy than breaking them.

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Exothermic The products are lower in energy

than the reactants Releases energy

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CaCO3 CaO + CO2E

nerg

y

Reactants Products

CaCO3

CaO + CO2

176 kJ

CaCO3 + 176 kJ CaO + CO2

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Endothermic The products are higher in energy

than the reactants Absorbs energy Note Figure 11.11, page 303

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Chemistry Happens in

MOLES An equation that includes energy is

called a thermochemical equation CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + 802.2 kJ

1 mole of CH4 releases 802.2 kJ of energy.

When you make 802.2 kJ you also make 2 moles of water

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Thermochemical Equations A heat of reaction is the heat

change for the equation, exactly as written• The physical state of reactants

and products must also be given.

• Standard conditions for the reaction is 101.3 kPa (1 atm.) and 25 oC

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CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O + 802.2 kJ

If 10. 3 grams of CH4 are burned completely, how much heat will be produced?

10. 3 g CH4

16.05 g CH4

1 mol CH4

1 mol CH4

802.2 kJ

= 514 kJ

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CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O + 802.2 kJ

How many liters of O2 at STP would be required to produce 23 kJ of heat? (1.28L)

How many grams of water would be produced with 506 kJ of heat? (22.7g)

Summary, so far...

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Enthalpy The heat content a substance has at a

given temperature and pressure Can’t be measured directly because

there is no set starting point The reactants start with a heat content The products end up with a heat content So we can measure how much enthalpy

changes

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Enthalpy Symbol is H Change in enthalpy is H (delta H) If heat is released, the heat content of

the products is lower

H is negative (exothermic) If heat is absorbed, the heat content

of the products is higher

H is positive (endothermic)

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Ene

rgy

Reactants Products

Change is down

H is <0

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Ene

rgy

Reactants Products

Change is upH is > 0

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Heat of Reaction The heat that is released or absorbed in a

chemical reaction Equivalent to H C + O2(g) CO2(g) + 393.5 kJ

C + O2(g) CO2(g) H = -393.5 kJ

In thermochemical equation, it is important to indicate the physical state

H2(g) + 1/2O2 (g) H2O(g) H = -241.8 kJ

H2(g) + 1/2O2 (g) H2O(l) H = -285.8 kJ

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Heat of Combustion The heat from the reaction that

completely burns 1 mole of a substance

Note Table 11.4, page 305

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Section 11.3Heat in Changes of State

OBJECTIVES:

• Classify, by type, the heat changes that occur during melting, freezing, boiling, and condensing.

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Section 11.3Heat in Changes of State

OBJECTIVES:

• Calculate heat changes that occur during melting, freezing, boiling, and condensing.

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Heats of Fusion and Solidification

Heat of Fusion (Hfus) - the heat absorbed by a gram of a substance in melting from a solid to a liquid

Heat of Solidification (Hsolid) - heat lost when one gram of liquid solidifies

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Heats of Fusion and Solidification

Heat absorbed by a melting solid is equal to heat lost when a liquid solidifies

• Thus, Hfus = -Hsolid

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Heats of Vaporization and Condensation

When liquids absorb heat at their boiling points, they become vapors.

Heat of Vaporization (Hvap) - the amount of heat necessary to vaporize one gram of a given liquid.

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Condensation is the opposite of vaporization.

Heat of Condensation (Hcond) - amount of heat released when one gram of vapor condenses

Hvap = - Hcond

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Note Figure 11.5, page 310 The large values for Hvap and Hcond

are the reason hot vapors such as steam is very dangerous• You can receive a scalding burn

from steam when the heat of condensation is released!

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H20(g) H20(l) Hcond = - 2,260J/g How much heat is released by 34.0

grams of water vapor when it condenses to liquid water?

• (34.0g)(-2,260J/g) = -76,800J

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Heat of Solution Heat changes can also occur when

a solute dissolves in a solvent. Molar Heat of Solution (Hsoln) -

heat change caused by dissolving of one mole of substance

Sodium hydroxide provides a good example of an exothermic molar heat of solution:

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Heat of Solution

NaOH(s) Na1+(aq) + OH1-

(aq)

Hsoln = - 44.5 kJ/mol The heat is released as the ions

separate and interact with water, releasing 44.5 kJ of heat as Hsoln thus becoming so hot it steams!

H2O(l)

Documents

1 Section 11.1 The Flow of Energy - Heat u OBJECTIVES: Explain the relationship between energy and heat