CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMER

SOAP What is soap?

General formula

orR: containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms. It can be saturated or unsaturated. [please refer to fatty acids in carbon compound]

The history of soap manufacturing

Soaps can be prepared through saponification.

What is saponification?

Therefore,

General equation

What is fat?

What happen to the fat during saponification?

Consider this reaction; Fats/oil in concentrated sodium hydroxide Fatty acid + glycerol Fatty acid + alkal i/ sodium ion sodium salt fatty acid/soap + water

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Soap is sodium salt or potassium salt of long-chain fatty acids.

Fats/oils + concentrated alkalis → soap + glycerol

RCOONa+ RCOOK+

The saponification process is the process of hydroliyzing fats or oil under alkaline conditions.

The saponification process involves boiling fats or oils with concentrated sodium hydroxide to produce glycerol and the sodium salts of fatty acids or soaps.

Fats/oils are natural ester that produce by combination of fatty acid with glycerol.

Fats/oils undergoes hydrolysis in alkali condition and then break up to fatty acid and glycerol. Then, fatty acid will react with alkali to form sodium salts of fatty acid (soap).

Overall: Fats/oil + alkali/sodium ion soap + glycerol

Preparation of soap by saponification

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Palm oil

Concentrated sodium hydroxide solution

Glass rod

Beaker

STEP 1: Palm oil and concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is poured into a beaker, heated, stirred until it boiling the layer of oil dissaperar] and cooled.

Tripod stand

Wire gauze

Bunsen burner

××××××××××××××××××××××

Sodium chloride

Mixture of fatty acids, salts and water

Spatula

STEP 2: Water and a few spatulas of sodium chloride was added,boiled again and cooled. White precipitate is formed and floats on the surface of the mixture.

Distilled waterPrecipitation of soap is float

Sodium chloride reduces the solubility of soap in water, therefore soap is easily to precipitate and floats.

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Procedure:

1. 10 cm3 of palm oil is measured with measuring cylinder 10ml and poured into a beaker 250ml. 2. 50 cm3 of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution 5 mol dm-3 measured with measuring cylinder

50ml and poured in the beaker.3. The mixture is heated and stirred with glass rod until its boiling for 5 minutes. Then, the flame is

turned off and the mixture is left to cool.4. 50 cm3 water and a few spatulas of sodium chloride was added to the mixture and boiled again for 5

minutes. Then, the flame is turned off and the mixture is left to cool.[white precipitate is formed and floats].

5. The mixture is filtered with filter paper, and the residue (soap) is washed by distilled water.

Mixture of fatty acids, salts and water

Residue (soap)

Filtrate

STEP 3: Mixture is filtered by filter paper.

Filter paper

Filter funnel

Conical flask

Distilled waterResidue (soap)

Filtrate

STEP 4: Solid soap is washed with distilled water to remove excess alkali and salt.

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Example:

Soap Chemical formulaSodium palmitate CH3(CH2)14COONaSodium stearate CH3(CH2)16COONaSodium oleat CH3(CH2)CH=CH(CH2)COOK

Potassium soap is usually used for bathing because its more softer and milder than sodium.

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Palm oil + sodium hydroxide → sodium palmitate + glycerol

DETERGENT

What is detergent?

Two common detergent;

Types of detergent(a) Anionic detergent (b) Cationic detergent(c) Non-ionic detergent

Sodium alkyl sulphate & Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate are anionic detergent.

PREPARATION OF SODIUM ALKYL SULPHATEStep 1: Sulphonation

R O S║

║O

O

O− Na+

i. Sodium alkyl sulphate

R S║

║O

O

O− Na+

ii. Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate

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Detergent is sodium salt for sulphonic acid. Sulphonic acid is an organic acid with chain lengths of 12 to 18 carbon per molecule.

(R represent hydrocarbon chain that contain 12 to 18 carbon)

Step 2: NeutralizationThe alkyl sulphonic acid is neutralized by using sodium hydroxide.

PREPARATION OF SODIUM ALKYLBENZENE SULPHONATE

Step 1: Alkylation

Step 2: Sulphonation

Step 3: Neutralization

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Long chain alkene

Concentrated sulphuric acid

+ NaOH Na+

Alkyl benzene

Alkyl sulphonic acid

Sodium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide

The cleansing action of soap and detergentThe cleansing action for soaps and detergent results from their ability;

i. to lower the surface tension of water, ii. to emulsify oil or grease / dirt, and iii. to hold them in suspension in water.

This ability is due to the structure of soaps and detergent

Structure of soapsSoap consists of sodium/potassium cations and soap anions.When a sodium/potassium soap is dissolve in water, it will form soap anions and sodium ion, Na+ or potassium ion, K+

Sodium soap soap anions + sodium cations [Na+]Potassium soap soap anions + potassium cations [K+]

What is soap anions?

From the diagram above shows that the structure of soap anions consists of, i. hydrocarbon chains known as hydrophobic partii. carboxylate/ionic group known as hydrophilic part

Structure of detergentDetergent of sodium cations and detergent anions.When a detergent is dissolve in water, it will form detergent anions and sodium ion, Na+.

What is detergent anions?

i) Sodium alkyl sulphate detergent

O− Hydrophobic[hydrocarbon chains]

COO−

Hydrophilic[carboxilate group]

Soap anions

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CH3

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

C

O

From the diagram above shows that the structure of alkyl sulphate anions consists of, i. hydrocarbon/alkyl chains known as hydrophobic part ii. sulphate/ionic group known as hydrophilic part

i) Sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate detergent

From the diagram above shows that the structure of alkyl benzene sulphonate anions consists of, i. hydrocarbon/alkyl benzene chains known as hydrophobic partii. sulphonate/ionic group known as hydrophilic part

In water, soap and detergent dissolves to form soap anions and detergent anions. The anions will carry out the cleansing action, because these anions consists of hydrophobic and hydrophilic part. Why?

Hydrophobic is water-hating part, is soluble in oil/grease/dirt, but insoluble in water. Hydrophilic is water-loving part, is soluble in water but insoluble in oil/grease/dirt. Both of the properties of anions, makes soap and detergent act as an effective cleansing agent.

O─S─O− Na+

Alkyl sulphate ion

O║׀

║O

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2CH3

Hydrophobic[hydrocarbon/alkyl chains]

Hydrophilic[sulphate ions]

OSO3−

─S─O− Na+

Alkylbenzene sulphonate anions

O║׀║O

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

Hydrophobic[hydrocarbon/alkyl benzene chains]

SO3−

Hydrophilic[sulphonate ions]

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How soap and detergent carry out the cleansing action?

- The cloth is dipped in a soap or detergent solutions. - Soap and detergent reduces the surface tension of water. - This increase the wetting ability of water, therefore the surface of the cloth is wetted thoroughly.

- Hydrophilic part dissolves in water.- Hydrophobic part dissolves in dirt/grease.

──

─

─Sodium ion

Soap/detergent ion

Grease/dirt

Dirt cloth

+

+++

─

+

+

+

─

─+

─

─

+

── ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─

Hydrophilic part

+ +

++

Hydrophobicpart

+

+

+

+

+

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- Mechanical agitation during scrubbing helps pull the dirt/grease free, and break the grease into small part.

- The droplets do not coagulate and redeposit on the surface of the cloth because the repulsion between the negative charges on their surface. - The droplets is suspended in the water forming an emulsion.- Rinsing washes away these droplets and leaves the surface clean.The effectiveness action of soap and detergent

Advantages of soap1. Soap are effective cleaning agent in soft water.

- Soft water did not contains Mg2+ ions and Ca2+ ions. - Example: rain water, tap water

──

────

── ─ ──

─ ─ ──

++

+

+

+ +

+

+

+

+

──

────

── ─ ─

++

+

+

──

────

── ─ ─

──

────

── ─ ─ +

+ +

+

+

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2. Soap does not polluted the environment. - Soap is biodegradable (can be decomposed by bacteria) because it was made from substance that found in animal and plant.

3. Soap will not harmed the aquatic life. - Soap will not change pH value of river and pool because soap is salt and weak alkali.

Disadvantage of soap 1. Soap is not suitable for use in hard water.

a. Hard water contains Mg2+ ions and Ca2+ ions. b. Example: Sea water, river water

Why not suitable? c. Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions react with the soap ions to form an insoluble precipitate known as soap

scum. d. Soap scum reduces the amount of soap available for cleaning, thus wasting soap.e. Soap scum does not rinse away easily. f. Soap scum can form deposits on clothes causing them to be grey or yellow in colour.

2. Soap did not effective in acidic water. - Soap ion react with ion H+ to produce carboxylic acid molecule.

Advantage of detergent1. Detergent is effective in hard and soft water.

g. Detergent do not form scum with hard water. h. Detergent form soluble substances with calcium or magnesium ions.

2. Detergent effective in acidic water - Detergent ion did not combine with H+ .

3. Detergent is synthetic cleansing agent. - Structure of the hydrocarbon chain can be modified to produce detergents with specific properties.

Disadvantage of detergent 1. Detergent can cause pollution to environment

i. Detergents not biodegradable, so that it cannot be decomposed by bacteria

2. Detergent harmed to aquatic life - Detergent contains phosphate fertilizer will increases the growth of seaweed and algae in pond or river. Lots of soluble oxygen in water will be use up by bacteria to decompose seaweed and algae when the plant died. The content of oxygen in water decreases, thus can kill aquatic life.

3. Detergent produce a lot of foam. - Foam can cover the water surface and prevent the oxygen dissolves into water, thus will kill aquatic life.

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Additives in detergentThe main substance in detergent is sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate and sodium alkyl sulphate. Example of detergent is shampoo, clothes washing powder and dishes washing liquid.

Various type of additive is also added to detergent to enhance the cleaning efficiency and to meet the needs of consumers.

additives Function

Whitening agent (sodium perborate)React as bleach agent to vanished the colour stain but did not fade the colour of the clothes.

Biological enzymes (amilase, lipase, protease, selulase)

React to substance that in organic properties like blood, food and water. Enzymes dissolve and change it to substance that can dissolve in water.

Fluorescent agent(Blancophor)

Make the clothes more white, shiny and bright.

Buildup agent(sodium tripoliphosphate)

Soften hard water, expel ion Mg2+ dan Ca2+ . increase the pH value

Drying agent(sodium sulphate,Sodium silicate)

Ensured that the detergent is always in a dry condition.

Stabilizers To prevent the formation of foamPerfumes To make clothes smell fresh and clean.Antiseptic substance To kill all microorganism that cause disease and smell.

Medicine

Traditional medicine: derived from natural sources such as plants and animal without being processed chemically

Traditional medicine uses

Ginseng To improve the overall health and increasing energy, endurance and reducing fatigueAloe vera Treating itchy skins and burns on the skinsMint Increase body temperature and make it sweatingGarlic As antibiotic and use to treat injured, asthma, flu and also decreasing high blood,

Ginger Treating stomach pain, supplying heat energy to keep body warm and preventing flu attack

Quinine Treating malaria and preventing muscle crampsCocaine anesthetic

Modern medicine : - known as chemotherapy- made in various type like pill, capsule, paste and solution

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Medicine

Traditional Modern

Modern medicine is classified in 4 categories:

1. ANALGESICS

example : Aspirin (acetyl salicylic)

- Pain killer- Reduce fever- Treat arthritis (muscle aches)- Prevent clotting of blood and reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokeParacetamol / panadol- Pain killer- Reduce fever- Replace aspirin for childrenCodeine - Relieve minor to moderate pain- Suppressing cough- Can cause addicted

2. ANTIBIOTIC

Example : Penicillin- Treat disease cause by bacteria, such as pneumonia, gonorrhea and syphilisStreptomycin- treating tuberculosis

3. PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINE

Group Function Example

Stimulants

- stimulate(excite) the activity of brain and central nervous system - increasing alertness and physical abilities to prepare for demanding or energetic activities

AmphetaminesDextoamphetamineFemetrazin

Antidepressants- increase the brain’s level of neurotransmitters, thus improving mood and also make a person feel calm and sleepy

BarbiturateTranquilizer

Antipsychotic- treating schizophrenia (people lose touch with reality)

ChlozapinChlorpromazineHaloperidol

4. Hormone and Steroid

Hormone example : Insulin - treating diabetes

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Relieve pain or sometimes called pain killer

Destroy or prevent the growth of infectious microorganism

Treating mental or emotional illness

Hormone is a organic substance that produce by human endocrine gland to control physiology process and homeostasis

Steroid is natural lipid compound. Steroid is divide to steroid anabolic and corticosteroid

Group Function Example

Steroid anabolic - use to treating AIDS and cancerMetandrostenolone (Dianabol)Testosteronpropionat (Testex)

Corticosteroid- having anti inflammation characteristics and treating asthma and arthritis rheumatoid (joint illness)

CortisonePrednisone

Side effects of modern medicineModern medicine have side effects:

Type of modern drug Side effect

Aspirin(analgesic)

Bleeding in stomach, allergic reaction, skin rashes and asthmatic attacks

Penicillin(antibiotic)

Allergic reactions, coma and rash

Amphetamines(psychotherapeutic) (stimulant)

Excitable and talkative, can cause heart attack, anxiety, sleepiness, aggressive behavior and decrease appetite.

Barbiturate (psychotherapeutic)(antidepressant)

Addicted,

Haloperidol (psikoteraputik)(antipsychotic)

Sedative (imagination), Increase the weigh, dizzy, giddy, constipation and active.

Cortisone (Steroid)(Corticosteroid)

Increase the weigh, high blood pressure, joint illness, muscle cramps, headache,

Additive Substances In Food

FOOD ADDITIVES

TYPES EXAMPLE FUNCTION

Preservatives

Sodium nitrite, Sodium benzoate,Ethanoic acid,Sulphur dioxide

To prevent the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungus.

Antioxidants

Ascorbic acid,Ascorbile palmitate,Citric acid,Isopropyl citrate

To prevent the oxidation of fats and oils by oxygen in the air

Flavoring agentsMonosodium glutamate,Aspartame,Ester

To make food taste better

Stabilizers agentsAcacia gum, To enable oil and water in the food to

mix together properly

Thickening agents starch, To thicken the liquid and to prevent

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jelly,gelatin,pectin

the food from becoming liquid.

Dyes

Azo compound (yellow, red, brown, black)TartrazineTriphenyl compounds (green, blue, hyacinth)

To give colour

Effects of food additives on health

types effects

Sodium nitrite(preservatives)

Cancer

Sodium benzoate (preservatives) Nerve disrupted and allergy

Monosodium glutamate (flavoring) Out of breath, dizzy, giddy, vomit, weak the body.Tatrazine(colouring)

Asthma ,rash, hyperactive

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