1

Soil NO inventory from large scale Soil NO inventory from large scale farming in France: impact on farming in France: impact on

atmospheric NO2 and O3 atmospheric NO2 and O3 concentrationsconcentrations

Achieved during 2 national French projectsAchieved during 2 national French projectsGICC et PNCAGICC et PNCA In Collaboration with : In Collaboration with : INRA (Grignon) : P. Laville, B. Gabrielle, A. L. INRA (Grignon) : P. Laville, B. Gabrielle, A. L. PalluisPalluisLA (Toulouse): D. Serça, J. CortinovisLA (Toulouse): D. Serça, J. CortinovisSA (Paris) : M. Beekmann, F. Ravetta SA (Paris) : M. Beekmann, F. Ravetta INRA (Dijon) : C. HénaultINRA (Dijon) : C. Hénault

2

Grignon

Auradé

Dijon

1/1/ Field NO flux measurements (Auradé Field NO flux measurements (Auradé (32) and Grignon (78))(32) and Grignon (78))

On Wheat, Maïs, SunflowerOn Wheat, Maïs, Sunflower

2/Laboratory Measurements : soil 2/Laboratory Measurements : soil incubationsincubations-> NO production according to the -> NO production according to the nitrification ratenitrification rate

3/ Development and validation of NO 3/ Development and validation of NO

emission Modelemission Model

4/ Achievement of NO soil inventory : 4/ Achievement of NO soil inventory : impact on atmospheric pollution impact on atmospheric pollution (Chimère)(Chimère)

3

Examples of In Situ Measurements : Auradé (Midi Pyrenees), Grignon (Ile de France)

Blé

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Flu

x N

O (

ng

N/m

²/s)

plu

ie (

mm

)

Pluie

FNO chambre

apport blé NH4

apport blé NO3

Moy. mobile sur 2 pér.(FNO chambre)

maïs

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

17/4 1/5 15/5 29/5 12/6 26/6 10/7 24/7 7/8 21/8 4/9 18/9 2/10

Jour 2002

Flu

x N

O (

ng

N/m

²/s)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Plu

ie (

mm

)P lu ie moy FNO ma is

a p po rt ma ïs NH4 a p port ma ïs NO 3

Auradé 2003, blé

0

5

10

15

20

25

Date

Flu

x N

O (

g N

ha

-1 j-1

)

précipitations

flux de NO

Engrais

EngraisEngrais

Annual Variations of NO flux :Annual Variations of NO flux :- Outside nitrogen input periods A background level ~ 1 à 3 gN-NO/ha/d- After nitrogen inputs largest NO emissions during 3 to 4 weeks

-Largely dependent on :Largely dependent on :temperature- humidity – ammonia concentration of the soils

Grignon

NO3- NO2

- NH4+

N2O,NON2

Dénitrification (anaerobie)

Nitrification (aerobie)

Biological processes involved on N2O et NO productions

K1(t)

K3(t

)

K2(t)

N2O(t) = K1(t) + K2(t) - K3(t)NO(t) = K’2(t)

NO

K’2(t)

5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Humidité ponderale Wc (%)

FW

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0 50 100 150 200

concentration en substratN- NH4 (ppm)

FN

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

VN : vitesse de nitrifiaction (mgN/kgsol/jour)

FN

O :

vit

ess

e d

e p

rod

ucti

on

du

NO

(mgN

/kg

sol/

jou

r)

NO emission model by nitrification NO emission model by nitrification processprocess

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Température du sol

FT

NO = 2% VN

VN = FN x FW x FT

Simplified equation Simplified equation NO=0.0901.NO=0.0901.AFAF.(0.8166 .(0.8166 Wp Wp -6.6868). exp (Ln(2.1).-6.6868). exp (Ln(2.1).TT/10)/10)

2%

Km ~50

6

Examples of Examples of modeled NO modeled NO fluxes using fluxes using

environmental environmental soil inputs soil inputs

(Temperature, (Temperature, humidity, NH4)humidity, NH4)

(a) Wheat

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

30/11 30/12 29/1 28/2 30/3 29/4 29/5 28/6 28/7 27/8 26/9 26/10

Date ( 2001-2002)

NO

flu

x n

g N

m-2

s-1

chamber NO flux

modelled NO flux

(b) Maize

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

19/4 19/5 18/6 18/7 17/8 16/9 16/10

Date (2002)

NO

flu

x n

g N

m-2

s-1

chamber NO flux

wind tunnel NO

modelled NO flux

7

Spatial and temporal Extrapolation of Spatial and temporal Extrapolation of NO agricultural soil fluxes NO agricultural soil fluxes

• -- Simplified version on NO emission algorithm (NH Simplified version on NO emission algorithm (NH44, Wp , Wp et T sol)et T sol)

• NO=0.0901.NO=0.0901.AFAF.(0.8166 .(0.8166 Wp Wp -6.6868). exp (Ln(2.1).-6.6868). exp (Ln(2.1).TT/10)/10)

Nitrification rate = 10% [NH4]/jour (T= 10°C, Wp=20%)Nitrification rate = 10% [NH4]/jour (T= 10°C, Wp=20%)

• -- Statistical survey on agricultural practices at regional Statistical survey on agricultural practices at regional scale :scale :

-> Distribution of arable land areas by crop types -> Dates et nitrogen quantity inputs for each type

of crops

=> to set up a chronological function of nitrogen inputs according to the land use and to the agricultural practices

8

Survey on nitrogen use by crop and by Survey on nitrogen use by crop and by regionregion

TAS

57% SAUITK_Ile de France ITK_Ile de France 11

Crop idf

MoyB N MoyB A crop ha Oats 100.0 2.0 35.0 65.0 0.0 09-29/02 11-31/03 0.0 1 554

Hard wheat 203.0 3.0 60.0 83.0 60.0 09-29/02 05-25/03 10-30/04 1 855

Soft wheat 200.0 3.0 66.0 80.0 54.0 09-29/02 05-25/03 10-30/04 256 217

Maïze 167.0 2.0 80.0 87.0 0.0 10-30/04 (20-09)/05-06 0.0 41 721

Barley 133.0 2.0 91.0 42.0 0.0 01-21/02 05-25/03 0.0 60 350

Rye 110.0 2.0 40.0 70.0 0.0 09-29/02 11-31/03 0.0 687

Sorghum. 100.0 2.0 45.0 55.0 0.0 01-20/05 09-29/06 0.0 27

Triticale 110.0 2.0 40.0 70.0 0.0 09-29/02 11-31/03 0.0 428

Others cereals 125.0 2.0 50.0 75.0 0.0 01-21/02 01-21/03 0.0 126

Beet 133.0 2.0 107.0 26.0 0.0 11-31/03 10-30/04 0.0 41 989

Rape 182.0 2.0 82.0 100.0 0.0 01-21/02 05-25/03 0.0 52 307

Sunflower 55.0 1.0 55.0 0.0 0.0 (15-05)/04-05 0.0 0.0 3 812

Others oleaginous 120.0 2.0 50.0 70.0 0.0 01-21/03 01-21/04 0.0 718

Fodder (total) 60 1 60 0 0 01-20/04 0 0 6 625

Area SAL 468 416

Rice 60 1 60 0 0 01-30/04 0 0 0

industrial crops 50 1 50 0 0 01-31/03 0 1 797

Patato 160 2 130 30 0 01-29/02 01-30/04 3 503

green vegetable 80 2 40 40 0 01-29/02 01-29/08 5 778

Superficie TAns 11 078

Fallow 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 928

Soja 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69

Leguminous 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 404

Superficie Tasans 82 401

horticulture 100 2 50 50 0 01-29/02 01-30/04 478

Orchards 100 2 50 50 0 01-29/02 01-30/04 1 207

Vines 56 1 56 0 0 01-20/06 27

others permanent crops 70 2 35 35 0 01-20/03 01-20/04 1 249

Superficie CP 2 961

Grasslands 80 2 40 40 0 01-20/03 01-20/04 0 16 358

Superficie P&PP 16 358

SAU tot 581 214

non selected arableland

Arable landwhitout nitrogen

inputs

Perennial andhorticultural crops

MoyB N/A MoyB

Selected ArableLand (SAL)

TAS

9

Comparison between TAS et SAU for each regions

SAU totale = 277 725 km² TAS = 160 171 km² (57% de la SAU)

0

500 000

1 000 000

1 500 000

2 000 000

2 500 000

ALSACE

AQUITAIN

E

AUVERGNE

BOURGOGNE

BRETAGNE

CENTRE

CHAMPAGNE-A

RDENNE

CORSE

FRANCHE-COM

TE

ILE-D

E-FRANCE

LANGUEDOC-ROUSSIL

LON

LIMOUSIN

LORRAINE

MID

I-PYRENEES

NORD - PAS-D

E-CALAIS

BASSE-NORM

ANDIE

HAUTE-NORM

ANDIE

PAYS DE L

A LOIR

E

PICARDIE

POITOU-C

HARENTES

PROVENCE-ALPES-C

OTE D'A

ZUR

RHONE-ALPES

ha Tas

SAU

10

0

50 000 000

100 000 000

150 000 000

200 000 000

250 000 000

300 000 000k

gN UNIFA

qté Tas

Comparison between synthesis nitrogen deliveries (UNIFA) Comparison between synthesis nitrogen deliveries (UNIFA) And the amounts estimated according to our surveyAnd the amounts estimated according to our survey

qté TAS = qté TAS =

N = 0.147 millions tonnes (7%) TAS =57% de la SAU

-2.4 millions tonnes of synthesis nitrogen fertilizers/year(65% in ammonia form) -1.4 millions tonnes of nitrogen manure /year

ii

i NS .

11

Steps to interpolate temporally the exogenous soil NH4 content

0

1

2

3

1/1 30/1 28/2 28/3 26/4 25/5 23/6 22/7 20/8 18/9 17/10 15/11 14/12

1

2

4

N-N

HN

-NH

44 k

g/h

a k

g/h

a.. Oats in Ile de France.Oats in Ile de France.

3

1=start 11=start 1stst input. input. 3=start 23=start 2dd input. input.

2=end 12=end 1stst input. input. 4=end 24=end 2dd input input..

DOY DOY

Equiprobability of Inputs N1 (35 kg) et N2 Equiprobability of Inputs N1 (35 kg) et N2 (65 kg) during 21 days(65 kg) during 21 days

- during 21jours addition N1/21 et N2/21- during 21jours addition N1/21 et N2/21

- Nitrification of 10%/dayNitrification of 10%/day

- Area under function= N1+N2Area under function= N1+N2

35 kgN

65 kg

12

Chronology nitrogen inputs => time series of NH4 Chronology nitrogen inputs => time series of NH4 content in regioncontent in region

A background level of 0.9 kg N-NH4/ha

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1600000

1800000

1/1 1/3 30/4 29/6 28/8 27/10 26/12

Date

N-N

H4

kgN

Ile de FranceMidi Pyrénées

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

1/1 1/3 30/4 29/6 28/8 27/10 26/12

Date

NH

4 kg

N/h

a

Ile de France

Midi Pyrénées

115 kg/ha

exogenous

endogenous

59 kg/ha

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

1/1 1/3 30/4 29/6 28/8 27/10 26/12 24/2

Date

NH

4 (

kg

N/h

a)

Ile de France

Alsace

Aquitaine

Auvergne

Bougogne

Bretagne

Centre

Charente

Corse

Franche Comté

Langeudoc Roussillon

Limousin

Loraine

Midi Pyrénées

Nord Pas De Calais

Basse Normandie

Haute Normandie

Pays de Loire

Picardie

Poitou Charentes

PACA

Rhone Alpes

13

Example of NO simulated fluxes obtained from the MM5 model outputs (T et Wp), and

the temporal NH4 content time series

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

10/2 11/3 10/4 10/5 9/6 9/7 8/8 7/9 7/10 6/11 6/12

DateN

O fl

ux (g

N h

a-1

d-1

)

Midi Pyrenee

Ile de France

Flux Grignon 2003

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

10/2 11/3 10/4 10/5 9/6 9/7 8/8 7/9 7/10 6/11 6/12

flu

x N

O g

/ha/

j

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

Flux NO

Température 0-15 cm

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

10/2 11/3 10/4 10/5 9/6 9/7 8/8 7/9 7/10 6/11 6/12

flu

x N

O (

gN/h

a/j)

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

hu

mid

ité

volu

miq

ue

(m3 /m

3 )

Flux NO

Humidité volumique 0-15cm

14

Yearly Balance of NO soil emissions in France Yearly Balance of NO soil emissions in France

Région Surface Tas(ha) N-NH4 (kg/an) N-NO(t/an) N-NO/N-NH4(%) N-NO/N(%)ALSACE 212035 102 208.16 0.96 0.62AQUITAINE 767774 92 735.87 1.04 0.67AUVERGNE 527360 56 454.10 1.53 0.99BOURGOGNE 932899 94 860.56 0.98 0.64BRETAGNE 1362963 53 1156.63 1.60 1.04CENTRE 1819860 100 1712.66 0.94 0.61CHAMPAGNE-ARDENNE 1053704 103 991.99 0.92 0.60CORSE 8821 49 7.50 1.73 1.13FRANCHE-COMTE 281665 70 247.95 1.25 0.81ILE-DE-FRANCE 468416 115 453.45 0.84 0.55LANGUEDOC-ROUSSILLON 198935 75 177.93 1.19 0.78LIMOUSIN 322501 45 270.13 1.85 1.20LORRAINE 634608 75 565.45 1.19 0.78MIDI-PYRENEES 1416119 59 1229.59 1.46 0.95NORD - PAS-DE-CALAIS 500674 93 460.27 0.99 0.64BASSE-NORMANDIE 561119 65 487.86 1.33 0.86HAUTE-NORMANDIE 466938 98 433.36 0.95 0.62PAYS DE LA LOIRE 1474579 54 1253.34 1.58 1.03PICARDIE 948389 106 906.24 0.90 0.58POITOU-CHARENTES 1321158 77 1202.50 1.18 0.77PROVENCE-ALPES-COTE D'AZUR150281 77 149.38 1.29 0.84RHONE-ALPES 586349 69 565.01 1.39 0.90

Total /Moyenne* 16017147 79 14529.92 1.23 0.80

14.5 ktN-NO/year = 47.7 ktNO2/year on 57%SAUIn rough approximation soil NO flux = 84ktNO2/year ~ 11% /transport and 5% / all sources (CITEPA)

Methodology EMEP/CORINAIR=> EF = 0.7% (2.4MtN/an) =55.2ktNO2/an (Bouwman, 2002)

Annually soil NO emissionsAnnually soil NO emissions

16

Impact on atmospheric chemistry Impact on atmospheric chemistry

(modeling with CHIMERE).(modeling with CHIMERE).

Mean arable land NO emissions (June 2003) (Max 8 g N/ha/d)

Additional O3 concentration linked to arable soil NO sources : mean estimates for June 2003 (max 3 ppb)

17

Conclusions

Positive item : - Improvement in seasonal variation

on NO Fluxes=> seasonal nitrogen inputs

taken into account.

- Parameterizations on NO flux versus soil humidity

18

Conclusions insufficient Item : • No variability of emissions depending on

soil type• Only NO from nitrification is considered

and the denitrification ?• Emissions from animal manure were not

study • Variation of background [NH4] not take

account (annually balance 0.5 ppm =>80% of fluxes) =>Simulate net mineralization

• And the other ecosystems or arable lands?