Upload
others
View
3
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
Solar Cells and LightSolar Cells and Light--Emitting Diodes:Emitting Diodes:
two optoelectronic devices for atwo optoelectronic devices for a
greener planetgreener planet
Masterclass, Institute of Advanced Studies, UWA, April 14, 2010
D.L. Pulfrey
Gledden Senior FellowUniversity of Western AustraliaFebruary – April, 2010
Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, B.C. V6T1Z4, Canada
http://www.ece.ubc.ca/~pulfrey/
2
Solar Cells and LightSolar Cells and Light--Emitting Diodes:Emitting Diodes:
two optoelectronic devices for atwo optoelectronic devices for a
greener planetgreener planet
1. Solar cells and LEDs: how they fit into the world’s generation-and lighting-mixes.
2. Solar cells and LEDs: their design and operation.
3. LEDs: their prospects for contributing significantly to general-purpose lighting.
4. Solar cells: their prospects for contributing significantly to sustainable electricity generation.
3
green and Greengreen and Green
green (adj.) – emphasizing environmental issues
greening (verb) - the process of transforming artifacts such as a space, a lifestyle or a brand image into a more environmentally friendly version
Green (noun) – political ideology, e.g., “Our vision is for a fair, independent and sustainable Australia.”
sustainable (adj.) – capable of enduring, e.g., “sustainable development ... meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”*
* http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm
4
The Generation MixThe Generation Mix
Imagine 20 TkWh
Elec. use
2010 Hours/yr Elec. power
World
population Power/person
TkWh/yr kW W
20 8760 2.28E+09 6.80E+09 336
The Generation Mix (another view)The Generation Mix (another view)5
6Do we want more coalDo we want more coal--fired plants?fired plants?
7Projections for renewable sourcesProjections for renewable sources
Solar PowerSolar Power8
Solar thermal: 10 + 20 MW, SevilleSolar thermal: 10 + 20 MW, Seville9
Solar PV: 60 MW, Solar PV: 60 MW, OlmedillaOlmedilla de de AlarconAlarcon10
11PV: large and smallPV: large and small
Photos of solar cell installations
12 MW Arnstein, Germany
26 MW Tabernas desert, Spain
5kW Boston Massachusetts http://256.com/solar/
PV “balancePV “balance--ofof--system” componentssystem” components12
Also:
- installation
- wiring
- insurance
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/bos.html
Electricity consumption per capitaElectricity consumption per capita13
200610,720.756 kWh per capitaAustralia:# 13
200711,718.884 kWh per capitaCayman Islands:# 12
200611,819.586 kWh per capitaBahrain:# 11
200612,483.568 kWh per capitaUnited Arab Emirates:# 10
200712,924.224 kWh per capitaUnited States:# 9
200614,604.742 kWh per capitaLuxembourg:# 8
200614,769.403 kWh per capitaSweden:# 7
200615,210.945 kWh per capitaKuwait:# 6
200615,938.943 kWh per capitaQatar:# 5
200616,279.411 kWh per capitaCanada:# 4
200716,850.372 kWh per capitaFinland:# 3
200624,011.233 kWh per capitaNorway:# 2
200631,147.292 kWh per capitaIceland:# 1
200610,720.756 kWh per capitaAustralia:# 13
200711,718.884 kWh per capitaCayman Islands:# 12
200611,819.586 kWh per capitaBahrain:# 11
200612,483.568 kWh per capitaUnited Arab Emirates:# 10
200712,924.224 kWh per capitaUnited States:# 9
200614,604.742 kWh per capitaLuxembourg:# 8
200614,769.403 kWh per capitaSweden:# 7
200615,210.945 kWh per capitaKuwait:# 6
200615,938.943 kWh per capitaQatar:# 5
200616,279.411 kWh per capitaCanada:# 4
200716,850.372 kWh per capitaFinland:# 3
200624,011.233 kWh per capitaNorway:# 2
200631,147.292 kWh per capitaIceland:# 1
http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/ene_ele_con_percap-energy-electricity-consumption-per-capita
Electricity usage by sector (USA)Electricity usage by sector (USA)14
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/eh/elec.html
Residential usage of electricityResidential usage of electricity15
16
Lighting: growth and costLighting: growth and cost
J.Y. Tsao http://www.sandia.gov/~jytsao/
17
How much energy is used for lighting?How much energy is used for lighting?
Compare these numbers with IEA’s.
Light bulb comparisonLight bulb comparison18
W lumens khours CRI $US
Incandescent (long life)
75 (1200) 10 (95) 1.75
W-halogen (PAR38)
75 940 5 (95) 5.95
Fluorescent(T10 tube)
40 3550 20 84 6.95
Fluorescent(compact)
20 1295 12 82 4.95
LED(PAR20, warm)
9 400 40 77 58.95
Data: 12 April, 2010: BuyLighting.com
The LED efficiency needed to save powerThe LED efficiency needed to save power19
• 2010: ??
D.A. Steigerwald et al., IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., 8, 310-320, 2002
Interim summaryInterim summary20
Hypotheses:
1. Photovoltaics can help green electricity generation.
2. LEDs can reduce significantly the demand for electricity.
Questions to ponder:
1. Is PV really sustainable?
2. Can LEDs meet general-lighting requirements?
3. How do solar cells and LEDs work?
4. What are the significant features of their design?