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1Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
Children‘s Independent Mobility:
Where is Germany heading?
Speakers:
Björn Frauendienst
Andreas Redecker
Ruhr-University Bochum
Geography Department
Germany
2Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
One False Move
Thesis:
statistics on road casualties are not the only indicator to benchmark the security of traffic
Source: Department for Transport, 1989
3Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
Children‘s Independent Mobility
Our understanding todaydistinction between mobility and trafficmobilitymobility: capability of a single person for spatial movementtraffictraffic: sum of people’s realised movements from A to B
(for reference see Gather et al. 2008 or Nuhn & Hesse 2006)
children‘s independent mobility (CIM) children‘s independent mobility (CIM) degree of mobility remaining after parental restrictions apply
4Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
Children‘s Independent Mobility
The understanding in 1990 no clear definition of CIM instrument to measure CIM in accordance with today's
definition of mobilitysix licenses six licenses used to measure restrictions in mobility
crossing main roads, going to leisure activities alone, coming home from school alone, cycling on main roads, using public transport, being outside alone after dark
5Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
Children‘s Independent Mobility 1990
License to come home from school aloneamong primary school children
Source: Hillman et al. 1990: 131
6Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
The 2010 study - background
Factors implying that CIM might have dropped in Germany over the last 20 years:
general traffic studies imply a grown importance of car dependent travel
changes in the German school system (catchment areas, introduction of an optional all-day-school
less road accidents with children involved since 1990s
7Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
The 2010 study - targets
1. to reveal possible changes in children’s independent mobility at the ten schools surveyed in 1990
2. to identify influencing factors that may have affected children’s independent mobility
3. to show a possible connection between today’s level of children’s independent mobility and the noticeable decline in road casualties
8Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
Methodology 2010 study
aim to re-survey the schools from 1990 cities involved: Bochum, Köln, Witten + Wuppertal children aged 7 to 15 have been interviewed:
- classes 2 to 4 (primary school) and
- classes 5 to 9 (secondary school) identical questionnaire for all ages linkage between parents’ and children’s questionnaire survey was conducted simultaneously on a Monday in
February
9Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
Content of the questionnaires
Children(focused on day of survey)
Parents(focused on general behaviour and
statistical data)
• way to school
• leisure time
• behaviour in traffic
• fears in traffic and in the neighbourhood
• licenses in traffic
• reasons for licensing
• questions about age of license granting
• own childhood
• statistical data about the household
10Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
Return rate
801 pupils have been surveyed in 2010
579 parents sent back the questionnaires 72,3 %
children surveyed
parents surveyed
return rate parents
primary school 264 242 91,7secondary school 491 448 91,2total 755 690primary school 317 281 88,6secondary school 484 298 61,6total 801 579
1990
2010Source: own figure based on 1990 and 2010 survey data
11Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
Key results of the 2010 study
1. The mobility of primary school children surveyed in Germany in 2010 is much more restricted than in 1990
2. This restricted mobility leads to distinct local travel patterns of children and their parents
12Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
License granting
Source: own figure based on 1990 and 2010 survey data
13Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
Differences at among primary schools
Source: own figure based on 1990 and 2010 survey data
14Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
Effects on travel patterns
Source: own figure based on 1990 and 2010 survey data
15Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
Effects on travel patterns
Source: own figure based on 1990 and 2010 survey data
16Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
Two main types of restricted CIM
Car School (Witten) suburban setting high rate of car use children driven long & short distances
Escort School (Köln-Mitte) city centre setting high rate of parents escorting children low level of motorised transport
17Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
Causes for reduced CIM (both types)
children not visiting the nearest school to their home
risen parental perception of traffic dangers
the introduction of all-day-school
18Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
The 2010 study – results on targets
1. to reveal possible changes in children’s independent mobility at the ten schools surveyed in 1990
CIM has gone down at primary schools
2. to identify influencing factors that may have affected children’s independent mobility
distance to school, risen fears, all-day-school
3. show a possible connection between today’s level of children’s independent mobility and the noticeable decline in road casualties
possible connection, because…
19Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
Meanings for road safety
Simply said:
If less children are using active travel modes independently, less children can have accidents as cyclist or pedestrians
Possible conclusion:
It is better for children to be escorted to school because they will have less accidents and parents can spend more time with them
20Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
BUT !!!!
To be driven to school is at least as dangerous as walking to school
Participating in traffic is more than getting from A to B as positive results may be more chances to physically exercise higher spatial perception of living environment more social interaction with peer group only chance to practice a proper traffic behaviour
(for reference see Unfallkasse NRW 2010)
21Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department
Conclusion
The study indicates that Germany is currently heading towards a lower degree of children‘s independent mobility
If less accidents involving children are to be achieved without restricting children’s development, integrated measures need to be developed. more reliable research on the connection between CIM
and children’s development child oriented urban planning educational programs cooperation between actors (parents, teachers, police,
local administration and road safety organisations)
22Speakers: Björn Frauendienst (M.Sc.) Dr. Andreas Redecker – Ruhr-University Bochum – Geography Department