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Modern Modern Engineering Engineering ConstraintsConstraints

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Concurrent EngineeringConcurrent Engineering Design teams include others in

addition to engineersManufacturing expertsMarketing and sales professionalsReliability expertsCost accountantsLawyers

Concern with all these areas and their impact on the design is concurrent engineering.

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-ilities-ilities Concurrent engineering demands

consideration of the complete life cycle of the product, process, or project.

Design for: Manufacturability Affordability Reliability Sustainability Quality

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Can this Design Be Made? (DFM)Can this Design Be Made? (DFM) The design of a product has an

ENORMOUS impact on its manufacture.

A basic DFM methodology Estimate the cost for a given alternative Reduce the costs of components Reduce the costs of assembly Consider the effects on other objectives If not acceptable, revise the design REPEAT …

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Design for Assembly (DFA)Design for Assembly (DFA) Limit the number of components Using standard components Use a base component on which

other components can be located

Use components the facilitate retrieval and assembly

Maximize accessibility during manufacturing and maintenance

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AffordabilityAffordability Engineering Economics

The time value of moneyMoney obtained sooner is more

valuable than money obtained later.Money spent sooner is more costly

than money spent later.Design decisions made today will

translate into streams of “financial events” in the future.

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Arthur M. Wellington’s definition of engineering

“the art of doing that well with one dollar which any bungler can do with two.”

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ReliabilityReliability To an engineer: the probability that

an item will perform its function under stated conditions of use and maintenance for a stated measure of a variate.

Incidental failure Catastrophic failure Maintainability

Parts easily accessed and repaired Redundancy

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SustainabilitySustainability One generation’s progress can be the

next’s nightmare. Environmental responsibility is

incorporated directly into the ethical obligations of engineering. Air and water quality Energy consumption Disposal

Life cycle assessment analysis Inventory Impact Improvement

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Design for QualityDesign for Quality All of the –ilities are components of

the design for quality A quality design satisfies all

constraints Fully functional within the performance

specifications Meets the objectives as well or better than

alternative designs All the work of the design process is

directed to design for quality.

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House of QualityHouse of Quality

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Laptop Computer House of Laptop Computer House of QualityQuality

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Modern Modern Engineering Engineering ChallengesChallenges

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Economic LeadershipEconomic Leadership

U.S. must sustain its share of high-technology jobs.

Prepare for a new wave of change.

INNOVATION is the key. Engineering is essential to

the task.

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2121stst Century Challenges Century Challenges

International Competitiveness

Rebuilding the Infrastructure

Air and Water Pollution Energy

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International International CompetitivenessCompetitiveness

The U.S. has decided that manufacturing is “trivially easy” and is shifting to a service economy.

We celebrate the dramatic breakthrough – the “big science”

There is very little praise for incremental improvements and painstaking execution - engineeringengineering

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International CompetitivenessInternational Competitiveness

U.S. Emphasis on short-term profits Lack of productproduct focus. Is the

purpose of a business: To make a profit? To make a product?

Capital Investment U.S. net annual capital investment is a

small fraction of Japan’s Automation (and robots) require capital

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Rebuilding the InfrastructureRebuilding the Infrastructure Most of U.S. constructed works need

major repairs. Highways and bridges are in bad

shape. Airports are clogged. Railroad

tracks are buckling. In 1981 the Army Corps of Engineers

declared 3000 dams as unsafe. Much has been done but not nearly

enough. – MORE ENGINEERS!

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Air and Water PollutionAir and Water Pollution Sulfur oxides from the burning of

fossil fuels Exhaust gasses: HC, CO, NOx, and

photochemical oxidants Agriculture is one of the biggest

water polluters. Salts, fertilizers, animal manure nitrogen Pesticides

Water tables are falling in India, China, and the U.S.

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Green EngineeringGreen Engineering

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EnergyEnergy It requires 20 to 50 years to make

the transition from a new energy concept to commercial practicality.

It would take another 30 to 50 years before enough capacity would exist to produce a quad (1015 BTU)

We need to do something for the future – MORE ENGINEERS

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2121stst Century Engineering Challenges Century Engineering Challenges

competition for limited resources global population growth energy sourcing and security homeland security aging infrastructure in some parts of the world

and the lack of infrastructure in others water and air pollution global warming; disposal of toxic waste vanishing habitats and endangered species

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2121stst Century Engineering Needs Century Engineering Needs

Resourcefulness and ingenuity will be necessary to deal with these complex issues.

The solutions that must be developed and implemented will require engineering innovations.

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NAE Aspirations for 2020NAE Aspirations for 2020

We aspire to a public that will recognize the union of professionalism, technical knowledge, social and historical awareness, and traditions that serve to make engineers competent to address the world’s complex and changing challenges.