1 st QUARTER TEST Prep

1st QUARTER TEST Prep

•SOME STUDY IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED

BY THE MANAGEMENT

•Simply put, what is the theory of plate tectonics ?

•The earth’s crust is made up of plates that are moved around by convection currents in the mantle.

•The outer layer of the Earth, the CRUST is what?

• Solid, liquid, like putty

•SOLID

•The second layer of the Earth, the MANTLE is what?


• Like Putty. It is hard like a solid, but it will flow in currents.

•The 3rd layer of the Earth, the OUTER CORE is what?


•LIQUID - Mostly Iron & Nickel

•The LOWEST layer of the Earth, the INNER CORE is what?


• SOLID - - • The Metal is squeezed together so tightly that the molecules can’t move

Earth’s LayersKnow them

•What part of the earth moves the outer plates?

•The mantle is flowing in currents and moves the plates that float on top of it

•What energy transfer method causes the mantle to flow?

•CONVECTION

• Where does the heat come from that heats the mantle and causes it’s convection currents?

•The super HOT outer and inner core provide the heat for mantle convection currents

•What is a divergent boundary?

•2 plates moving apart

Divergent Boundary

•What is a convergent boundary?

•2 plates moving together

Convergent Boundary

•What is a transform boundary?

•2 plates sliding past each other like 2 trains on parallel tracks

•What is a subduction zone?

•The place where one plate is sliding under another in a convergent boundary

Subduction Zone

•How fast do the plates usually move?

•Usually only a centimeter or 2 per year, but India is clocked at 20 cm/yr

•Where is a convergent boundary?

•Washington and Oregon

•What type of boundary is a subduction zone associated with?

•Convergent

•Where is a transform boundary?

•Much of the coast of California

•Where is a Divergent boundary?

•The riff valley in Ethiopia

•How do we know Pangaea really existed?

• Coal in Antartica• The shapes of the continents• Identical fossils around the

world• Identical rocks around the

world

CLOSE OR FAR?

•CLOSE

•What is one thing a seismograph tells us?

•Distance to the epicenter

•What is the other thing a seismograph tells us?

•How strong the earthquake is

•What is the focus and the epicenter of an earthquake?

• How many seismographs do we need to know exactly where an earthquake is located?

•3

CLOSE OR FAR?

•FAR

• What is it called when we use 3 seismographs to determine the location of a quake?

•TRIANGULATION

What is the amplitude?

•About 280 mm

How long does it take the S wave to arrive at the seismograph?

• About 49 seconds

• Complete the sentence• The longer it takes the S wave to arrive, the ___________________.

•….further it is to the quake’s epicenter.

•What does high amplitude mean about the quake?

• It is either -------

•….. Very Big, or very Close.

•What are the 3 types of energy transfer?

•CONDUCTION•CONVECTION•RADIATION

•WHAT IS HEAT?

Molecules moving and colliding

• For conduction to happen, molecules or objects MUST ___________

•TOUCH!• Energy can only transfer by couduction

when molecules can bump into each other – so they have to touch

• Dominos

• What is the type of energy transfer where liquid or gas rises and falls in a mass movement?

•CONVECTION

•What causes heated air to rise?

• Heat makes the molecules move faster. They bump together and push each other apart, thus taking up more volume, but having the same amount of mass (LESS DENSE). So, they float to the top of the cooler denser air

• What type of energy transfer travels in waves at the speed of light through empty space?

•RADIATION

Volcano Quiz Prep

•SOME STUDY IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED

BY THE MANAGEMENT

What Type of Volcano?

•Cinder Cone

•What are cinder cones made of?

•Loose bubbly light weight chunks of rocks

•Rubble

•Why are cinder cones not steeper?

•Cinder Cones have moderately sloping sides because loose rubble doesn’t stack well.


Shield

•Why are shield volcanoes not steeper?

• The lava shield volcanoes are made of is very thin and travels long distances before it hardens.

•Why are Shield Volcanoes generally good neighbors?

• They don’t explode• Their lava moves slowly enough to be avoided

•Why don’t shield volcanoes explode?

•They are made of solid basalt which is VERY strong


Composite

•Why are composite volcanoes named composite?

They are composed of many different types of layers

•What is the tallest type of mountain on Earth?

• A shield Volcano named Mona Loa in the Hawaiian Islands.

•Which type of volcano is most likely to blow up?

•Composite

•Why do Composite volcanoes tend to blow up?

• They are very weak because many of their layers are nothing but ash or cinder. When too much pressure builds up, they blow their layers apart.

•Which type of volcano makes a lot of noise and fireworks, but isn’t too likely to explode?

•Cinder Cone

•Where can we find cinder cones in the United States?

A

•Arizona and New Mexico

•What caused the Hawaiian Islands to form?

•Hot spots in the mantle

•Why are there so many Hawaiian islands from 1 hot spot?

• The Earth’s crust is moving, but the hot spot is not. Consequently, new volcanoes form over the hot spot after the old ones move away.

•What type of volcano is found at Yellowstone?

•A Supervolcano

•Why did they have a hard time locating the Yellowstone Volcano?

•It is so big that you have to be in space to see the whole caldera.

•Where in the United States can we find a LOT of shield volcanoes?

•Hawaii

•Why are Cinder cones unlikely to explode?

•The cinder rocks are loose, so the new lava can just push the old lava out of the way.

•Where can we find some composite volcanoes in the USA?

• Along the Pacific coast in Washington and Oregon.

•What caused these coastal volcanoes to form?

• The Cascade range was formed by a subduction zone where the oceanic plate is sliding under the continental plate.

•What sorts of problems could supervolcanoes cause?

• Loss of sunlight• Loss of summer• Extinctions (maybe of people)• Loss of crops and animals• Starvation• Economic collapse• Wars• Mass emigration to other countries


•Cinder Cone

•What are cinder cones made of?

•Loose bubbly light weight chunks of rocks

•Rubble

•Why are cinder cones not steeper?

•Cinder Cones have moderately sloping sides because loose rubble doesn’t stack well.


Composite

•Why are composite volcanoes named composite?

They are composed of many different types of layers

•What is the tallest type of mountain on Earth?

• A shield Volcano named Mona Loa in the Hawaiian Islands.

•Which type of volcano is most likely to blow up?

•Composite

•Why do Composite volcanoes tend to blow up?

• They are very weak because many of their layers are nothing but ash or cinder. When too much pressure builds up, they blow their layers apart.

•Which type of volcano makes a lot of noise and fireworks, but isn’t too likely to explode?

•Cinder Cone

•Where can we find some composite volcanoes in the USA?

• Along the Pacific coast in Washington and Oregon.

•What caused these coastal volcanoes to form?

• The Cascade range was formed by a subduction zone where the oceanic plate is sliding under the continental plate.

•What cause the heat in a subduction zone that causes the volcano to form?

•Extreme Friction heats the rock to the boiling point

•What does ISOSTASY refer to?

• The balance of the weight of a mountain against the buoyancy of its base which is submerged in the Earth’s mantle

•The Appalachian Mountains are what type of mountains?

•Folded Mountains

•Where are the Appalachian Mountains?

• They run from Georgia to Maine parallel to the Atlantic Coast

•What caused the Appalachian Mountains to form?

• They formed by continental/continental convergence when North America crashed into Africa.

•What causes peaks and valleys in folded mountains?

• The softer layers of uplifted rock wear away quicker than the harder layers

What is an uplifted mountain?

• A mountain that was formed by being pushed upward by currents in the Earth’s mantle.

Uplifted Mountain

•Where can you find uplifted mountains?

•The closest ones are the Adirondacks in New York State.

• Why are the Adirondack mountains not in long chains like the Appalachian mountains?

• The Adirondacks were uplifted while the long folds of the Appalachians were caused by a collision of the whole coast of the continent.

•What causes a fault block mountain?

• Fault block mountains are caused by a continental plate that is trying to split apart. The mantle pushes it up and spreads it. As the 2 sides pull apart, huge blocks of rock drop along the fault lines, leaving mountains on one side of the fault.

•Where in the US can we find fault block mountains?

•Mountains in the great basin of Utah

•GOOD LUCK!

Documents

1 st QUARTER TEST Prep