1- Structured Analysis SECTION.pptx

8/17/2019 1- Structured Analysis SECTION.pptx

1/46

Software Engineering

Structured AnalysisPREPARED BY: DOAA DORGHAM


2/46

Structured Analysis

t focuses on s!ecifying w"at t"e syste# or a!!lication is re$uired to do% &o descri'e w"at t"e custo#er re$uires%

&o esta'lis" a 'asis for creation of a software design%

&o de(ne a set of re$uire#ents t"at can 'e )alidated once t"e software is '


3/46

Structure of t"e Analysis Model

DataDictionary

State – TransitionDiagram

(STD)

Entity –Relationship

Diagram

(ERD)

Data –Flow

Diagram

(DFD)

Control Specification


4/46

Data Dictionary

,ore of t"e Model% &"e centrali-ed collection of infor#ation a'out data. repository t"at conta

descri!tions of all data o'/ects consu#ed or !roduced 'y t"e software%

t "el!s 0ee!ing wor0 of !rogra##ers and designers sync"roni-ed w"ile usisa#e o'/ect reference e)eryw"ere in t"e !rogra#%

t re#o)es any c"ances of a#'iguity%


5/46

Data Dictionary ,ontents

Name t"e !ri#ary na#e of t"e data or control ite#. t"e data store or an e2ternal entity

Alias

ot"er na#es used for t"e (rst entry

Where usedhow used

a listing of t"e !rocesses t"at use t"e data or control ite# and "ow it is used 3e%g

to t"e !rocess. out!ut fro# t"e !rocess. as a store. as an e2ternal entity !ontent description

a notation for re!resenting content

Supplementary in"ormation

ot"er infor#ation a'out data ty!es. !reset )alues 3if 0nown4. restrictions or li#itaand so fort"


6/46

Data Dictionary 6otation

6otation Meaning

7 is co#!osed of

89n Re!etition for n ti#es

34 O!tional

And

; ,o##ent

? @ni$ue 0ey 3identi(er4


7/46

Data Dictionary E2a#!le

6a#e: tele!"one nu#'er Aliases: none

"ere usedC "ow used: assess against setu! 3out!ut4

dial !"one 3out!ut4

Descri!tion:

tele!"one nu#'er 7 ;local nu#'er < long distance nu#'er=

local nu#'er 7 !re(2 access nu#'er

long distance nu#'er 7 1 area code local nu#'er

area code 7 ;FF < < 2y-=

!re(2 7 > a t"ree digit nu#'er t"at ne)er starts wit" F or 1 >

access nu#'er 7 > any four nu#'er string >


8/46

Entity Relations"i! Diagra# 3ERD4

Data #odeling%

Relations"i! 'etween data o'/ects%

Attri'utes of eac" data o'/ect can 'e descri'ed using a data o'/ect descri!t


9/46

Data Modeling 3ERD4

"at are t"e !ri#ary data o'/ects to 'e !rocessed 'y t"e syste#

"at is t"e co#!osition of eac" data o'/ect and w"at attri'utes descri'e t"o'/ect

"ere do t"e o'/ects currently reside

"at is t"e relations"i! 'etween eac" o'/ect and ot"er o'/ects

"at is t"e relations"i! 'etween t"e o'/ects and t"e !rocesses t"at transfot"e#


10/46

Data O'/ects. Attri'utes J Relations"i!s

Data o'/ect

re!resentation of al#ost any co#!osite infor#ation t"at #ust 'e understood 'ysoftware

,o#!osite infor#ation

nu#'er of diKerent !ro!erties or attri'utes

Data o'/ect descri!tion incor!orates t"e data o'/ect and all of its attri'utes

Relations"i!s are always de(ned 'y t"e conte2t of t"e !ro'le# 'eing analy


11/46

Data O'/ects. Attri'utes J Relations"i!3cont%4

Objects: Attributes Relationsh

Name

Address

Age

Driver’s license number

Own

a!e

odel

"D number

#od$ t$pe

Color

11


12/46

Data O'/ects

E2ternal entity Lanyt"ing t"at !roduces or consu#es infor#ation

&"ing 3e%g%. car. re!orts. dis!lays. signals4

Occurrence or e)ents 3e%g%. tele!"one call. interru!t. alar#4

Role 3e%g%. student. #anager. engineer. sales!erson4

Organi-ational unit 3e%g%. De!t% ,S. di)ision. tea#4

Place 3e%g%. AAS& A'u R. #anufacturing Noor4

Structure 3e%g%. students (le. e#!loyee record4


13/46

Data O'/ects

a!e odel "D% #od$

&$pe

Color Owner

'e(us 'S )** A#+,-. Sedan /hite RS0

12/2 #eetle 3)45. Sports 0in! 10

#/ 64*"' 37654. Coupe #lue 88

9ord &aurus +,A4. Sedan /hite D8

identi(er

6a#ing Attri'utes

Descri!ti)eAttri'utes

ReferentAttri'ute

nstance

Data o'/ects are fre$uently re!resented as a ta'le


14/46

Attri'utes

De(ne !ro!erties of a data o'/ect

&a0e on one of t"ree diKerent c"aracteristics

6a#e an instance of t"e data o'/ect

Descri'e t"e instance

Ma0e reference to anot"er instance in anot"er ta'le

One or #ore attri'utes #ust 'e de(ned as an identi#er w"ic" 'eco#es $ew"en we want to (nd an instance of t"e data o'/ect

&"e set of attri'utes is deter#ined t"roug" understanding of t"e !ro'le# co


15/46

Relations"i!s

Displa$s

Stoc!s

Sells

Returns

Boo0 Boo0store

Orders


16/46

,ardinality

%ne&to&one ('')

or e2a#!le. if eac" custo#er in a data'ase is associated wit" one #ailing addre

%ne&to&many (')

or e2a#!le. a single custo#er #ig"t !lace an order for #ulti!le !roducts% &"e cuis associated wit" #ulti!le entities. 'ut all t"ose entities "a)e a single connectionto t"e sa#e custo#er%

any&to&many (N)

or e2a#!le. at a co#!any w"ere all call center agents wor0 wit" #ulti!le custo#eac" agent is associated wit" #ulti!le custo#ers. and #ulti!le custo#ers #ig"t aassociated wit" #ulti!le agents%


17/46

Modality

' ( + )

if an occurrence of t"e relations"i! is #andatory

, ( )

if t"ere is no e2!licit need for t"e relations"i! to occur or t"e relations"i! is o!tion


18/46

,ardinality and Modality E2a#!le

Eac" faculty #e#'er ad-ises many students. eac" student has only one ad

E)ery faculty #e#'er may not .e an ad-isor. eac" student must ha-e an a

aculty Student

,ardinality: One ,ardinality: Many

odality mandatory odality optional


19/46

ERD E2a#!le 1 3A&M4


20/46

ERD E2a#!le * 3,ar Manufacturing4

Dealership

Shipper

anu"acturer

'uild


21/46

ERD E2a#!le * 3cont%4

Dealership

Shipper

anu"acturer

'uild


22/46

ERD E2a#!le +

1 instance of sales re! ser)ices F to #any custo#ers%

1 instance of custo#ers !laces1 to #any orders%

1 instance of an order lists 1 to #any !roducts%

1 instance of ware"ouse stores F to #any !roducts%


23/46

unctional Modeling and nfor#ationlow 3DD4

t is a tool 3and ty!e of !rocess #odel4

t"at s"ows t"e Now of data t"roug" asyste# and t"e wor0 or !rocessing!erfor#ed 'y t"at syste#%

unctional #odeling and infor#ation Now%

ndicates "ow data are transfor#ed ast"ey #o)e t"roug" t"e syste#%

S"ows t"e functions t"at transfor# t"e

data Now% Eac" function descri!tion is contained in a

!rocess s!eci(cation%

All na#es #ust 'e uni$ue

6ot a Now c"art L no order i#!lied


24/46

DiKerence 'etween DD and lowc"arts

Processes on DDs can o!erate in !arallel 3att"esa#eti#e4

Processes on Nowc"arts e2ecute one at a ti#e%

DDs s"ow t"e Now of data t"roug" a syste#

lowc"arts s"ow t"e Now of control 3se$uence and transfer of co

Processes on one DD can "a)e diKerent ti#ing

Processes on Nowc"arts are !art of a single !rogra# wit" consistti#ing


25/46

DD 3,O6&%4

Producer or consu#er of infor#ation t"at resides outside t"e

t"e syste# to 'e #odeled% E2ternal entities are sources and dof t"e syste#Qs in!uts and out!uts%

&ransfor#s inco#ing data Now into outgoing data Now%

A data o'/ect t"e arrow"ead indicates t"e direction of data Now

arrows wit" t"e na#e of t"e data t"at #o)es t"roug" it%

A re!ository of data t"at is to 'e stored for use 'y one or #oreMay 'e as si#!le as a 'uKer or $ueue or as so!"isticated as data'ase% &"ey are so#eti#es also referred to as (les%

E/ternalEntity

0rocess

Data Store


26/46

DD Guidelines and Rules


27/46

llegal TS ,orrect data Nows


28/46

,onte2t Diagra#s

t is called le)el F DD. also called a

funda#ental syste# #odel% t is a to! le)el data Now diagra#%

t only contains one !rocess node 3!rocessF4 t"at generali-es t"e function of t"eentire syste# in relations"i! to e2ternalentities%


29/46

DD e)els 3Deco#!osition of DDs4

Data Now diagra#s are drawn in se)eral

nested layers Draw t"e conte2t diagra# (rst. followed

'y )arious layers of data Now diagra#s%

A single !rocess node on a "ig" le)eldiagra# can 'e e2!anded to s"ow #oredetailed data Now diagra#. it #ig"tcontain ()e or si2 'u''les wit"interconnecting arrows eac" of t"e!rocesses re!resented at le)el 1 are su'functions of t"e o)erall syste# de!icted int"e conte2t #odel

,ontinues until no su'!rocess can logically 'e'ro0en down any furt"er%


30/46

DD E2a#!le 1

@sers

De)elo!ers

Managers

1eneratere2uests Pro'le# State#

@ser nter)iews

Do#ain Unowledge

Realworld E2!erience

3uild odels

Data #odelunctional #odBe"a)ior #ode


31/46

DD E2a#!le * irst Re(ne#ent

,usto#er0rocessorders

Pac0age data

,usto#er data

Order

n)oice

,redit status

Pac0age details


32/46

DD E2a#!le * Second Re(ne#ent

,usto#er

Terifyorder

Pac0age data

,usto#er data

Order

,redit status

Pac0age details

Asse#'leorders

n)oice

Pac0agein "and

Pending orders

Pac0ageto 'e ordered

Su!!lier

Place orderat su!!lier

Reco

Address ortele!"one nu#'er

Pacsen

Batc"ed

order

Pac0age recei)ed


33/46

,onte2t Diagra# E2a#!le 3Registration


34/46

DD e)el F


35/46

E2!losion of Process


36/46

DD E2a#!le * 3nsurance ,lai#s4

DD E2a#!le + 3Hoosier BurgerVs food


37/46

DD E2a#!le + 3Hoosier BurgerVs foodordering syste#4

e)el F


38/46

DD E2a#!le + 3cont%4

e)el 1

S"ows t"e deco#!osition of Process %Ffro# t"e le)el F


39/46

DD E2a#!le + 3cont%4

e)el *

S"ows t"e deco#!osition of Process %+ fro# t"e le)el1 diagraProcess %F


40/46

Be"a)ioral Modeling 3S&D4

t re!resents t"e 'e"a)ior of a syste# 'y s"owing its states and t"e e)ents

cause syste# to c"ange state ndicates t"e actions 3e%g%. !rocess acti)ation4 ta0en as a conse$uence of a

!articular e)ent

Does not s"ow t"e Now of data wit"in t"e syste#

State

any o'ser)a'le #ode of 'e"a)ior S&D indicates "ow t"e syste# #o)es fro# statstate

Relations"i! 'etween unctional and


41/46

Relations"i! 'etween unctional andBe"a)ioral Models

DD

Processs!ec

unctional

3!rocess order4

S&D

,ontrols!ec

Be"a)ior3control4 #odel

Data in!ut

Process

acti)ators

,ontrol out!ut

Data out!ut

Dataconditions

,ontrol in!ut

Re!resents daand t"e !rocest"at #ani!ulat

S"ows "ow e)enta#ong !rocesses

illustrate e2tere)ents t"at cau

)arious !rocesses

acti)ated


42/46

@M State Diagra#


43/46

S&D E2a#!le 1 3&T 4


44/46

S&D E2a#!le * 3Hotel Reser)ation4


45/46

S&D E2a#!le + 3Re!air Radio4


46/46

S&D E2a#!le 3 P"otoco!ier Software4

Readingco##ands

Diagnosing!ro'le#

Ma0ing co!ies

Reloading!a!er

ull and start

n)o0e #anageco!ying

,o!ies done

n)o0e reado!in!ut

e#!ty

n)o0e reload !a!er

Wa##ed

n)o0e !erfor# !ro'le#diagnosis

ull

n)o0e reado!in!ut

6ot /a##ed

n)o0e reado!in!ut

idle

4n-o$e read&op&input

E)ent t"at causetransition to occu

Actionoccursconset"e e)

Documents

1- Structured Analysis SECTION.pptx