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C09Waveparticleduality.notebook
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May26,2016
WaveParticleDuality
1)StudentswillbeabletoanalyzeXrayproduction.
2)StudentswillbeabletoanalyzesituationsinvolvingComptonscattering
3)Studentswillbeabletodescribewaveparticledualityasitappliestolightandsubatomicparticles.
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Intendedlearningoutcome(s)Intendedlearningoutcome(s)
PriorknowledgePriorknowledge
Crosscurricularlink(s)Crosscurricularlink(s)
Grade(s)Grade(s)
TitleTitle
TopicTopic
SubjectSubject
Teachers'notesTeachers'notes
Physics30
topic
title
12
curr.
know.
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LessonnotesLessonnotes
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XrayProduction
In1895,WilhelmRoentgenwasconductingexperimentswithcathoderaytubesandhighacceleratingvoltages.
Hefoundthatamysterious,invisible,highlypenetratingraywasemittedbytheanodeofhisCRT,causingnearbyphotographicplatestobeexposed.
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Nowforthefunstuff...
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KidswallowedtheballsfromaMagnetixkit.
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Xrayproductionissometimesreferredtoasa"reversephotoelectriceffect".
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Xrayproductionandconservationofenergy:
Eb=Ea
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e.g.Whatisthemaximumfrequencyofanxrayproducedbyanacceleratingvoltageof100kV?
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WaveParticleDuality
Sofarwe'veseenthatlightcanactasawave(interference,diffraction)andasaparticle(photoelectriceffect).
Theconceptofwaveparticledualitystatesthatundersomeconditionslightwillexhibitwavelikebehaviours,andunderotherconditionslightwillexhibitparticlelikebehaviours.
Note:"waves"and"particles"areclassicalconceptsthatarebeingappliedtolight
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ComptonScatteringandtheComptonEffect
ArthurComptonsuggestedthatlightcouldexhibitanotherparticlebehaviour....momentum.
Photonmomentum:
p=h
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Acollisionbetweenahighenergyphotonandanelectronwouldobeythelawsofconservationofenergyandmomentum.
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Whatdoesthiscollisionlooklikeintermsof2Dmomentum?
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ThescatteringofxrayphotonsoffatargetagreewiththepredictionsmadebyCompton:
thescatteredphotonhasalonger thantheincomingphoton
thechangeinwavelengthbetweentheinitialandfinalphotons, ,istheComptoneffect
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=h(1cos)mc
Comptoneffect(m)
massofanelectron
6.63x10 34J.s
angleforscatteredphoton
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p.723
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PracticeProblems,p.723#13
CheckandReflect,p.725#17
14.3eTest
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deBroglieWavelength
LouisdeBroglie,buildingonEinstein's"waveactingasaparticle",suggestedthataparticlecouldactasawave.
Thewavelengthofthese"matterwaves"couldbedeterminedbycombiningthetworelationshipswehaveformomentum:
p=mv p=h
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ThedeBroglie relationshipimpliesthatparticlesthatareverysmall(e.g.electrons,protons)couldexhibitwavelikebehaviours.
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TheDavissonGermerExperiment:Evidenceformatterwaves(seep.729)
electronsweredirectedatacrystalsurfacethatwouldactsimilartoadiffractiongrating.
http://phet.colorado.edu/simulations/sims.php?sim=DavissonGermer_Electron_Diffraction
http://phet.colorado.edu/simulations/sims.php?sim=DavissonGermer_Electron_Diffraction
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DiffractionpatternformedbyXrays.
Diffractionpatternformedbyelectrons.
Theinterferencepatternformedbyelectronswasevidencethatmattercouldexhibitwavelikeproperties.
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ApplicationsofMatterWaves:TheElectronMicroscope
Thesmallestobjectthatwillcauseawavetodeflectisapproximatelythesizeofthewavelengthused.
Inamicroscope,visiblelightcan'tbeusedtoseeanythingsmallerthanapprox.400nm.
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Electronscanhaveamuchsmaller thanvisiblelight.Thissmaller meansanelectronmicroscopehasabetterresolution(i.e.youcan"see"moredetail).
e.g.Whatisthewavelengthofanelectronacceleratedby10kV?
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Sinceelectronshaveamuchsmallerwavelength,theycanbeusedtodetectmuchsmallerstructures.
Flea,350X
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Mosquito
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Footofahousefly
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Dentistdrill
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Hypodermicneedle
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TP
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Velcro
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Staplethroughpaper
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