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WaveParticleDuality

1)StudentswillbeabletoanalyzeXrayproduction.

2)StudentswillbeabletoanalyzesituationsinvolvingComptonscattering

3)Studentswillbeabletodescribewaveparticledualityasitappliestolightandsubatomicparticles.

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Intendedlearningoutcome(s)Intendedlearningoutcome(s)

PriorknowledgePriorknowledge

Crosscurricularlink(s)Crosscurricularlink(s)

Grade(s)Grade(s)

TitleTitle

TopicTopic

SubjectSubject

Teachers'notesTeachers'notes

Physics30

topic

title

12

curr.

know.

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LessonnotesLessonnotes

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XrayProduction

In1895,WilhelmRoentgenwasconductingexperimentswithcathoderaytubesandhighacceleratingvoltages.

Hefoundthatamysterious,invisible,highlypenetratingraywasemittedbytheanodeofhisCRT,causingnearbyphotographicplatestobeexposed.

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Nowforthefunstuff...

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KidswallowedtheballsfromaMagnetixkit.

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Xrayproductionissometimesreferredtoasa"reversephotoelectriceffect".

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Xrayproductionandconservationofenergy:

Eb=Ea

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e.g.Whatisthemaximumfrequencyofanxrayproducedbyanacceleratingvoltageof100kV?

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WaveParticleDuality

Sofarwe'veseenthatlightcanactasawave(interference,diffraction)andasaparticle(photoelectriceffect).

Theconceptofwaveparticledualitystatesthatundersomeconditionslightwillexhibitwavelikebehaviours,andunderotherconditionslightwillexhibitparticlelikebehaviours.

Note:"waves"and"particles"areclassicalconceptsthatarebeingappliedtolight

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ComptonScatteringandtheComptonEffect

ArthurComptonsuggestedthatlightcouldexhibitanotherparticlebehaviour....momentum.

Photonmomentum:

p=h

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Acollisionbetweenahighenergyphotonandanelectronwouldobeythelawsofconservationofenergyandmomentum.

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Whatdoesthiscollisionlooklikeintermsof2Dmomentum?

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ThescatteringofxrayphotonsoffatargetagreewiththepredictionsmadebyCompton:

thescatteredphotonhasalonger thantheincomingphoton

thechangeinwavelengthbetweentheinitialandfinalphotons, ,istheComptoneffect

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=h(1cos)mc

Comptoneffect(m)

massofanelectron

6.63x10 34J.s

angleforscatteredphoton

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p.723

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PracticeProblems,p.723#13

CheckandReflect,p.725#17

14.3eTest

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deBroglieWavelength

LouisdeBroglie,buildingonEinstein's"waveactingasaparticle",suggestedthataparticlecouldactasawave.

Thewavelengthofthese"matterwaves"couldbedeterminedbycombiningthetworelationshipswehaveformomentum:

p=mv p=h

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ThedeBroglie relationshipimpliesthatparticlesthatareverysmall(e.g.electrons,protons)couldexhibitwavelikebehaviours.

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TheDavissonGermerExperiment:Evidenceformatterwaves(seep.729)

electronsweredirectedatacrystalsurfacethatwouldactsimilartoadiffractiongrating.

http://phet.colorado.edu/simulations/sims.php?sim=DavissonGermer_Electron_Diffraction

http://phet.colorado.edu/simulations/sims.php?sim=DavissonGermer_Electron_Diffraction

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DiffractionpatternformedbyXrays.

Diffractionpatternformedbyelectrons.

Theinterferencepatternformedbyelectronswasevidencethatmattercouldexhibitwavelikeproperties.

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ApplicationsofMatterWaves:TheElectronMicroscope

Thesmallestobjectthatwillcauseawavetodeflectisapproximatelythesizeofthewavelengthused.

Inamicroscope,visiblelightcan'tbeusedtoseeanythingsmallerthanapprox.400nm.

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Electronscanhaveamuchsmaller thanvisiblelight.Thissmaller meansanelectronmicroscopehasabetterresolution(i.e.youcan"see"moredetail).

e.g.Whatisthewavelengthofanelectronacceleratedby10kV?

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Sinceelectronshaveamuchsmallerwavelength,theycanbeusedtodetectmuchsmallerstructures.

Flea,350X

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Mosquito

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Footofahousefly

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Dentistdrill

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Hypodermicneedle

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TP

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Velcro

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Staplethroughpaper

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