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Sugarcane bagasse- filled poly (vinyl chloride) composites:
An alternative use of sugarcane bagasse
Riza Wirawan1
Mohd. Sapuan Salit2
Robiah Yunus2
Khalina Abdan2
1Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia2Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
SugarAsia 2012
Bangkok, 16-17 ay 2012
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What is poly (vinyl chloride) PVC?Source:
– Chlorine (56.8%): NaCl– Hydrocarbon: ethylene
less affected by the cost of petroleum and natural gas than other polymer
Atomic mass: Cl=35.5; H=1; C=12
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Why (PVC)?• Advantages
– low cost– easy to fabricate – high durability– outstanding chemical resistance to wide range of corrosive
fluids – offer more strength and rigidity than most of the other
thermoplastics
Widely used!
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HDPE LDPE PS PP PVC PET0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
955 970
825855
670
1000
Materials
Pric
e (U
SD/M
T)
Why (PVC)? Price of Thermoplastics (March 2009)*
*http://www.plastemart.com
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• Disadvantages: Safety and environmental issues– Vinyl chloride (VC) is reported can make serious
health problem – When PVC is processed, it produces hydrogen
chloride and dioxins => damage the atmosphere The issues have provoked environmental
groups to criticize concerning its mass utilization!
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Ban PVC?– many factories will be closed– many labours will loose their jobGenerates many social problems*
*especially in developing countries
PVC
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An alternative: Mixing PVC with natural fibre, as natural fibre/PVC composites:
– reduce the utilization of PVC– reduce its inconveniences while conserving its
advantages
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What is sugarcane bagasse (SB)?Chemical contents of bagasse:
– cellulose (35-40%)– natural rubber (20-30%)– lignin (15-20%)– sucrose (10-15%)
Fibre can be found in two parts of bagasse: – inner (pith)– outer (rind)
Vilay V., Mariatti M., Taib R., and Todo M. (2008). Effect of fiber surface treatment and fiber loading on the properties of bagasse fiber–reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. Composites Science and Technology , 68(3-4), 633–638.
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Why SB?– One of the natural fibres: environmental friendly– It is a residue (low cost)– the availability of it, as a waste, is high– Worldwide production of sugarcane: Over 1.4 billion (109) tonnes
per year**
Utilization of sugarcane bagasse may contributes to environmental and economic development.
*Lee, S.C and Mariatti, M. (2008). The effect of bagasse fibers obtained (from rind and pith component) on the properties of unsaturated polyester composites. Materials Letters. 62, 2253–2256* * FAO. Food and Agricultural Commodities Production. http://ww.fao.org, retrieved on 23 January 2010.
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Potential applicationTrend of natural fibre composites: thermoset thermoplastics
Demand:
• window/door profiles, • fencing/siding/railings, • furniture, • flooring, • automotive interior parts, • pallets/crates/boxes, • marine components,• electrical plugs,• wiring ducts.
Kline & Company, inc. (2000). Opportunities for Natural Fibers in Plastic Composites, 2000, http://www.marketresearch.com., retrieved on October 14th 2008.
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The challenges• Pith or Rind? • Compatibility?• Effect of thermal history & recyclability?
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Fibre TreatmentFibre Content
Reinforcement Effect* Source
s E
Wood Nontreated - + Djidjelli et al. 2002; Ge et al (2004)
Wood PMPPIC + + Kokta et al. 1990;
Bamboo Silane - + Ge et al. 2004
SisalMaleic
Anhydride - + Djidjelli et al. 2007
Oil Palm Nontreated - + Abu Bakar et al. 2005
Oil Palm Acrylic - + Abu Bakar et al. 2005Rice Straw NaOH - N/A Kamel 2004Sugarcane Bagasse Benzoic Acid + + Zheng et al. 2007
* + represents increasing of the property with the increasing of fibre content - represents decreasing of the property with the increasing of fibre content
Effect of fibre content to mechanical properties of natural fibre PVC composites
Abu Bakar, A., A., H., and A.F.M., Y. (2005). Mechanical and thermal properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch-filled unplasticized poly (vinyl chloride) composites. Polymers and Polymer Composites , 13 (6), 607-617.
Djidjelli H., Vega J.J.M., Farenc J., Benachour D. (2002). Effect of wood flour content on the thermal, mechanical and dielectric properties of poly(vinyl chloride). Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 287(9), 611–618.
Kamel S. (2004). Preparation and properties of composites made from rice straw and poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC). Polymers for Advanced Technologies , 15(10), 612-616Kokta B.V., Maldas D., Daneault C., and Beland, P. (1990). Composites of polyvinyl chloride-wood fibers. I. effect of isocyanate as a bonding agent. Polymer-plastics Technology and Engineering, 29 (1-2), 87-118.Zheng Y.-T., Cao D.R., Wang D.S., and Chen, J.-J. (2007). Study on the interface modification of bagasse fibre and the mechanical properties of its composite with PVC. Composites: Part A , 38 (1), 20-25.
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Thermal HistoryThermal history affects the morphology of polymer (i.e. degree of crystallinity). In SB/PVC composites?
RecyclabilityOne of the thermoplastic’s advantages against thermoset is the recyclability. In SB/PVC composites?
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• to investigate the effect of fibre loading and fibre source (pith and rind) on the mechanical properties of SB/PVC composite.
• to investigate the effect of fibre loading and fibre source (pith and rind) on the thermal properties of SB/PVC composite.
• to determine the influence of various chemical treatments on the tensile properties of SB/PVC.
• to examine the influence of thermal history on the tensile properties of SB/PVC composite.
Objectives
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Materials• PVC: unplasticised poly (vinyl chloride)
compound (PVC) IR045A supplied by Polymer Resources Sdn. Bhd., Kelang, Selangor, Malaysia.
• SB: residue of the sugarcane milling process gathered from sugarcane juice makers in Malaysia
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Start
specimen preparation
fibre preparation PVC preparation
material characterizations
Conclusion
literature study
composite processing
Heat Treatment
recycling
data analysis
GeneralFlow Chart
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Pith RindPVC
Pith/PVC Rind/PVC
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
• Tensil
e•
Density
• Tensile• Impact• Flexural
• DMTA• Water absorption
• Thickness swelling
• Density
• Tensil
e•
Density
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Single fibre tensile test
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Single fibre tensile test:Weibull distribution
0,exp1)(0
m
F
s0 is Weibull scale parameter or the characteristic stress value
m is Weibull parameter that measures the variability of the fibre
strength. Larger value of m means smaller scatter in strength value.
The cumulative failure probability,
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Single fibre tensile test:Weibull distribution
Where n is the number of fibres that failed at or below a certain value of stress.
N is the total number of fibres measured
N
nPi
5,0
The cumulative failure probability, Pi, under a particular strength was approximated by
Li, Y., Hu, C., and Y. Yu. 2008. Interfacial studies of sisal fiber reinforced high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites. Composites: Part A , 39, 570-578.
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Single fibre tensile test:Weibull distribution
Failure probability distribution of SBF at certain tensile stress
0,lnln1lnln ommP
m = 2.6028 and s0 = 187.32 MPa
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Weibull Parameter
Value Variability
Tensile Strength (Mpa)
Pith 52.35 2.56
Rind 187.32 2.60
Young's Modulus (Mpa)
Pith 2147.42 4.16
Rind 10174.49 2.68
Maximum Strain (%)
Pith 3.80 2.79
Rind 3.28 4.12
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Tensile test of PVC and composites
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Impact test of PVC and composites
0 10 20 30 400
1
2
3
4
Pith
Rind
Impa
ct E
nerg
y (k
J/m
2)
Fibre Content (%)
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Flexural test of PVC and composites
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
PithRind
Flex
ural
str
engt
h (M
Pa)
Fibre Content
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
PithRind
Flex
ural
mod
ulus
(M
Pa)
Fibre Content
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Fibre loading & fibre source vs thermal properties
Pith RindPVC
Pith/PVC Rind/PVC
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
DMTA
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20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1200
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Temperature (oC)
Stor
age
Mod
ulus
(MPa
)
0
1020
30
40
DMTA of PVC and composites
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1200
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Temperature (oC)
Stor
age
Mod
ulus
(MPa
)10020
30
40
pith
rind
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C coefficient
matrix'
'composite
''
REGE
REGE
C
the effectiveness of fillers on the modulus of the composites*
measured E’ values at 60 and 100 oC were employed as E’G and E’R, respectively
*L. A. Pothan, Z. Oommen and S. Thomas, Dynamic mechanical analysis of banana fiber reinforced polyester composites, Composites Science and Technology (2) 63 (2003), 283-293
Lower value=more effective
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DMTA of PVC and composites
pith
rind
30
Peak width of loss modulus
matrix
Interface layerFibre
Volume of interface layer.
Bagasse
Washing (sugar removal)
Alkali treatment
Untreated
Benzoic acid treatment
PMPPIC treatment
PMPPICAlkaliBenzoic Acid Washed
Composite processing
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Untreated Benzoic Acid
Alkali PMPPIC Untreated05
101520253035404550
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
16 17
2528
44
957858
980 1013
1318Tensile strengthTe
nsile
str
engt
h (M
Pa)
Tensile modulus (M
Pa)
UnwashedSugar-free
Tensile test of composites after various treatments
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SEMa: washed
b: unwashed
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SEM
SEM micrograph of (a) unwashed, (b) untreated sugar-free, (c) benzoic acid treated, (d) alkali treated, and (d) PMPPIC treated SB/PVC composites
Material preparation
Melt mixing Hot pressing
AnnealingQuenching
Tempering at 60 oC (30 min)
Quenching Annealing
HP-Q HP-A
T-AT-Q
36
HP-Q HP-A T-Q T-A0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
39.27 39.6338.27 38.81
47.44938
26.89955
44.11516
36.44446
PVC Composites
Ten
sile
str
engt
h (M
Pa)
Tensile strength of heat-treated PVC and composites
• No effect to the tensile strength of PVC• Significant effect to the tensile strength of composite (especially for HP-A)
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HP-Q HP-A T-Q T-A0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
884 885 880 874
1,318
888
1,2851,219
PVC Composite
Ten
sile
Mod
ulus
(M
Pa)
• No effect to the tensile modulus of PVC• Significant effect to tensile modulusof composite (especially for HP-A)
Tensile modulus of heat-treated PVC and composites
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HP-Q HP-A T-Q T-A0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.552
0.402
0.738
0.534
Stra
in a
t bre
ak (
mm
/mm
)
HP-Q HP-A T-Q T-A0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.054
0.0600.056
0.060
Stra
in a
t bre
ak (
mm
/mm
)
Strain at break of heat-treated PVC and composites
•Significant effect to the strain at break of PVC•No significant effect to strain at break of composite.
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Recycling
T-Q-R
T-A-R
HP-A-R
HP-Q-R
T-Q T-AHP-A
HP-Q
Melt mixing
Hot pressing
Quenching
40
HP-Q HP-A T-Q T-A0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Composite Recycled
Ten
sile
str
engt
h (M
Pa)
HP-Q HP-A T-Q T-A0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Composite Recycled
Ten
sile
mod
ulus
(M
Pa)
41
HP-Q HP-A T-Q T-A0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.054
0.0600.056
0.060
0.0490.054
0.0550.056
Composite Recycled
Stra
in a
t bre
ak (
mm
/mm
)
42
• Best tensile strength and modulus: 40% rind/PVC. However, its impact strength is lower than that of unfilled PVC.
• Pith/PVC offers higher thermal stability. Thermal stability of pith/PVC composites increased with the increase of fibre content.
•Best treatment: no treatment• Among all of the studied thermal histories, quenching process offers the
highest tensile properties of SB/PVC composites. Cooling of PVC at a lower rate resulted in lower strain at break, while low-rate cooling on SB/PVC composite resulted in lower tensile strength and modulus.
Conclusions
