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Syntactic OverregularitySyntactic Overregularity
句法过分规则现象
syntactic
overregularity
syntactic
overregularity
repetitionrepetition
parallelism parallelism
Immediate repetition
连续性重复
Intermittent repetition
间隔性重复
large-scale parallelism
small-scale parallelism
Immediate Repetition
Repetition may be immediate,
i.e. the repeated unit
immediately follows the initial
unit.
Immediate Repetition 连续性重复
Do not go gentle into that good night,
Old age should burn and rave( 说胡话,怒骂) at close of day,
Rage, rage against the dying of light.
(Do not Go Gentle into that Good Night)
Immediate Repetition 连续性重复
Immediate RepetitionImmediate Repetition
Gold! Gold! Gold! Gold! Bright and yellow, hard and
cold, Molten, graven, hammer’d and
roll’d, Heavy to get and light to hold. (Thomas Hood)
The woods are lovely, dark, and deep,
But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. (R. Frost, Stopping by Woods on a
Snowy Evening)
Immediate Repetition
Intermittent Repetition Intermittent Repetition (间隔性重(间隔性重复)复)
Another type of repetition is
intermittent repetition, known
as ploce (间隔性重复) in
traditional rhetoric.
Ploce ( 异义重复 ) 重复相同的词,但另作别解。 e.g.
Intermittent Repetition Intermittent Repetition (间隔性重(间隔性重复)复)
“…she guessed I’d go crazy if I
didn’t sail, and yet certainly I’d go
crazy if I did.”
(Henry James, Four
Meetings)
第一个“急得发疯的”第二个“高兴得发疯的”
Intermittent Repetition Intermittent Repetition (间隔性重(间隔性重复)复)
You can find doctors and doctors in there.
There are artists and artists.
老乖又把瓜送到她的嘴唇边说:“你尝尝,可甜了!”巧玉却不用手接,调皮地用嘴把瓜咬了一口。老乖忙问:“甜不甜?”
“甜!”巧玉妩媚地笑着看了他一眼……
李准《瓜棚风月》
Intermittent Repetition Intermittent Repetition (间隔性重(间隔性重复)复)
O, how that name befits my
composition
Old Gaunt indeed, and gaunt in being old.
(Shakepeare, Richard II)
Gaunt is the name of the speaker
Not many lives, but only one have we;
One, only one. (Anonymous, Only One Life)
Intermittent Repetition Intermittent Repetition (间隔性重复)(间隔性重复)
ParallelismParallelism
Parallelism means exact repetition in
equivalent positions. It differs from
simple repetition in that the identity
does not extend to absolute duplication
( cope exactly ) .
It “requires some variable feature of the
pattern—some contrasting elements
which are ‘parallel’ with respect to their
position in the pattern” (Leech1969:66)
ParallelismParallelism
Parallelism can be classified into two
types according to its size.
Parallelism
large-scale parallelism
small-scale parallelism
Large-scale parallelismLarge-scale parallelism
Large-scale parallelism we
mean the kind which consists of
more than two juxtaposed units.
Juxtapose: to place side by side
or close together
Large-scale Large-scale ParallelismParallelism
My Heart Leaps Up My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky, So was it when my life began; So is now I am a man; So be it when I shall grow old, Or let me die! The Child is father of the Man; And I could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety.
I came, I saw, I conquered.
Large-scale parallelism
Large-scale parallelismLarge-scale parallelism
He stood behind his desk in the far end of
the dim room. The wife liked him. She liked
the deadly serious way he received any
complaints. She liked his dignity. She liked
the way he wanted to serve her. She liked
the way he felt about being a hotel-keeper.
She liked his old, heavy face and big hands.
(Hemingway, Cat in the Rain)
Large-scale ParallelismLarge-scale Parallelism
Small-scale parallelismSmall-scale parallelism
Small-scale parallelism is the case
which consists of only two
juxtaposed units.
O, my luve is like a red, red rose That’s newly sprung in June; O, my luve is like the melodie That’s sweetly play’d in
tune. (Robert Burns, A Red, Red
Rose)
Small-scale parallelismSmall-scale parallelismSmall-scale parallelism
His fees were high; his lessons
were light…
Not that I loved Caesar, but
that I loved Rome more.
(Shakespeare, Julius
Caesar)
Small-scale parallelismSmall-scale parallelism
when a small-scale parellelism is
combined with an implication of
contrast, it is referred to as
antithesis in rhetoric.
A friend exaggerates a man’s
virtues, an enemy his crimes.
Small-scale parallelismSmall-scale parallelism
Its failures became a part of history but
its successes held the clue to a better
international order.
Good breeding consists in concealing
how much we think of ourselves and
how little we think of the other person.
(Mark Twain )
Small-scale parallelismSmall-scale parallelism