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1
The Road to World War II
2
January 1933: Hitler became Chancellor of Germany
3
Hitler soon ordered a programme of rearming
Germany (1935)
Hitler visits a factory and is enthusiastically greeted. Many Germans were grateful for jobs after the misery of he depression years.
4
March 1936: German troops marched into the Rhineland
The Rhineland was a region of Germany that was ‘demilitarised’ after the Treaty of Versailles. Germany was not allowed to have troops in the region.
Hitler’s actions showed how he was willing to directly challenge the treaty.
5
6
March 1938: Nazi Germany annexed Austria
Again, this went against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles which banned Germany from uniting with Austria.
However, the arrival of German troops was met with great enthusiasm by many Austrian people.
7
March 1939: Germany invaded Czechoslovakia
Hitler had ordered the occupation of a part of Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland (in October 1938). Many hoped that that this would be the last conquest of the Nazis.
However, in March 1939, he ordered his troops to take over the remainder of Czechoslovakia. This was the first aggressive step that suggested that a war in Europe would soon begin.
8
Hitler and Stalin (the Russian leader) signed a ‘non-aggression pact’.
They promised that neither country would attack the other in the event of war.
As part of the deal, Hitler promised Stalin part of Poland, which he planned to invade soon.
August 1939: Germany and Russia signed a non-aggression pact
This photo shows the Russian foreign minister signing the pact, whilst Stalin stands smiling in the background
9
• The non-aggression pact was surprising. Hitler and Stalin were seen as natural enemies.
• When Hitler talked of taking over new land for Germany, many thought that he meant Russia.
• Hitler also hated Communism, the form of government in Russia
HitlerStalin
10
But, the pact allowed Germany to march into Poland without
fear of an attack from Russia.
On 3rd September 1939, Germany
invaded Poland and started a War with Britain and France.
September 1939: Germany invaded Poland
German troops marching into Warsaw, the capital of Poland.
11
May 1940: Germany turned west and invaded France and the Netherlands
In May 1940, Germany used Blitzkrieg tactics to attack France and
the Netherlands.
British troops were forced to retreat from
the beaches of Dunkirk in northern France.
Captured British troops, May 1940
12
By June 1940, France had surrendered to the Germans
Britain now stood alone as the last
remaining enemy of Hitler’s Germany in Western Europe.
Adolf Hitler tours Paris after his successful invasion.
13
September 1940-May 1941: the Blitz
For the following nine months, the German air force (Luftwaffe) launched
repeated bombing raids on British towns and cities. This was known as the
BLITZ and was an attempt to bomb Britain into submission.
14
Operation Barbarossa, June 1941
But in May, 1941, Hitler ordered a change of tactics. He decided to halt the bombing of Britain and launch an attack against
Russia. He betrayed Stalin and ignored the promises he had made.
This was a bold move that would prove to be an important turning point in the War.
15
Quick Facts (write 2-3)A. War Costs
1. US Debt 1940 - $9 billionUS Debt 1945 - $98 billion
• The war cost $330 billion -- 10 times the cost of WWI & as much as all previous federal spending since 1776
16
Quick Facts (write 2-3)
B. Human Costs
17
Quick Facts (write 2-3)B. Human Costs1. 50 million people died
(compared to 15 million in WWI)
• 21.3 million Russians (7.7 million civilians)
• 11 million died as a result of the HOLOCAUST(6 million Jews + 5 million others)
18
When?
1939
Sept.1 - Germany invades Poland (official start to the war)
Sept. 3 -Britain &
France declare war on
Germany
Dec. 7 – Japan
bombs Pearl Harbor; US enters the
War
1941
May - Germans Surrende
r
Sept. - Atomic
Bombing of
Hiroshima &
Nagasaki,
Japanese Surrende
r
1945
•1939-1945
•US involvement 1941-1945
19
Who?Allies Axis
Great Britain
France(note: France surrendered to
Germany in 1940 (after 6 weeks of fighting)
United States
Russia
GermanyItaly
Japan
(major powers)
(major powers)
20
Major Leaders
Adolf HitlerNazi Germany
Benito MussoliniItaly
21
Major LeadersHideki Tojo
Japanese Prime Minister
Winston ChurchillBritish Prime Minister
22
Major Leaders
Franklin Delano RooseveltUS President
Joseph StalinRussian Leader
23
Why? (underlying causes of WWII)
1. Treaty of VersaillesA. Germany lost land to
surrounding nations
B. War Reparations
1) Allies collect $ to pay back war debts to U.S.
2) Germany must pay $57 trillion (modern equivalent)
3) Bankrupted the German economy & embarrassed Germans
Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilsonduring negotiations for the Treaty
24
Why? (underlying causes of WWII)2. World-wide DepressionA. The Depression
made Germany’s debt even worse
B. Desperate people turn to desperate leaders
1) Hitler seemed to provide solutions to Germany’s problems
1923 - Wallpapering with German Deutchmarks
25
Why? (underlying causes of WWII)2. World-wide Depression
2) Hitler provided scapegoats for Germany’s problems (foreigners, Jews, communists, Roma (Gypsies), mentally ill, homosexuals)
3) Kristallnacht - vandalism & destruction of Jewish property & synagogues
26
Why?• 3. Rise of Totalitarian Regimes
A. In a Totalitarian country, individual rights are not viewed as important as the needs of the nation
Totalitarianism
Communist Dictatorship
(USSR)
Fascist Dictatorship
(Germany, Italy)
Military Dictatorship
(Japan)
Fascism: military government with
based on racism & nationalism with strong support
from the business community
27
Why?• 4. Isolationism of Major Powers
A. Why was the U.S. Isolationist?
1. Great Depression (problems at home)
2. Perceptions of WWIa. WWI did not seem to solve much
b. People began to think that we’d got into WWI for the wrong reasons (greedy American businessmen!)
28
Why?• 4. Isolationism of Major Powers
3. Opposition to war (Pacifism)
a. Washington Conference (1922) - Limits on size of country's navies
b. Kellogg-Briand pact (1928) - condemned war as a way to solving conflicts
29
Why?• 4. Isolationism of Major Powers
B. This led to policies of “Appeasement” 1. Appeasement: give dictators what they want and hope that they won’t want anything else
2. Begins with Japanese invasion of Manchuria, Italian invasion of Ethiopia, and continues with Hitler . . .
30
So What Was Hitler Asking For?
• Return of German Speaking Lands - “Lebensraum”
•Austria - Peacefully Annexed in 1938German Troops Parade in Streets of
Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939
31
So What Was Hitler Asking For?
• Return of German Speaking Lands - “Lebensraum”
•Sudentenland - (now part of Czech Republic)
•Munich Conference - Great Britain & France give to Hitler in return for peace
•Hitler then invades the rest of Czechoslovakia
German Troops Parade in Streets of Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939
32
So What Was Hitler Asking For?
• Return of German Speaking Lands
•Nonaggression Pact
• Russia stays out of the war in return for 1/2 of Poland and Baltic States
Hitler's triumphal entry into Danzig, Poland 1939 •Great Britain &
France finally declare war on Germany
33
How Did Hitler Make War?• Blitzkrieg “Lightning War”
In the next year, Hitler invades:
•Denmark
•Norway
• The Netherlands,
•France
Hitler in Paris
34
US Assistance
• Roosevelt provided aid to the Allies:Lend-Lease - 1939
•US “lent” war materials to cash-strapped Great Britain
London Firefighter Tackles an Air Raid Blaze
Atlantic Charter
•US secretly meets with England to commit to defeating Germany
35
Meanwhile … in the Pacific• Pearl Harbor: “a date which will live in infamy”
USS Arizona Sinking in Pearl Harbor
What?
•Surprise attack by the Japanese on American forces in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Effect? •US declares war on
Japan & other Axis powers
36
• "The Nazi occupation of Poland was horrific. Twenty percent of the Polish people died in forced labor, of hunger, or from fighting. Resistance was impossible. Even the feeblest opposition brought devastating, over-whelming reprisals. Drs. Lazowski and Matulewicz decided to resist anyway, and their solution was brilliant. They knew that the Germans were terrified of a typhus outbreak. So they injected dead typhus bacteria into various patients, then sent blood samples to the German authorities. The blood tested positive for typhus. The Germans conducted more tests, and most were also positive. The occupation authorities quarantined the area. The people were not deported for slave labor and German troops stayed away. Drs. Lazowski and Matulewics spared their neighbors the worst of World War II, because even impossible problems have solutions."
• – Thorpe, Scott, How to Think Like Einstein, Barnes & Noble Books, Inc., 2000, p. 127.
37
Germany’s Attack in Europe
• Denmark, Holland• Norway (Quisling)• Belgium and France
– Dunkirk
• Britain– Winston Churchill
38
Dunkirk
39
• “...We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end...We shall fight in the seas and oceans...We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing-grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender...”
• — Winston Churchill
40
• “We have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.”
•
• — Winston Churchill
41
• “Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will say, ‘This was their finest hour.’”
• — Winston Churchill
42
• “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.”
• — Winston Churchill
43
Germany’s Attack in Europe
• Balkans• Russia• US isolation
44
Maximum Axis Control (Sept 1942)
45
Allied Counterattacks in Europe
• Soviet• North Africa• Italy • Normandy• Battle of the
Bulge
46
47
Allied Counterattacks in Europe
• Surrender– Stalin, Churchill,
Roosevelt
• The Marshall Plan
48
• "Men occasionally stumble over the truth, but most of them pick themselves up and hurry off as if nothing happened."
• – Churchill, Winston, quoted in Thorpe, Scott, How to Think Like Einstein, Barnes & Noble Books, Inc., 2000, p.119.
49
Japan’s Invasion
• China– Blockade
• Pearl Harbor• Southeast Asia
50
Allied Counterattacks in the Pacific
• Midway• Southeast Asia• Island hopping• Japanese main
islands
51
Pacific War
52
53
• "I am tired and sick of war. Its glory is all
moonshine... War is hell."
• – William Tecumseh Sherman (quoted in John Keegan, A History of Warfare, 1993, 6)
54
• “If a man does his best, what else is there?”
• -General George S. Patton• (1885-1945)
55
• He served as the Soviet Union’s first Commisar of war
• Trotsky• The Bolsheviks controlled this part of
Russia in the civil war• The Heartland or center around
Moscow• Which of the following countries did not
intervene in the Russian civil war 1918-1921? America,Germany,Japan
• Germany
56
• Finland, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania gained their independence as a result of the Russian civil war. What act/event led to Russia regaining these territories?
• The Hitler/Stalin non-aggression pact August 23, 1939
• Which economic policy produced greater economic production in Russia, War Communism or the New Economic Policy?
• New Economic Policy• The New economic policy was said to be a
compromise with what?• Capitalism• Which of the following men would have most
supported the NEP? Stalin/Trotsky/Kirov• Trotsky
57
• A revolt by the sailors at this naval base led Lenin to believe that he needed to change from war communism to the NEP.
• Kronstadt Naval base in Petrograd• Name one area of the economy controlled by the
government under the NEP.• Large industries, foreign trade, transportation• The true political power in the Soviet System
was found in this group which consisted of the Communist party’s top leaders.
• Politburo• He argued for the doctrine of “permanent
revolution”.• Trotsky
58
• If Stalin did not believe in “permanent revolution” then what did he believe in?
• Socialism in one country• Who wrote Problems with Leninism in
1924?• Stalin• If I believed in the NEP, would that make
me a left or right Bolshevik?• Right• Ultimately, would Stalin have been a left or
right bolshevik?• Left
59
• What was Stalin’s economic policy called?• 5 year plan• What the two key areas of production focused
on in the 5 year plans?• Industrial output and Agricultural output• Which aspect of the economy improved the
most?• Industrial• The soviet economy was put under the direction
of this agency?• GOSPLAN• This group most resisted the collectivzation of
agriculture• Kulaks
60
• In the second 5 year plan, Stalin made concessions to the Peasants that were very similar to those of the ______.
• New Economic Policy• The assassination of this man led to the
great purge by Stalin.• Sergei Kirov• What group was targeted in the purge?• Old Bolsheviks• Stalins use of Kirov for emergency powers
was similar to what event for Hitler?• Burning of the Reichstag
61
• In 1922 the Soviets signed the Treaty of Rapallo, a treaty of friendship with which country?
• Germany
• He was the king of Italy that appointed Mussolini as the Premier.
• Victor Emmanuel
62
• What type of job did Benito Mussolini hold before he became a politician?
• Editor of newspapers Avanti, Il popolo d’Italia
• Who is Benito Mussolini named after?• Benito Juarez• Would a fascist be to the political left or
right?• Right• Name two things that characterized
fascism:• Nationalistic,militaristic,anti-marxist
63
• The fascists followed strong leaders. What was the Italian and German name for leader?
• Il Duce, Der Fuhrer• If you went to a party with a squadistri, what
would he be wearing?• Black shirt• Legend has it that Mussolini took power in Italy
when his black shirts did this:• Marched on Rome 1922• What happened first; Mussolini’s march on
Rome or the Enabling act?• Mussolini’s march on Rome
64
• What do Hitler and Mussolini have in common for how they came to be Prime Minister’s for their country?
• Both were appointed• This moderate socialist’s murder caused a
political crisis for Mussolini• Giacomo Matteotti• Mussolini developed these as means of
carrying out an economic policy that blended private ownership in and government control of the economy.
• Syndicates or corporations
65
• Who was the Lateran accord an agreement between?
• Mussolini and the Pope• Karl Liebknicht belonged to which German
political party?• Social Democrat• With what name did he sign some of his
letters?• Spartacus• Did the Sparticist revolt in 1919 Germany
succeed?• No
66
• Who were the only two Presidents of the Weimar Republic?
• Friederich Ebert and Paul Von Hindenburg• To stop this Putsch, the workers of Berlin shut
down the cities utilities and transportation• Kapp Putsch• What did France do to help cause German hyper
inflation?• Occupied the Ruhr Valley• Which two countries signed the Locarno pact• Germany and France
67
• In the Locarno pact Germany promised to permanently demilitarize the Rhineland. Who broke this promise?
• Hitler• Who was the leader of the SA or brown shirts?• Ernst Roehm• On what night will Ernst get killed by Hitler’
order?• Night of the long knives –June 30, 1034• What did Erich Ludendorf help Hitler try to do in
1923?• Munich Beer Hall Putsch
68
• Where did Hitler spend most of 1923/1924?
• In jail
• While in jail what did Hitler write?
• Mein Kampf
• What was Lebensraum to Hitler?
• Living Space
• Where did Hitler propose to get this Lebensraum?
• Soviet Union
69
• This event on February 27, 1933 caused President Von Hindenburg to suspend freedom of speech, the press and other civil liberties.
• The Reichstag fire• What did the Reichstag pass by 2/3 vote
on March 23, 1933• The enabling act• What did the enabling act give to Hitler?• Dictatorial powers for 4 years• What right did German Jews lose in 1933?• The right to hold government jobs.
70
• These laws defined a person as a jew if they had at least one Jewish grandparent?
• Nuremburg laws
• What did the Nuremburg laws deprive German Jews of?
• Citizenship and the right to marry non-Jews
• This event followed the assassination of a German official in Paris by a Polish Jew.
• Kristalnacht
71
• In 1924 France signed an alliance with Czechoslovakia-when would France fail to live up to this alliance?
• When Hitler took the Sudetenland in 1938.• We know that Hitler issued the Nuremburg laws
in 1935, what did he do in that year in violation of the Versailles treaty?
• He declared he would rearm Germany• Where was Italy aggressive in 1935?• Ethiopia• Who was the leader of Ethiopia?• Haile Selassi• To what organization did Haile Selassie protest
this?• League of nations.
72
• What did Hitler remilitarize in 1936?
• The Rhineland
• What two agreements did this violate?
• Versailles and Locarno
• What group won the Spanish parliamentary election in 1936?
• The left wing popular front party
• He led the conservatives in the Spanish Civil war against the liberal gov’t.
• Francisco Franco
73
• Who aided Franco in his war effort?• Mussolini and Hitler• In 1938 Hitler completed an anschluss
with this country.• Austria• What did Neville Chamberlain give to
Hitler in 1938 to appease him.• The Sudetenland• The meeting between Hitler, Chamberlain
and Daladier is known as the:• Munich Conference
74
• What two aspects of the newly created Poland did Germany seek to change?
• Germany wanted the free city of Danzig back and more routes over the Polish Corridor.
• What did Hitler get before he invaded Poland?
• Non-aggression pact with Russia.
• What did Russia get as a result of this agreement?
• A sphere of influence in Eastern Europe
75
• What happened on September 1, 1939?
• Hitler invaded Poland, starting WWII
• What happened on Sept. 3, 1939?
• Great Britain and France declared war on Germany
76
• He organized the SS
• Heinrich Himmler
• Who became the Prime Minister after Franz von Papen in 1932?
• Kurt Von Schleicher
• Who appointed Hitler to be Chancellor in 1933?
• Paul Von Hindenburg
• Who was Hitler’s Vice chancellor?
• Franz Von Papen
77
World War II
Review
78
Was English Economist John Maynard Keynes for or against the harsh war reparations charged to
Germany in the treaty of Versailles?
• Against
79
German inflation shot up after the French occupied this German region in 1923.
Ruhr
80
Which came first: Mussolini seizing power or Hitler’s “beer
hall Putsch”Mussolini seizing power
81
According to this plan from 1924, German war reparations
were reduced and put on a sliding scale.
• Dawes Plan
82
Which came first: The Locarno treaty or the Kellogg-Briand
Pact?Treaty of Locarno
83
What agreement outlawed war as a national policy choice?
Kellogg-Briand Pact
84
In March of 1936, Hitler rearmed this territory in violation of the Treaty of
Versailles.
Rhineland
85
Which two countries withdrew from the league of nations in
1933?Germany and Japan
86
What countries made up the axis powers in 1942?
Japan, Italy, Germany
87
Which countries belonged to the Grand Alliance in 1944?
• France, England, America, Russia
88
In October 1935, Mussolini successfully invaded this
country.Ethiopia
89
These laws deprived German Jew of all rights of citizenship
• Nuremburg Laws
90
Who appointed Hitler Chancellor of Germany?
Hindenburg
91
After what event was the enabling act passed in
Germany?Reichstag fire
92
Who talked Hindenburg into appointing Hitler to
Chancellor?
Franz Von Papen
93
Which came first: the beginning of the Spanish civil
war or the Anschluss?Spanish Civil war
94
Who said “we are 100 years behind the advanced
countries. We must make up this distance in 10 years.
Either we do it or we shall go under”
• Stalin
95
Hitler took this country in 1938 to complete the outlawed
Anschluss he desired.
Austria
96
Czechoslovakia had to lose this in order for England to
gain “Peace in our time”
Sedetenland
97
Who said: “I bring you Peace in our time”?
Neville Chamberlain
British Prime Minister
98
After what meeting did Chamberlain get the paper
which brought “Peace in our time”
Munich Conference 1938
99
Arguably, the Munich agreement between
Chamberlain and Hitler was history’s best example of this:
Appeasement
100
The first “crisis” on the way to world war II occurred when Japan took this territory in
1931.
Manchuria
101
This was signed 8 days before Hitler invaded Poland
Non-Aggression Pact between Russia and
Germany
102
Who made the following statement: “Everything in the
state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the
state”
• Mussolini
103
This country actually separated Germany from East
Prussia?Poland
Polish Corridor
104
For which country was this true: It was bitterly
disappointed by its modest territorial gains by the treaty of
Versailles
• Italy
105
What did Stalin receive as a result of the German invasion
of Poland? 1/2 of Poland
the right to reclaim the Baltic states of Estonia,
Latvia and Lithuania
106
What was the code name to Hitler’s invasion of Russia?
Operation Barbarosa
107
Which of the leaders was able to increase industrial output by
250% before 1933? Stalin
108
He abolished divorce and told women to stay at home and
produce children.• Mussolini
109
The better-off peasants that Stalin sought to liquidate were
known as:
Kulaks
110
According to one young Russian: there was no capital
in Soviet Russia except_____________.Education
111
You could identify Mussolini’s private army because they
wore:
Black shirts
112
In 1922 Mussolini did this to force King Victor Emmanuel III
to give him power.
March on Rome
113
Mussolini accelerated the pace of Italian fascism after
the death of this socialist leader.
Matteotti
114
Hitler sought power through democratic means after the
failure of this event.
• Beer Hall Putsch
115
According to Hitler, how did Germany lose world war I?
They were stabbed in the back by communists
and Jews
116
What was the name of the German government that
followed the German Empire?Weimar Republic
117
What event inspired Hitler to launch the “Beer Hall
Putsch”?.Mussolini’s march on Rome
118
In “Mein Kampf” Hitler outlined his basic themes:
Anti-semitism
living space
leader dictator
119
In a room full of dictators, who would answer if you called out
“il Duce”?
Mussolini
120
He was Hitler’s minister of Propaganda.
Joseph Goebbels
121
According to your text, no factor contributed more to Hitlers success than this.
The economic crisis of the Great Depression
122
This agreement saw the Pope accepting the government of
Benito Mussolini
Lateran treaty 1929
123
On the night of June 30, 1934 Hitler eliminated the storm
trooper leadership, this night was later called:
The night of the Long knives
124
He was the leader of Hitler’s secret police the SS
Himmler
125
What painting describes one event of the Spanish Civil
War?Guernica
126
This French government was a puppet to the Nazi’s after
1942.Vichy
127
What was the first battle to be lost by the army of the German third Reich?
Battle of Britain
128
Hitler’s plan to kill all of the Jews was referred to by this
term:
Final Solution
129
Broad based Russian nationalism, as opposed to
narrow communist ideology, became the powerful unifying
force in what was appropriately called “Great…”
Great Patriotic war of the Fatherland
130
He was the leader of the “Free French” movement
Charles De Gaulle
131
The Germans were turned back at this battle in Southern
Russia.
Stalingrad
132
German General was defeated at this battle in North
Africa only 70 miles from Alexandria, Egypt
El Alemein
133
On June 6, 1944, american and British troops under ________ landed on the beaches of Normandy.
Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower
134
The Japanese lost this battle just off the coast of Australia.
Battle of Coral Sea
135
Victory in Europe came in this month in 1945.
May
136
Victory over Japan came in this month of 1945
September
137
What country created a greater co-prosperity sphere?
Japan