11

The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic

22

Italian peninsulaItalian peninsula 750 miles north to south750 miles north to south Averages 120 miles Averages 120 miles

acrossacross Apennine Mts. runs north Apennine Mts. runs north

to southto south Fertile plains for farmingFertile plains for farming Islands of Corsica, Islands of Corsica,

Sardinia, and Sicily are Sardinia, and Sicily are nearbynearby

33

Impact of GeographyImpact of Geography Apennine Mts. did not Apennine Mts. did not

divide Italy into small divide Italy into small isolated communities isolated communities (unlike Greece)(unlike Greece)

More land for farming More land for farming enabled it to support a enabled it to support a larger populationlarger population

Rome’s location was Rome’s location was favorablefavorable

away from the coastaway from the coast built on seven hills – was built on seven hills – was

easily defendedeasily defended central location on the Tiber central location on the Tiber

riverriver

44

Impact of Geography (cont.)Impact of Geography (cont.) The Italian peninsula The Italian peninsula

juts into the juts into the Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea

Important crossroads for Important crossroads for the Mediterraneanthe Mediterranean

Governing Rome’s Governing Rome’s empire was made easierempire was made easier

55

The Land and PeopleThe Land and People 11stst Millenium B.C. - Millenium B.C. -

Latin speaking Indo-Latin speaking Indo-Europeans built Europeans built Rome on the plain of Rome on the plain of LatiumLatium

Influenced by other Influenced by other groupsgroups

Greeks and EtruscansGreeks and Etruscans

66

The GreeksThe Greeks

Colonized 2/3s of Colonized 2/3s of Sicily and moved up Sicily and moved up the Italian peninsulathe Italian peninsula

Passed on olive Passed on olive cultivation, alphabet, cultivation, alphabet, sculpture, sculpture, architecture, & architecture, & literature to the literature to the RomansRomans

77

The EtruscansThe Etruscans Influenced Rome Influenced Rome

more than the Greeksmore than the Greeks Were from north of Were from north of

Rome in EtruriaRome in Etruria Made Rome a major Made Rome a major

citycity Passed on the toga Passed on the toga

and organization of and organization of the army (also the army (also aqueduct, road, and aqueduct, road, and wall building) wall building)

88

Early RomeEarly Rome Legend says that twin Legend says that twin

brothers Romulus & brothers Romulus & Remus founded Remus founded Rome in 753 B.C.Rome in 753 B.C.

Early Romans were Early Romans were herders and farmersherders and farmers

99

Early Roman ExpansionEarly Roman Expansion Continuous warfare Continuous warfare Was attacked by Was attacked by

neighboring states and neighboring states and defeated themdefeated them

Full Roman citizenship Full Roman citizenship given to the conquered given to the conquered (their army was (their army was destroyed though)destroyed though)

By 270 B.C. – all of By 270 B.C. – all of Italy under Roman Italy under Roman controlcontrol

1100

Why so successful?Why so successful? Good diplomatsGood diplomats Firm, even cruel, when Firm, even cruel, when

necessarynecessary Rebellions were crushed Rebellions were crushed

without mercywithout mercy Extended citizenship to Extended citizenship to

manymany States ran own internal States ran own internal

affairsaffairs Established colonies, Established colonies,

built roads, & fortified built roads, & fortified townstowns

1111

The Roman StateThe Roman State Distrust of kingship led to Distrust of kingship led to

a complicated form of a complicated form of government (Consuls, government (Consuls, Praetors, Senate, Praetors, Senate, Centuriate Assembly, Centuriate Assembly, etc.) – division of poweretc.) – division of power

Early struggles between Early struggles between Patricians & Plebeians Patricians & Plebeians over rights and powerover rights and power

1122

Rome and CarthageRome and Carthage

1133

1144

11stst Punic War (264-241 B.C. ) Punic War (264-241 B.C. )ActionsActions

Romans send army Romans send army to Sicilyto Sicily

Carthage considers Carthage considers it an act of warit an act of war

Romans build a Romans build a naval fleetnaval fleet

Romans defeat Romans defeat Carthaginian navy Carthaginian navy off Sicilyoff Sicily

1155

11stst Punic War (264-241 B.C.) Punic War (264-241 B.C.)ResultsResults

Carthage gives up Carthage gives up rights to Sicily & rights to Sicily & pays a finepays a fine

Sicily becomes first Sicily becomes first Roman provinceRoman province

1166

2nd Punic War (218-201 B.C. )2nd Punic War (218-201 B.C. )ActionsActions

Carthage adds new lands from Carthage adds new lands from Spain to make up for the loss of Spain to make up for the loss of SicilySicily

Romans encourage Carthage’s Romans encourage Carthage’s Spanish allies to revoltSpanish allies to revolt

Carthaginian general Hannibal Carthaginian general Hannibal sent to attack Rome (w/ 30-40 sent to attack Rome (w/ 30-40 thousand men, horses and thousand men, horses and elephants)elephants)

Hannibal crosses Alps and Hannibal crosses Alps and attacks Rome at Cannae and attacks Rome at Cannae and wins wins

1177

2nd Punic War (218-201 B.C. )2nd Punic War (218-201 B.C. )Actions (continued)Actions (continued)

Rome on the brink of disaster Rome on the brink of disaster & raise another army& raise another army

Romans reconquer Italian Romans reconquer Italian citiescities

Send troops to Spain and push Send troops to Spain and push out Carthaginiansout Carthaginians

Romans invade Carthage and Romans invade Carthage and defeat Hannibal at Zama in 202 defeat Hannibal at Zama in 202 B.C.B.C.

1188

2nd Punic War (218-201 B.C. )2nd Punic War (218-201 B.C. )ResultsResults

Carthage loses Spain Carthage loses Spain and becomes a Roman and becomes a Roman provinceprovince

Rome becomes the Rome becomes the dominant power in the dominant power in the MediterraneanMediterranean

1199

3rd Punic War (149-146 B.C.)3rd Punic War (149-146 B.C.)ActionsActions

Calls in Rome for Calls in Rome for complete destruction of complete destruction of Carthage Carthage

Carthage completely Carthage completely destroyed in 146 B.C. – destroyed in 146 B.C. – city burned, buildings city burned, buildings pulled down, & inhabitants pulled down, & inhabitants sold into slaverysold into slavery

2200

3rd Punic War (149-146 B.C.)3rd Punic War (149-146 B.C.)ResultsResults

Rome turns attention to Rome turns attention to the eastern the eastern MediterraneanMediterranean

Greece & North Africa Greece & North Africa placed under control of placed under control of RomeRome

2211

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar100-44 B.C.100-44 B.C.

2222

Military CommanderMilitary Commander

Had military Had military leadership leadership experience from experience from Spain and GaulSpain and Gaul

Had an army of Had an army of loyal veteransloyal veterans

2233

11stst Triumvirate Triumvirate With Crassus & With Crassus &

PompeyPompey Crassus dies in battleCrassus dies in battle Senate wanted Pompey Senate wanted Pompey

as leader – was the as leader – was the least harmful to their least harmful to their causecause

Senate votes for Caesar Senate votes for Caesar to give up his command to give up his command – he refuses– he refuses

2244

Civil WarCivil War Caesar’s forces Caesar’s forces

crosses the Rubicon crosses the Rubicon River and marches on River and marches on RomeRome

Defeats Pompey’s Defeats Pompey’s forces and officially forces and officially becomes the dictator becomes the dictator of Rome in 47 B.C.of Rome in 47 B.C.

2255

Caesar’s ReformsCaesar’s Reforms Gave land to the poorGave land to the poor Increased Senate to Increased Senate to

900 members900 members Granted citizenship to Granted citizenship to

people in the provincespeople in the provinces Introduced a new Introduced a new

calendar (from a 355 calendar (from a 355 day lunar to a 365 day day lunar to a 365 day solar) solar)

2266

AssassinationAssassination

Who?Who? Approximately 60 collaborators led by Approximately 60 collaborators led by

Marcus Brutus & Gaius CassiusMarcus Brutus & Gaius Cassius When?When? March 15, 44 B.C.March 15, 44 B.C. Where?Where? Rome (senate chambers)Rome (senate chambers) Why?Why? Senate was losing power; Caesar Senate was losing power; Caesar

was acting like a kingwas acting like a king How?How? Stabbed 23 times (supposedly)Stabbed 23 times (supposedly) Significance?Significance? Led to the rule of the second Led to the rule of the second

triumvirate for ten years, civil war, triumvirate for ten years, civil war, and Octavian as emperorand Octavian as emperor

2277

Christianity Becomes the Christianity Becomes the Official Religion of the Official Religion of the

Roman EmpireRoman Empire

2288

Jesus is born in Jesus is born in JudeaJudea

Begins preaching Begins preaching a simple a simple message of message of humility, charity, humility, charity, and love towards and love towards others others

2299

Is denounced Is denounced by Roman and by Roman and Jewish Jewish leadership leadership

Is tried and Is tried and sentenced to sentenced to death.death.

3300

By the order of By the order of Pontius Pilate Pontius Pilate Jesus is Jesus is crucifiedcrucified

Loyal followers Loyal followers believe that he believe that he overcomes overcomes deathdeath

3311

The “gospel” is The “gospel” is preached by his preached by his disciples to Jews disciples to Jews and non-Jews and non-Jews alikealike

Christian Christian communities are communities are founded in Asia founded in Asia Minor and along Minor and along the Aegean Seathe Aegean Sea

3322

The Romans The Romans disregard disregard Christianity at Christianity at first but then first but then random random persecution persecution beginsbegins

3333

Grows slowly at first, Grows slowly at first, but begins to appeal to but begins to appeal to the Romans for several the Romans for several reasons (salvation for reasons (salvation for all, baptism was all, baptism was simple, could relate to simple, could relate to Jesus, sense of Jesus, sense of belonging, & personal belonging, & personal relationship with god)relationship with god)

3344

Constantine Constantine becomes the first becomes the first emperor to convert emperor to convert to Christianityto Christianity

Constantine Constantine issues the Edict of issues the Edict of Milan in 313 Milan in 313 (official tolerance (official tolerance of Christianity)of Christianity)

3355

Emperor Emperor Theodosius the Theodosius the Great (378-395 Great (378-395 A.D.) makes A.D.) makes Christianity the Christianity the official religion official religion of the empireof the empire

3366

The Fall of the Roman The Fall of the Roman EmpireEmpire

3377

Internal ReasonsInternal Reasons Empire split into two Empire split into two

parts: east parts: east (Byzantium) and (Byzantium) and west (Rome)west (Rome)

Lack of income from Lack of income from trade and taxes trade and taxes

Social factors such Social factors such as Christianity and as Christianity and the decline of Roman the decline of Roman valuesvalues

3388

Different TheoriesDifferent Theories

Lead poisoning from Lead poisoning from water pipes caused water pipes caused mental declinemental decline

The plague wiped The plague wiped out large numbers of out large numbers of Romans (population Romans (population decline)decline)

Reliance on slavery Reliance on slavery led to a decline in led to a decline in technology technology

3399

External ReasonsExternal Reasons

Invasions by the Invasions by the Visigoths, Vandals, Visigoths, Vandals, Ostrogoths, Huns, Ostrogoths, Huns, and othersand others

Shortage of soldiers Shortage of soldiers to fight threatsto fight threats