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The Southern The Southern ColoniesColonies

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MarylandMaryland

• The Maryland Colony was founded by the Calverts. A The Maryland Colony was founded by the Calverts. A family of wealthy English landowners.family of wealthy English landowners.

• Their goal was to make money, but also to provide Their goal was to make money, but also to provide refuge for Catholics. Catholics in England could not refuge for Catholics. Catholics in England could not worship as they wished.worship as they wished.

• George Calvert was also called “Lord Baltimore.” He George Calvert was also called “Lord Baltimore.” He was a member of The Virginia Company. He asked King was a member of The Virginia Company. He asked King Charles I for a charter for a new colony along Charles I for a charter for a new colony along Chesapeake Bay, north of Virginia.Chesapeake Bay, north of Virginia.

• George died before the charter was signed in 1632. His George died before the charter was signed in 1632. His son, Cecilius Calvert, became the new Lord Baltimore & son, Cecilius Calvert, became the new Lord Baltimore & owner of the new colony of Maryland.owner of the new colony of Maryland.

•

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MarylandMaryland Cecilius chose his other Cecilius chose his other brother, Leonard, to be brother, Leonard, to be

Maryland’s first Maryland’s first governor.governor.

The Calvert brothers The Calvert brothers planned their colony planned their colony carefully to avoid a carefully to avoid a “Starving Time” like “Starving Time” like

Virginia Virginia (yes-this should (yes-this should sound familiar!)sound familiar!)

In 1633 Calvert sent first In 1633 Calvert sent first colonists to Maryland. Most colonists to Maryland. Most were indentured servants. were indentured servants. Landed near the mouth of Landed near the mouth of the Potomac River. They the Potomac River. They

founded their first founded their first settlement- St. Mary’s City.settlement- St. Mary’s City.

Leo

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Life in maryland & Life in maryland & virginiavirginia

Virginia•Largest English Colony in Largest English Colony in

NANA

•Larger populationLarger population

•Controlled by KingControlled by King

•Largest English Colony in Largest English Colony in NANA

•Larger populationLarger population

•Controlled by KingControlled by King

•Controlled by CalvertsControlled by Calverts

•Welcomed any different Welcomed any different religionsreligions

•Passed Passed “Toleration Act.”“Toleration Act.”

•Controlled by CalvertsControlled by Calverts

•Welcomed any different Welcomed any different religionsreligions

•Passed Passed “Toleration Act.”“Toleration Act.”

Maryland

•Next to Chesapeake bay & Potomac River.•Mild Climate•Fertile soil for growing tobacco crops•Have governors•Elected representatives to assemblies

•Next to Chesapeake bay & Potomac River.•Mild Climate•Fertile soil for growing tobacco crops•Have governors•Elected representatives to assemblies

In 1649 Maryland Assembly passed the “Toleration Act,” which allowed religious freedom in the colony.

Toleration Act

The carolina ColoniesThe carolina Colonies•As the colonies of Maryland and Virginia grew, colonists started building villages and farms farther south.

•In 1663 England’s Charles II granted land for another colony called Carolina. It stretched from Virginia to Florida.

•Carolina was divided among 8 English leaders called Lords Proprieters.

•The Carolina Colony became too large and difficult to govern. In 1712 the colony divided into 2 new colonies-North Carolina and South Carolina.

Tobacco Field

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North CarolinaNorth CarolinaLand was flat and swampy, Land was flat and swampy,

not good for growing tobacco.not good for growing tobacco.

West Indies settlers arrived West Indies settlers arrived with African slaves. The with African slaves. The colony began to prosper.colony began to prosper.

Rice was the most important Rice was the most important cropcrop..

•NC was hilly and perfect for NC was hilly and perfect for growing tobacco and corn.growing tobacco and corn.

•NC was hilly and perfect for NC was hilly and perfect for growing tobacco and corn.growing tobacco and corn.

South Carolina

GeorgiaGeorgia•England, France and Spain claimed area south of South Carolina. This made King George II unhappy-he wanted control of that area.

•James Oglethorpe, a wealthy English leader, had an idea to send debtors-people who owed money-to settle the colony. He wanted to give them a chance at a new life

•KG II loved the idea and granted J.O. and his partner a charter. Named the colony Georgia in honor of gool ol’ Georgy.

•In 1773 the first group arrived in Georgia and founded Savannah.

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James Oglethorpe did not allow:•Trade with American Indians1)Slavery2)Huge farms

James Oglethorpe did not allow:•Trade with American Indians1)Slavery2)Huge farms

Colonists illegally imported slaves. In 1751 Georgia’s leaders allowed slavery. Sorry James

Colonists illegally imported slaves. In 1751 Georgia’s leaders allowed slavery. Sorry James

Georgia’s colony prospered as a

result of plantations and

slave labor.

Georgia’s colony prospered as a

result of plantations and

slave labor.

Heading westHeading west•By the 1700s most cities, farms, and plantations in the colonies were located near the coast (Coastal Plain).

•Very few colonists settled in the Piedmont-the land between the Coastal Plain the and Appalachian Mountains. Known as “backcountry” because it was in back of the area settled by Europeans.

•Settlers started moving using an American Indian trail. Became wide enough for wagons to use and became known as the “The Great Wagon Road.”

Conflicts with indiansConflicts with indians

•The SC settlements were taking over the tribe lands of thousands of American Indians. Resentment grew.

•The SC settlements were taking over the tribe lands of thousands of American Indians. Resentment grew.

•The Tuscarora Village of Chattawka was destroyed by German & Swiss settlers to build the settlement of New Bern. Some colonists were upset with the unfair treatment of Indians.

•The Tuscarora Village of Chattawka was destroyed by German & Swiss settlers to build the settlement of New Bern. Some colonists were upset with the unfair treatment of Indians.

•The Tuscarora attacked several settlements hoping to frighten away settlers. This lead to the the Tuscaroro War.

•The Tuscarora attacked several settlements hoping to frighten away settlers. This lead to the the Tuscaroro War.

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•War ended in 1713. The Tuscaroro Indians were. . .•Killed during that war (over 950)•Captured and sold into slavery•Sent to West Indies to work on plantations•Died fighting over land and trade, post war•Died in large numbers from European diseases (smallpox/measles)

Settlers in the Southern Colonies continued pushing Indians away

from their lands.American Indians

decided to move west to lands the European

settlers hadn’t yet reached. Eventually the settlers followed.

American Indians decided to move west to lands the European

settlers hadn’t yet reached. Eventually the settlers followed.

Life in the southLife in the south•First Africans arrived in Virginia in 1619. Soon thousands of enslaved Africans were brought to the colonies. Taken from their homes, chained together in ships & sold in the cities.

•At first slaves were indentured. Assemblies passed laws making slavery legal. It became institutionalized-a part of life in all of the colonies.

•By mid 1700s slavery was legal in all 13 colonies.

slavesslavesChildren of enslaved people

were also slaves.

Families were often split up and sold to

different owners.

Many worked on

plantations. By 1750 over

200,000 slaves lived in

this region

Slave treatment varied with

owners. They were free to beat,

whip, or insult their slaves. The

law did not protect them.

No hope

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Some slaves resisted in

small ways. Broke tools, pretended to

be sick, worked slowly.

Slaves dealt with hardships by

singing African songs and telling

stories about Africa. This

helped to preserve their culture.

Christianity was also a source of strength.

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Plantation lifePlantation life• Most slaves in SC lived and Most slaves in SC lived and

worked on plantations.worked on plantations.

• Planters and plantation Planters and plantation owners became the richest owners became the richest people in the SC from cash people in the SC from cash crops and slave labor.crops and slave labor.

• Some plantation owners Some plantation owners began as poor indentured began as poor indentured servants. Others were servants. Others were wealthy English settlers who wealthy English settlers who were granted land by the King.were granted land by the King.

• As planters grew richer, the As planters grew richer, the amount of land they owned amount of land they owned grew.grew.

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Plantation set upPlantation set up

Main building was the planter’s house,

2-3 stories high. Slaves helped to

build.

Overseers’ house is near the planter’s

house. They watched over the

field slaves.

There were many buildings

surrounding the planter’s house.

kitchen

workshop

workshop

nails/bricks

barrels

Slave houses were far from planter’s. One

room, wood building.

Two types of slaves:House slaves who worked in the planter’s homeField slaves who worked in fields raising crops.

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•Planters did not work in the field. They managed the plantation and provided food and housing for everyone who worked there.

•Planter’s duties included public service, often judges or colonial assembly members.

•There were very few schools due to the distance between plantations.

•Planters hired private tutors for the children. The tutors lived and taught on the plantations. Enslaved children did not receive an education.

Small farmsSmall farms• Most Southern Colonists Most Southern Colonists

lived and worked on lived and worked on small farms. They small farms. They planted and harvested planted and harvested their own crops.their own crops.

• Families on small farms Families on small farms lived in one story homes. lived in one story homes. Kids slept in the loft Kids slept in the loft where goods were where goods were stored.stored.

• Very few became Very few became wealthy.wealthy.

•Owned little furniture other than beds•Lived far from other small farms•Church services were religious & social•Some traveled hours to get to the closest church•Most did not own slaves. If they did, it was 1 or 2•Lived and worked close to slaves, but not treated as equals.

Free africansFree africans•Not all Africans remained slaves. Some escaped, others bought their freedom.•Some free Africans bought land and started their own farms.•Former slave, Anthony Johnson, bought land in Virginia and became a wealthy tobacco planter. He even bought a slave of is very own-Casor. . . go figure.•Some free Africans bought enslaved relatives to free them.•Some risked their lives and ran away from their owners. Some were captured and returned to their owner. . .gulp.

•Some Africans found help in Spanish Florida from the American Indian tribes.

The Seminole Indians provided food & shelter. They even gave them land to grow crops. In return they agreed to give 1/3 of their crops to the Indians.

Former slaves started dressing and talking like Seminole Indians. They became known as the “Black Seminoles”.

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Fort moseFort mose•Free Africans in Spanish Florida started their own communities.

•In 1738 a new town for Free Africans was settled.

•The first settlement in North America for free Africans was Fort Mose.

The Southern EconomyThe Southern Economy•Plantations produced tons of cash crops each year. They were shipped to markets in England and the West Indies to be sold.•Plantations in different colonies grew different crops depending on climate and soil conditions.

Maryland, Virginia and

North Carolina’s main cash crop was tobacco.

Maryland, Virginia and

North Carolina’s main cash crop was tobacco.

Southern North Carolina, South Carolina, and

Georgia were too warm & wet for

tobacco crops. Their main cash crop was

rice.

Southern North Carolina, South Carolina, and

Georgia were too warm & wet for

tobacco crops. Their main cash crop was

rice.Rice was such an important cash crop for South Carolina

that rice became known as “Carolina Gold”Rice was such an important cash crop for South Carolina

that rice became known as “Carolina Gold”

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•Landowners in dry land grew indigo plants. From these they made indigo, a blue dye used in the cloth making process.

•Eliza Lucas Pickney experimented with indigo plants. She spent several years growing different kinds of indigo.

•South Carolina settlers were selling 1 million pounds of indigo a year to cloth makers in Europe.

2266

•Plantations were the most important part of the economy in the Southern Colonies. But, they still depended on others for goods and services. This is called interdependence.

•Plantation owners needed people to sell their crops. They hired a broker-a person who is paid to buy and sell for someone else.

•Planters would send their broker to England or the West Indies to sell their crops. They would send a list of items the broker was to purchase for them while they were there.

Southern port towns grew richer

from exporting cash crops. Norfolk and

Savannah grew into the largest towns & cities.

2277

Ships from England arrived with imported tea, coffee, furniture, and silverware to be sold.

Those ships sailed back to England loaded with tobacco, rice, and indigo.

Ships from England arrived with imported tea, coffee, furniture, and silverware to be sold.

Those ships sailed back to England loaded with tobacco, rice, and indigo.Most successful plantations & cities

were often located near ports or deep rivers. This location was easy

to ship crops to England .

Most successful plantations & cities were often located near ports or

deep rivers. This location was easy to ship crops to England .•By 1740, ships sailing from Charlestown

carried 30 million pounds of rice to England every year.

•By 1740, ships sailing from Charlestown carried 30 million pounds of rice to England

every year.

•Baltimore, Maryland prospered by exporting grain and tobacco. It also became a major center for shipbuilding.

•Farming was an important industry in the Southern Colonies due to its natural resources.

•Many settlers in the backcountry made a living as hunters and trappers (deer & beaver).

•Wilmington, North Carolina became an important shipping center for forest products because of its location on the Cape Fear River. Fertile soil, lots of trees. Plenty to build sawmills.

2299

•Trees were also used to make naval stores. These trees provided tar, turpentine, and pitch needed to waterproof the wood & rope on a ship.

•Shipbuilding became a large industry in the colonies. In the 1700s, Baltimore, Maryland’s shipyards were well known for improving the production of ships. They also developed the “Baltimore Clipper”- one of the world’s fastest sailing ships.

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