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1
The Standards system: CEN and ISO
by Keith Moyes, BSI British Standards
13 and 14 November 2008
2
The world of standards and regulations: Three types
• Government regulations and specifications
– Mandatory within the national territory
– Barrier to trade between territories
• Formal standards (e.g. ISO and CEN standards)
– Recognised by governments
– Support regulation
– Voluntary
• Informal standards (e.g. Consortia standards)
– Voluntary
– Limited authority and recognition
• This presentation will give an overview of the second type
– Formal standardization
3
Principle values of formal standardization
Formal standardization embody common principles:
• Their drafting and agreement of standards is:
– Consensual
– Transparent
– Open
– Non-discriminatory
• There content is:
– Regionally and globally relevant
• Their use is:
– Voluntary
• The international, European and national standards bodies all have similar statutes and rules of procedure
4
The world of formal standards
• Standardization takes place in three sectors
– Telecommunications
– General
– Electrotechnical
• Each sector operates at three levels
– International
– European
– National
• This presentation will mainly describe
– General and Electrotechnical standardization
– At the the international and European level.
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Telecommunications standardization
International level
• ITU-T - International Telecommunications Union
European level
• ETSI – European Telecommunications Standards Institute
These bodies are associations of members
• The members are the national telecommunications operators
– Private companies
– Public bodies
National level
• Telecom operators and companies may develop in-house standards
• These do not have the status of national standards
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General Standardization
International level
• ISO - The International Organization for Standardization
European level
• CEN – Comitė Europėen de Normalisation
• These bodies are associations of national standards bodies
National level
• The national standards bodies (NSBs)
– BSI (UK)
– DIN (Germany)
– AFNOR (France), etc.
• These standards bodies are recognised by their national governments as the only ones able to represent their countries in ISO and CEN
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Electrotechnical standardization
International level
• IEC - The International Electrotechnical Commission
European level
• CENELEC – Comitė Europėen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
• These bodies are associations of National Committees (NCs)
National level
• NCs are standards bodies (e.g. BEC in the UK, VDE, in Germany, UTE in France, etc.
• These NCs are recognised by their national governments as the only ones able to represent their countries in IEC and CENELEC
• Sometimes they are departments of the NSB (e.g. BEC is part of BSI)
• Sometimes they are separate institutions (e.g. VDE & UTE)
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Formal standards Map
ISO
International
European
National
Telecommunications General Electrotechnical
ITU-T IEC
ETSI CEN CENELEC
Telecoms operators
NationalStandards
Body
NationalCommittee
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General Standardization: International
ISO: International Organization for Standardization
• Central Offices located in Geneva in Switzerland.
• An organization of over 150 members
• Members are the national standards bodies accredited by their national governments
• Develops and publishes International Standards (ISOs)
• Publishes in 3 official languages: English French and Russian
• Sells standards from its central offices and via its web store
• Distributes standards via its members and commercial distributors
• ISO members may adopt ISO standards as national standards and sell without payment of royalty to ISO
10
ISO Governance
• General Assembly
– An assembly of all the members
• ISO Council
– The principal policy body with 18 members elected by the General Assembly
– Reports to the General Assembly
• TMB (Technical Management Board)
– Responsible for the work programme
– Members appointed by the Council
– Reports to Council
• CPSG (Commercial Policy Strategy Group)
– Membership by periodic appointment
– Advises the Secretary General and Council
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ISO financing
• ISO is mainly funded by the subscriptions of its members
– Subscriptions are based on the size of the national economy
• ISO also undertakes commercial activity
• This contributes approximately 35% of ISO revenue
– Sales of standards and other publications
– Royalties from members’ sales of ISO standards and publications
– Royalties from commercial distributors
• ISO receives no support from governments or other bodies
• ISO’s financial viability depends on the financial viability of its members
12
ISO members: Legal status and funding
• Legal status of standards bodies varies from country to country
– Government departments
– Independent bodies
• All operate on a non-profit distributing basis
• Most sell standards and other services directly or through separate publishing and sales companies, for example:
– DIN has Beuth Verlag
– Standards Norway has PRONORM
• Many standards get some government funding
– Government funding varies from 0% to 100%
– The standards bodies that contribute most to ISO’s work tend to get the least government funding
• Commercial exploitation of standards is crucial to the funding of the standards system
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Funding of ISO members: government and commercial
Members’ dependence on government funding and standards sales
Percentage rangePercentage of ISO members in range
Percentage of ISO members in range
Government support Standards sales
% % %
0 12 37
1 –10 12 37
11 – 25 12 12
26 – 50 15 11
51 –99 26 3
100 23 0
Total 100 100
Average 49 10
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General standardization: Some key ISO members
Europe
• BSI (UK)
• DIN (Germany)
• AFNOR (France)
• UNI (Italy)
• AENOR (Spain)
• SIS (Sweden
• America
• ANSI (USA)
• SCC (Canada)
• ABNT (Brazil)
Asia
• GOST R (Russia)
• SAC (China)
• JISC (Japan)
• KATS (South Korea)
• BIS (India)
Pacific
• SA (Australia)
• SNZ (New Zealand
Africa
• SABS (South Africa)
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Electrotechnical standardization: International
IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission
• Central Offices located in Geneva in Switzerland.
• An organization of over 50 members
• Members are the National Committees accredited by their national governments
• Develops and publishes International Standards (IECs)
• Publishes in three Official language: English French and Russian
• Sells standards from its central offices and via its web store
• Distributes standards via its National Committees and commercial distributors
• National committees may adopt IEC standards as national standards and sell without payment of royalties to IEC
16
IEC: Governance
• Very similar to ISO
• IEC Council
– An assembly of all the National Committees
• IEC Council Board
– The principal policy body
– 15 members elected by the Council Board
• SMB (Standards Management Board)
– Responsible for the work programme
• SAG (Sales Advisory Group)
– Membership by periodic appointment
– Advises the General Secretary and Council Board on commercial issues
17
IEC funding
• Very similar to ISO
• IEC is mainly funded by the subscriptions of its NCs
• Subscriptions are based on the size of the national economy and electricity usage
• IEC also undertakes commercial activity
– Sales of standards and other publications
– Royalties from members’ sales of ISO standards and publications
– Royalties from commercial distributors
• IEC receives no support from governments or other bodies
• EC’s financial viability depends on the financial viability of its NCs
• NCs are funded in similar ways to ISO members
• Commercial activities are very important to the whole system
18
General Standardization: Europe
CEN: Comité Européen de Normalisation
• Central offices in Brussels in Belgium
• An association of 30 European standards bodies
• Produces European standards (ENs) which each member must adopt as national standards
• CEN does not publish or sell ENs
• ENs can only be bought as national adoptions (e.g. BS EN, DIN EN, NF EN, etc.)
• They are published in 3 official languages (English, French and German)
• CEN members may adopt in one or all of these languages, but may also translate into their own language
19
CEN governance
• CEN AG (General Assembly)
– An assembly of all the members
• CEN CA (Administrative Board)
– The principal policy body, responsible the General Assembly
– All members represented
• CEN BT (Technical Board)
– The policy body responsible for the work programme and the rules for developing standards. Reports to the CEN CA
• CEN SD (Sales and Distribution Committee)
– Advises the CEN CA on commercial issues
– All members represented.
20
CEN financing
• Largely funded by the subscriptions of its members subscriptions
• 45% of funding of the CEN Management Centre by the European Commission
• Does not sell European standards (ENs)
• ENs are sold by the CEN members
• Each CEN member is responsible for sales and distribution in its own national territory
• Each CEN member is responsible for its own pricing
• CEN members may not actively market their ENs in the territories of other CEN members
• All CEN members can market and sell freely outside of the CEN area
21
CEN Members
• Austria (ON)
• Bulgaria (BDS)
• Belgium (IBM)
• Cyprus (CYS)
• Czech Republic (CSI)
• Denmark (DS)
• Estonia (EVS)
• Finland (SFS)
• France (AFNOR)
• Germany (DIN)
• Greece (ELOT)
• Hungary (MSZT)
• Iceland (IST)
• Ireland (NSAI)
• Italy (UNI)
• Latvia (LVS)
• Lithuania (LST)
• Luxembourg (SEE)
• Malta MSA
• Netherlands (NEN)
• Norway (NSF)
• Poland (PKN)
• Portugal (IPQ)
• Romania (ASRO)
• Slovakia (SUTN)
• Slovenia (SIST)
• Spain (AENOR)
• Sweden (SIS)
• Switzerland (SNV)
• United Kingdom (BSI)
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Electrotechnical standardization: Europe
CENELEC: Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
• Central offices in Brussels in Belgium
• An association of 30 European National Committees
• Produces European standards which each member must adopt as national standards
• CENELEC does not publish or sell ENs
• ENs can only be bought as national adoptions, with the national prefix BS EN etc.
• ENs are prepared in 3 official languages (English, French and German)
• CENELEC National Committees may adopt in one or all of these languages, but may also translate into their own language
23
CENELEC Governance
• Very similar to CEN
• CENELEC AG (General Assembly)
– An assembly of all the National Committees
– Representatives are from industry, not from the institutes
• CENELEC CA (Administrative Board)
– The principal policy body, responsible the General Assembly
– Representatives are from industry, not from the institutes
• CENELEC BT (Technical Board)
– The policy body responsible for the work programme and the rules for developing standards. Reports to the CEN CA
• CENELEC COMPOL (Commercial Policy Committee)
– Advises the CENELEC CA on commercial issues. All members represented.
24
CENELEC financing
• Very similar to CEN
• Largely funded by the subscriptions of its members subscriptions
• 10% of funding of the CENELEC Central Offices by the European Commission
• Does not sell European standards (ENs)
• ENs are sold by the CENELEC NCs
• Each NC is responsible for sales and distribution in its own national territory
• Each NC is responsible for its own pricing
• NCs may not actively market their ENs in the territories of other CENELEC members
• All NCs can market and sell freely outside of the CENELEC area
25
CENELEC National Committees
• Austria (OVE)
• Belgium (CEB)
• Bulgaria (BDS)
• Cyprus (CYS)
• Czech Republic (CNI)
• Denmark (DS)
• Estonia (EVS)
• Finland (SESKO)
• France (UTE)
• Germany (VDE-DKE)
• Greece (ELOT)
• Hungary (MSZT)
• Iceland (IST)
• Ireland (ETCI)
• Italy (CEI)
• Latvia (LVS)
• Lithuania (LST)
• Luxembourg (SEE)
• Malta MSA
• Netherlands (NEC)
• Norway (NEK)
• Poland (PKN)
• Portugal (IPQ)
• Romania (ASRO)
• Slovakia (SEV)
• Slovenia (SIST)
• Spain (AENOR)
• Sweden (EES)
• Switzerland (SEV)
• United Kingdom (BEC)
26
Collaboration in formal standardization
• The guiding principle is: “Do it once, do it right and do it internationally”
• ISO and IEC collaborate to produce joint standards
• CEN and CENELEC collaborate to produce joint standards
• ISO and CEN collaborate under the Vienna Agreement
– Wherever possible, CEN standards are developed in ISO
– Members vote on them in ISO and in CEN simultaneously
– These standards are published both as ISO standards and As EN standards
– 40% of CEN standards are produced in ISO
• IEC and CENELEC collaborate under the Dresden Agreement
– 90% of CENELEC standards are now produced in IEC
27
Collaboration between standards bodies and regulators
• There is a world wide trend towards ‘lighter regulation’
– Regulations specify general requirements
– Standards specify optimum ways to comply with them
• In Europe that is embodied in ‘The New Approach’
• New Approach Directives are mandatory for all EU countries
• CEN, CENELEC and ETSI write ‘harmonised’ standards to support them
– The use of these standards is voluntary
– Compliance with the standards is the best means of assuring compliance with the Directive
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