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Unit Goals (as they relate to plants)• Students will analyze the nature of the relationships

between structures and functions in living cells.– a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction.

– d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion).

• Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations.

– e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations.

• Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems.

– a. Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.

» b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals).2

• Students will assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems.– e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the

ability to survive stressful environmental conditions.

• Students will evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution.

d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms.

Unit Goals (as they relate to plantsas they relate to plants)

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Kingdom Plantae Characteristics– are multicellular. – are eukaryotes. – are autotrophic. – photosynthesize. – have cellulose cell walls.– can reproduce sexually & asexually have

tissues that have been organized into organs and organ systems.

b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals).

Plants

Organisms are grouped into kingdoms based on Organisms are grouped into kingdoms based on genetic and anatomic similarities.genetic and anatomic similarities.4

Brief History of PlantsBrief History of Plantsd. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms.

Green algae are believed to be the Green algae are believed to be the ancestors of modern plantsancestors of modern plants

The invasion of land by plants probably occurred about 450 million years ago

First land plants were small mosses and ferns that had to live near water.

Plants slowly began to adapt to life on land, and spread to all biomes and climates. -----Adapting to different environment.

We are going to look at adaptation that plant have to help them survive in different environments.

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What plants What plants need to need to

livelive

Sunlight

Water

Gas Exchange

Minerals

For Photosynthesis

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What plants need & how they obtain it.

• Plants are called autotrophs, meaning “self-feeding.”

• They make Glucose (a carbohydrate) from sunlight energy.

• Need:– Energy– Carbon Dioxide– Water– Other minerals

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Overview

Intake of Intake of Energy.Energy.

Energy is needed by all organisms to carry out processes

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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•Plants are Autotrophs • This trapped energy is used to

convert the inorganic raw materials CO2 and H2O to carbohydrates and O2. – The key to this process is the

pigment chlorophyllchlorophyll..

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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ChloroplastsPhotosynthesis takes place in the

chloroplasts

a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction.

b. b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals).

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How is energy cycled through the processes of photosynthesis and

respiration?• Autotrophs store energy in glucose.• Heterotrophs eat autotrophs, and use

the glucose for energy to carry out all of life's processes.

–Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.

Sunlight energy

Autotrophs (photosynthesis

)

Heterotrophs (Respiration)

Flow of energy in the environment.11.2

Intake of Intake of Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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Leaves

Stomata

•CO2 enters through the pores in the leaves called stomata.•Adaptation:

•Some leaves have a waxy coating to prevent water loss.•Bark on stems helps to insulate the tissues.

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Uptake and Uptake and Movement of Movement of

waterwater

d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion).

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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Water diffuses into the roots.-Osmosis High to low

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H2O

H2O

H2O

• Adaptations:– Close stomata during the hottest

part of the day to prevent water loss.

Transpiration16Evaporation of water from the leaves

e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions.

Water Storage

• Cacti have modified stems and leaves for storing water.

• Helps them to survive dry conditions.

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Tulips, daffodils, potatoes, carrots, onions, garlic.

Roots & stems aremodified in many

plants into storage organs in order to survive through

winter underground.

Food Storagee. Relate plant adaptations to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions

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Reproduction

–e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations. –e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions.

Sexual vs. Asexual-Sexual allows for the mixing of mixing of genes-genes- increasing genetic variation

-Asexual allows for reproduction when there is no other option- NO increase in genetic

variation

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Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproductionallows for the mixing of genes- increasing genetic

variationSperm fuses with an egg

• Some plants have flowersflowers.– Animal pollination

• Some plants have cones.cones.– Wind pollinated

• Some have neither. (Ferns & mosses).– Must live near water. Sperm

must swim to egg.

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Not all plants have flowers•Seeds produced in Seeds produced in conescones

Sexual reproducti

on

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Flowers are unique reproductive organs that produce seeds surrounded by a fruit.

Male

Female

PollinatioPollinationn --transfer of pollen

Pollen = Sperm

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Flowers Flowers attract attract

pollinatorspollinators.. Helps Helps insure insure

pollinationpollination

the sprouting of a seed is calledgerminatio

germinationn.

•Seeds provide a Seeds provide a

small food supplysmall food supply

•ProtectsProtects

•Aids in dispersalAids in dispersal

Seeds are produced after pollination & fertilization.

-A seed is the “baby” plant.

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Seeds can tolerate

unfavorable conditions

by becoming dormant.

When conditionsbecome

favorable, the seed

sprouts into a new plant.

Adaptations/

Advantages

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Seeds can be dispersed

by wind, water and

animals.

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Not all plants have seeds.

Some produce:

Spores-specialized

structures that can

grow directly into a

new plant

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Seeds, pollen, Seeds, pollen,

flowers, & fruitflowers, & fruit

are adaptations

that allow some

plants to survive

in a wide variety

of environments.

• Flowers can be pollinated in a number of ways, by the wind, insects, birds, & animals, even bats.

• Many flowers that depend on insectsinsects for pollination are brightly colored and fragrant, to draw attention to them

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–e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions.

TropismTropismss

Cool Fact:Cool Fact:Oldest living trees: Bristle Cone pines

TropismTropism— a plant’s response to their environment1- Gravitropism (Geotropism)Gravitropism (Geotropism)——a plant’s response to gravity2- PhototropismPhototropism— a plant’s response to light3- ThigmotropismThigmotropism— a plant’s response to touch

Characteristic of living Characteristic of living things:things:-Plants can respond to their environment

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Geotropism/Geotropism/Gravitropism Gravitropism •the response of the response of seedlings to the seedlings to the force of gravityforce of gravity.

•important when seeds are sprouting.

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•causes the roots to grow downward and the stems to grow upward, no matter what the position of the seed may be when it is planted.

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Geotropism/GravitropismGeotropism/Gravitropism

•The ability of the plant to respond to light.

•If a plant is placed near a window or another light source, the plant will grow in the direction of the light source. •A phototropic response can happen so quickly that even a seedling will respond within a few hours.

Phototropism

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tropism Clips

Phototropism

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The response of The response of a plant to touch.a plant to touch.

Climbing plants, ivy, and vines use thigmotropism in order to find their way up or around a solid object for support.

Thigmotropism

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tropism Clips

Can plants defend themselves?• Mechanical defenseMechanical defense -incorporated into the

physical structure of the organism.– thorns, spines and stiff hairs that repel a predator.

• Chemical defenseChemical defense - occurs when the plant produces stinging sensations, paralysis, poisoning, or just a bad taste.– Chemical compounds that taste bad, while others

contain sap that is an irritant or poison

• CamouflageCamouflage– the organism blends into its environment or appear

to be something they are not

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Land Adaptations

To move from the water

to land, plants had to

adapt •systems that would

support their weight

•provide transport of

water and nutrients

•protection from drying

out,•and insulation from

the sun and

temperature changes.

Green algae are believed to be the ancestors of modern

plants

invasion of land by plants probably occurred about 450 million years ago 3

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Plant Plant AdaptationAdaptation

s s ReviewReview

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Plant Adaptations- A Review Seeds go dormant

Modified roots and stems are places for storage Ex: Cacti, potatoes, carrots

Dropping of leaves in winter. Waxy coating on leaves (CuticleCuticle-

made of Cutin-Lipid) Bark on trees- helping to insulate the

tissues inside The branches of the conifers are

flexible, allowing for them to bend instead of break under the weight of ice and snow. 3

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Plant Adaptations- A Review Pollinated in a number of ways: wind,

insects, birds, animals. Maple trees produce seeds that are shaped like

a wing. They have the nickname of “helicopters.”

carried over long distances by the wind. Some plants produce seeds that have hooks or barbs on them that attach to the fur of passing animals. These have the nickname of “hitchhikers.”

Many flowers that depend on insects for pollination are brightly colored and fragrant, to draw attention to them. Pollen will rub off on the insect and they will

carry it to another flower. The coconuts from palm trees float. They will travel from one beach to the next or even from one island to another.

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EOCTEOCT

QuestionsQuestions

One main difference between members of the Kingdoms Plantae

and Animalia is the ability to

A obtain energyB reproduceC moveD exchange gases

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What characteristics of some pine trees allows the species to survive disasters?A modified leaves form needle bundlesB seeds that germinate after firesC pollen that is easily carried by windD bark that is lightly colored

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Plants that live in the rainforest have many adaptations to their environment. Some plants such as vines have adaptations which allow them to attach themselves to the trunks of trees. These adaptations allow vines to successfully compete for which of the following limiting resources in the rainforest?

A sunlightB waterC carbon dioxideD oxygen

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