1) What is an instrument that allows light to pass through the specimen and uses two lenses to form an image called?

______________________

COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE

1_Biology 1 Study Guide First Quarter

2009

**2) What type of glassware would be used when culturing bacteria?

______________________

PETRI DISH

**3.) Which is the most appropriate piece of equipment to use when measuring the mass of a leaf?

______________________

TRIPLE BEAM BALANCE

4)Which is the most appropriate piece of equipment to use when measuring 40 mL of water?

______________________

GRADUATED CYLINDER

5) Which microscope might a scientist use to observe a virus??

______________________

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

6) What is the greatest magnification of a compound light microscope currently can have??

______________________

2000 X

7) A scientist noticed that the number of salamanders in ponds in the Rocky Mountains was declining. This is an example of which step of the scientific method?

______________________

OBSERVATION

8) A controlled experiment is set up in duplicate. A single factor is changed in one setup but no change is made in the other setup. What is the factor that was changed?

______________________

EXPERIMENTAL FACTOR

9) When enough experimental data supports a hypothesis, what does the hypothesis become?

______________________

THEORY

10) Two similar species of rodents live in the same forest. A biologist observes that one rodent population is much larger than the other. The biologist believes that the difference is due to better protective coloration in the larger population. A research project is set up to test this idea. What is the biologist’s idea that the population numbers are influenced by

coloration called?

______________________

HYPOTHESIS

11 Upon what is the metric based on?

______________________

MULTIPLES OF 10

**12) What is the basic unit of length in SI?

______________________

METER

13) What is the basic unit of volume in SI?

______________________

LITER

14) Be able to read a graduated cylinder .

______________________

36.5 ML 5.47 ML 15 ML

READ FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE MENISCUS

15) Which of these substances moves across cell membranes by osmosis (food, minerals, water, wastes)?

______________________

WATER

16) How does active transport differ from passive transport?

______________________

ACTIVE TRANSPORTREQUIRES ENERGY

17) Molecules that are too large to be moved through the membrane are transported into the cell through what process ?

______________________

ENDOCYTOSIS

18) Be able to identify diffusion given a diagram?

______________________

19) What is the movement of a substance from a area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration ?

______________________

DIFFUSION

28) A cell will swell when placed in a what type of solution? (see next slide for details)

______________________

HYPOTONIC

Osmosis in animal and plant cellsSlide number: 1

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

In a hypotonic solution, water enters the cell, which may burst (lysis).

In a hypertonic solution, water leaves the cell, which shrivels (crenation).

In an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water.

plasmamembrane

Animalcells

chloroplast

Plantcells nucleus

In an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water. cell

wall

In a hypotonic solution, vacuoles fill with water, turgor pressure develops, and chloroplasts are seen next to the cell wall.

plasmamembrane

In a hypertonic solution, vacuoles lose water, the cytoplasm shrinks (plasmolysis), and chloroplasts are seen in the center of the cell.

21) Osmosis is a type of what kind of transport?

______________________

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

22) About twenty to twenty-four hours after the previous meal, a person's blood-sugar level normally varies from 60 to 90 milligram per 100 milliliters of blood, through it may rise to 130 mg/100 ml after meals high in carbohydrates. The fact that the blood-sugar level is maintained within a fairly narrow range despite uneven

intake of sugar is due to the body’s ability to carry out what process??

______________________

HOMEOSTASIS

23) Be able to determine motion into or out of a cell based on concentration.(see examples next three slides)

______________________

Osmosis Cont…

• Hypotonic Solutions: Solutions in which more solute is present in the cell than outside of the cell.

More water outside the cell then inside the cell,

therefore, the net movement of water will be into the cell where

more solute is present.

= Water= Solute

Osmosis Cont…

• Hypertonic Solution: A solution where there is more solute present outside of the cell than inside the cell.

More water was located inside the cell then outside of the cell, therefore the net

movement of water will be out of the cell to where there was more solute.

= Water= Solute

Osmosis Cont…

• Isotonic Solution: A solution where there is equal concentration of water inside and outside of the cell, therefore the net movement of water is equal in and out of the cell.

= Water= Solute

25) What is the process of the cell ridding itself of materials by discharging the materials in vesicles??

______________________

EXOCYTOSIS

26) The molecules made by living cells are mainly assembled around which element?

______________________

CARBON

26) Which of the following is not a carbohydrate (energy

producer)? ( glucose, C6 H12 O6 , lipid )

LIPID

27) Proteins are made of which type of subunit?

______________________

AMINO ACIDS

28) All of the following are organic (C, H, O) molecules except ( glucose, salt, DNA, carbohydrate)?

______________________

SALT

29) What is the major role of lipids within the cell?

______________________

LIPIDS ARE THE MAIN STRUCTURAL

COMPONENTS OF MEMBRANES

30) Which of the following: fat, carbohydrates, protein, or heredity information, does DNA store that is important to all cellular functions?

______________________

HEREDITARY INFORMATION

31) What type of protein acts as a biological catalyst lowering the activation energy of a reaction or changes the speed of the reaction?

______________________

ENZYME

32) What are carbohydrates and lipids are able to store in their bonds?

______________________

ENERGY

33) Most of the food and waste materials that move into and out of a cell pass through what type of organic molecule in the cell membrane?

______________________

PROTEIN

34) Phospholipids are molecules that form the lipid bilayer of which important cell part: nucleus, centriole, microfilament, or cell membrane?

______________________

CELL MEMBRANE

35) RNA plays an integral role in the production of which important molecule made of amino acids?

______________________

PROTEINS

36) Most carbohydrates in the human body are used for what?

______________________

SOURCE OF ENERGYNOT

PROTEIN

37) Which of the following organic compounds: nucleic acid, lipid, protein, or carbohydrates, functions in the building of bond and muscle?

______________________

PROTEIN

38) When a single molecule binds to the receptor protein, the receptor protein speeds up chemical reactions inside the cell. The receptor protein is an example of what type of catalytic substance?

______________________

ENZYME

39) What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?

______________________

6O2 + C6 H12 O6 6 CO2 + 6H2 O + ENERGY

40) What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?

______________________

GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN

41) Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into what?

______________________

OXYGEN AND SUGARS

42) A green plant is kept in a brightly lighted area for 48 hours. If the light intensity is reduced slightly during the next 48 hours what will most likely happen to the rate at which oxygen is released from the plant?

______________________

DECREASE

43) The equation below represents a summary of a biological process. In which cell organelle is this process completed? Carbon dioxide + water glucose + water + oxygen

______________________

CHLOROPLAST

44) What is the process in which plants capture sunlight for energy and make organic molecules known as?

______________________

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

45) Light energy is converted to chemical energy through what process?

______________________

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

46) As light intensity increases, what happens to the rate of photosynthesis?

______________________

INCREASES UNTIL THE LIGHT SATURATION POINT IS REACHED

Figure 7.7 Overview of an animal cell

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15. 16.

17.

What is the control center?What number?

47.

Figure 7.7 Overview of an animal cell

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15. 16.

17.

18., 19.

Where is the structure for maintaining homeostasis?What is it called?

47.

Figure 7.8 Overview of a plant cell

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6., 7., 8.9.

10.

10a.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.17.

18.

47.

Identify this structure.What is its function?

Is it located in the animal, plant or both?

GOLGIAPPARATUS

REPACKAGING CENTER

BOTH

47.

Identify this structure.What is it function?

Is it located in the animal, plant or both?

ENDOPLASMICRETICULUM (ER)

CHEMICAL ACTIVITY

BOTH

47.

Identify these structures on the ER.What is it function?

Is it located in the animal, plant or both?

RIBOSOME

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS(MANUFACTURE)

BOTH

47.

48) Some ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm, while others are located on the

______________________

ENDOPLASMICRETICULUM

49) Rough endoplasmic reticulum differs from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in which of the following ways?

______________________

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMHAS RIBOSOMES ATTACHED; SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM DOES NOT

50) What is two significant difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

______________________PROKARYOTES DO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS

NOR MEMBRANE BOUNDORGANELLES

51) A single prokaryotic cell can divide several times in an hour in a hour. Few eukaryotic cells can divide as quickly. What best explains this difference?

______________________

EUKARYOTIC CELLS ARE MORE STRUCTURALLY COMPLEX THAN PROKARYOTIC CELLS

52) A cell that requires a lot of energy might contain large numbers of what organelle?

______________________

MITOCHONDRION

53) What is the function of the cell membrane in all cells?

______________________

MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS

54) What cell organelle would be present large numbers in a plant cell involved in sugar production?

______________________

CHLOROPLAST

55) What are distinct types of cells that work together to perform a common function called?

______________________TISSUES

Organization levels of biology.

56) What is the lowest level of organization that includes the living and non-living components of an area? (check out next two slides)

______________________

ECOSYSTEM

57) Given a diagram be able to identify levels of the environment?

58) What is the name of the process in which the nucleus is divided into two nuclei?

______________________

MITOSIS

59) During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell having four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containing how many chromosomes?

______________________

FOUR

60) What is the name of the process necessary for reproduction, growth, and repair of cells?

______________________

CELL CYCLE

61) Mitosis is a form of what type of reproduction in cells

______________________

ASEXUAL

62) What is a form of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes when forming specialized reproductive cells, such as gametes or spores?

______________________

MEIOSIS

63) What is the name of the process by which gametes of animals are formed?

______________________

MEIOSIS

64) If an organism's diploid number is 12, what is the haploid number ?

______________________

6

65) Normal human males develop from fertilized eggs containing the combination of which sex chromosomes?

______________________

X Y

67) What are chromatids?

______________________

STRANDS OF GENETIC MATERIAL,

MADE OF DNA

67) What is the longest stage of the cell cycle and what phase does it make up?

______________________INTERPHASE

68) What is the exchange of corresponding segments of DNA of chromosomes during prophase I called?

______________________

CROSSING OVER

69) Be able identify DNA base pairs.

Key

Adenine (A)

Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C)

Guanine (G)

70) DNA replication results in what two DNA

molecules?

______________________

EACH WITH ONE NEW STRANDAND ONE ORIGINAL STRAND

71) RNA is unlike DNA in that it has only one strand. Why is RNA still very important?

______________________

IT CARRIES GENETIC INFORMATION FROM THE GENES OUT OF THE NUCLEUS INTO

THE CYTOPLASM WHERE IT IS TRANSLATEDTO PRODUCE PROTEINS

72) Guanine typically occurs in the same amount as what other nitrogen base within an organism?

______________________

CYTOSINE

73) RNA is chemically similar to DNA except that its sugars have an additional oxygen atom, and the base thymine is replaced by a structurally similar base called what?

______________________

URACIL

74) Which of these statements best explains how genes and proteins are related?

GENES ARE SEGMENTS OF DNA THATCODE FOR PROTEINS

75) What are the three components of nucleotide?

______________________

A SUGAR, A PHOSPHATE GROUPAND

A NITROGEN BASE(NUCLEOTIDE)

76) During DNA replication, a complementary strand of DNA is made for each original DNA strand. Thus, if a portion of the original strand is CCTAGCT, what will be the new strand?

______________________

GGATCGA

77) Be able to identify steps in protein synthesis given a diagram.

78) Be able to identify the number of codons in a DNA sequence.

79) Be able to write complementary strands of DNA.

HOMEOSTASIS

80) About twelve to twenty-four hours after the previous meal, a person’s blood-sugar level normally varies from 60 to 90 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood, though it may rise to 130 mg/100 ml after meals high in carbohydrates. The fact that the blood-sugar level is maintained within a fairly narrow range despite uneven intake of sugar is due to the body’s ability to carry out what process?

HOMEOSTASIS

81) Regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for its survival is called ______ (balance in nature)

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

82) Common Steps Used By Scientist to Gather information and Answer Questions are ___________

HYPOTHESIS

83) A ______________ is an explanation for a question or problem that can be tested

INDEPENDENT

83) The _______________ variable is the one condition in an experiment that is tested.

DEPENDENT

84) The ______________ variable is the condition that changes.

THEORY

85) A hypothesis that is supported by many different investigations and observations becomes a _______

86) Following Observation a scientists

makes a testable statement of the

observation called a __________

HYPOTHESIS

EXPERIMENT

87) The hypothesis istested by a/an

___________________or further observations.

88) Which of the following procedures is considered a scientific method?a. Collecting datab. Making a hypothesisc. Observingd. All of the above

D.

89) Which of the following units is part of the International System of Measurement (SI)?a. Poundb. Inchc. Meterd. Gallon

C

ORGANELLES

90) Molecules make up ___________

CELLS

91) A group of organelles make up

_________

92) Be able to Identify reactants, products, and equilibrium.

CO2 + H2O C6 H12 O6 + 02

? 1.

? 2.

? 3.

Sun

1. REACTANTS2. PRODUCTS

3. EQUILIBRIUM

DIFFUSION

93) The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Diffusion continues until there is no

____________ _________CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

OSMOSIS

94) What is the diffusion of water across a differentially (selectively) permeable membrane due to concentration differences.

CARBOHYDRATES

95) What biological molecule is used for energy and to create

structures?

What are the building blocks for

carbohydrates?SIMPLE SUGARS- GLUCOSE

ENERGY STORAGE

96) Fill in the blanks;

Lipids are used by cells for

_____ ________, insulation, and

___________ coatings, such as in _____________.

PROTECTIVE

MEMBRANES

PROTEINS

97) ___________ provide structure for tissue and organs and carry out cell metabolism and provide the body with the ability to move muscles.

ENZYMES98) __________, speed up reactions and are a type of protein.

DNA99) What is this

structure?

What is the nameof the biologicalstructure?

NUCLEOTIDES

DNA

**182) There are two kinds of nucleic acids, _______ and ________. Both are involved in the storage and flow of information from gene to gene.

RNA

101) The cell cycle includes: ______________, mitosis, and

________________.INTERPHASE

CYTOKINESIS

102) A chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber

by the ________________.CENTROMERE

103) Cell containing two alleles for each trait are

described as ________________DIPLOID

104) True or False?

Meiosis leads to variation in a species

________________TRUE

105) True or False?

Meiosis is a way to reproduce, but mitosis is not

________________FALSE

106) Egg and sperm production requires what

reproductive process?

________________MEIOSIS

107) Meiosis and mitosis are two different

reproductive processes. Which process does Crossing over occur?

________MEIOSIS

108) The process by which nuclear

materials is divided equally between two

new cells is _______________MITOSIS

109) The dark-staining structures that carry the genetic material are the _________________CHROMOSOMES

110) A segment of DNA that controls the

production of a protein:

_______________

GENE

111) Meiosis reduces the number of

chromosomes to ___ or ___________

1N HAPLOID

112) When 1n from gametes produce the zygote, what is the

chromosome number restored to?

_______________

2N OR DIPLOID

DNA synthesis and replication

Rapid growth and metabolic activity

Centrioles replicate; cell prepares for division

Mitosis:

Interphase: Cytokinesis

113) Which part of the cell cycle is shown as red?Which part of the cell cycle is shown as purple?Which part of the cell cycle is shown as yellow?

2 n

2 n

2 n

1 n

1 n

1 n

1 n

Process 1Process 2

114) Is process 1: Mitosis, Meiosis, Gametogenesis, or Diffusion?

MITOSIS

2 n

2 n

2 n

1 n

1 n

1 n

1 n

Process 1Process 2

115) Is process 2: Mitosis, Meiosis, Gametogenesis, or Diffusion?

MEIOSIS

116) Identify these dark structures and each stage.

Chromosomes

2nskin cells ?

undergo to form skin cells

2n

117) Study the sequence below. Which cellular process is

missing from the sequence?Meiosis, mitosis, respiration, fertilization, or photosynthesis

MITOSIS

118) What is the formula for photosynthesis?

CO2 + H2O + energy C6H12O6 + O2

HETEROZYGOUS

119) Which of the following describes an organism that has the genotype “Bb”

GENETIC RECOMBINATION

120) Crossing over results in a ________.

Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration

Hickox: Baker Biology

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2

6 CO2 2

6 H2O

3

Photon energy

6 O2

4

5

C6H12O6 “Glucose”

1

6

7

8

6 CO2

9 6 H2O

ATP energy

10

121)Cells containing two

alleles for each trait are described as _________________ DIPLOID

122) Problem: A female guinea pig homozygous

dominant for black fur color is mated with a male

homozygous for white fur color. In a litter of eight offspring, there would

probably be___ (show w/ Punnett square)

_________

8 BLACK GUINEA PIGS

123) Problem: In chickens, rose comb (R) is dominant to

single comb (r). A homozygous rose-combed rooster is mated with

a sing-combed hen. All of the chicks in the F1 generation were

kept together as a group for several years. They were allowed

to mate only within their own group. What is the expected phenotype of the F2 chicks?

75% ROSE COMB AND 25% SINGLE COMB

124) In mink, brown fur color is dominant to silver-

blue for color. If a homozygous brown mink is

mated with a silver-blue mink and 8 offspring are

produced, how many would be expected to be silver-

blue? (use Punnett square)_________

0

125) Problem: A white mouse whose

parents are both white produces only brown offspring when mated

with a brown mouse. The white mouse is most

probably (use Punnett square) HETEROZYGOUS RECESSIVE

126) A cross involving two different traits

_________ DIHYBRID

127) Most all genetic disorders are caused

by a _________ allele RECESSIVE

128) Hemophilia is a X –linked disorder. This means it is a

_________ disorder SEX LINKED

129) Huntington’s disease is a genetic disorder caused by a

_________ alleleDOMINANT

130) The type of dominance in which alleles are neither

dominant nor recessive are known

as _________

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

131) What is the genotypic ratio of a

F2 generation of two heterozygous

parents for one traits?

_________ 1 : 2 : 1

132) Cows that have a mixture of

red and white hair is known as _________

CODOMINANCE

133) In lions, white color is a recessive trait, and color brown is dominant. If a white lion mates with a heterozygous brown lion, what percentage would be white?

_________

50%

134) In human blood group

illustrates what type of genetic

inheritance?_________

CODOMINANCE

135) In lions, white color is a recessive trait, and color brown is dominant. If a white lion mates with a homozygous brown lion, what percentage would be white?

_________

0%

136) What is so dangerous about

Huntington’s disease?_________ CAUSED BY A

DOMINANT ALLELE

137) What is the phenotypic ratio of a F2 generation of two

heterozygous parents for one

traits?_________

3 : 1

139) Fill in each all the possible blood types- 3 co-dominant alleles

Sperm

egg A B O AB

ABOAB

A, O A, B, O, AB A, O A, B, AB

A, B, O, AB

B, O A, B, AB

A, O B, O

B, O

O A, B

A, B, AB A, B, AB A, B A, B, AB

140) In DNA match the correct

nucleotide pair from the following:

adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

_________ CYTOSINE=GUANINE

141) In RNA match the correct

nucleotide pair from the following:

adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

_________ ADENINE=URACIL

GUANINE=CYTOSINE

142) The type of mutation in which

chromosomes abnormally occur when one

chromosome breaks off and is added to a

different chromosome_____________________ TRANSLOCATION

143) The process by which a DNA

molecule is copied _________ REPLICATION

144) DNA is formed in the process of

_________ REPLICATION

145) A different nucleotide found in RNA and not DNA is:

_________ URACIL

146) Identify the structure:

mRNA

147) Identify the structure:

t RNA

AMINO ACID

148) Identify the structure:

PROTEIN

149) Identify the structure:

CODON

150) Identify the structure:

ANTICODON

151) Identify the structure:

152) Is the following strand a RNA or DNA

sequenceATTCGATA?

________________ 153) What is the

complementary strand?_________________

TAAGCTA

DNA

154) The process of converting RNA code

into an amino acid sequence is called:

_________

TRANSLATION

155) The molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome for the assembly of proteins

are……_________ t RNA

B.

155) Which piece of equipment can Best measure the volume

of ink in a pen?A) 10 ml beaker

B) 10 ml graduated cylinder

C) 100 ml beaker

D) 100 ml graduated cylinder

HYPOTHESIS

156)

A scientist performs a series of experiments to confirm an idea regarding cellular metabolism. The results of her experiments support her initial idea, and after conferring with colleagues, she discovers that the evidence from many experiments has supported the same idea. This idea now can be considered a(an) ____ A) theory B) hypothesis C) observation D) conclusion

GRADUATEDCYLINDER

157)

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: TEMP OF WATER

DEPENDENT VARIABLE: SOLUBILITY OF SUGAR

158)Sugar dissolves in, or mixes completely with water. The solubility of a substance in water is determined by measuring the maximum amount of the substance that dissolves in a given amount of water at a given temperature. Hypothesis: The solubility of sugar in water increases as the temperature of the water decreases. Identify the independent variable and dependent variable that you would use to test the hypothesis.

DIFFUSION

159)

Molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration through the process of ____.

ACTIVE DIFFUSION

160)

Molecules move from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration through the process of ____.

D.

161)A single-celled paramecium is placed into a dish that contains distilled water. Which statement describes the cell processes that allow the paramecium to achieve homeostasis.A) Water leaves the cell by osmosis and contractile vacuoles obtain water by diffusionB) Water leaves the cell by osmosis and contractile vacuoles obtain water by active transportC)Water enters the cell by osmosis, and contractile vacuoles eliminate excess water by diffusionD) Water enters the cell by osmosis, and contractile vacuoles eliminate excess water by active transport

A.

162)

B.

163)

A

164)

B.

165)

A.

166)

Photosynthesis while 2 conducts respiration.

D

167)

5

168)

The following sequence of DNA is part of a gene. How many amino acids are coded for the following segment: GAT CAG CGC AAT TTA

A.

169)

STUDENT 1

170)

Which student report best explains how genes and proteins are related?Student C G A T

1 12 12 40 40

2 38 20 38 20

3 10 38 20 38

4 22 15 17 22

D.

171)

In pea plants, the allele for round seeds is dominant over wrinkled seeds. Plant 1 has round seeds and plant 2 has wrinkled seeds. When these plants are crossed, 50% of their offspring have round seed and 50% have wrinkled seeds. Which statement about the parent plants is correct?Statement Plant 1 Plant 2

A Heterozygous Heterozygous

B Monozygous dominant Homozygous recessive

C Homozygous dominant Heterozygous

D Heterozygous Homozygous