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Windows 2000 Product family

(Week 3, Monday 1/23/2006)

© Abdou Illia, Spring 2006

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Learning Objective

Understand basic functions of OS Describe features of Windows 2000 Detail differences between Windows 2000

product family members

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Operating Systems? Program initially loaded into computer

memory

Program that manages hardware & software resources:Disks, memory, processors, application

programs, etc.

Key functions: Ensures that each application gets necessary resources Handles Input/Output operations Provides resource security (directory & file security, users

profiles & rights)

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Operating Systems? System software routines that sits between

application programs and hardware to provide: Interface function Key support services

User

Application program

Operating system

Hardware

Interfaces

User communicates w/App. Prg. App. Prg communicates w/OS OS communicates w/Hardware All App. Prg access Hardware

through OS according to rules imposed by OS

Examples of support services:-Communications w/peripheral devices

-Launching a program-Copying a file

-Creating a directory-Opening a file

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OS: Primary components

User interface (shell)

File management

Device management

Processor (or process)

management

Memorymanagement

Communication services

Shell Provides mechanism for user and App. Prg to communicates w/OS and request OS support

File management Allows the user to create, delete, modify, and manipulate files.

Device management Controls communications w/peripheral devices

Processor management Manages processor’s time

Memory management Manages system’s memory

Communication services Manages comm. Between OS layers and intercomputer communications.

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OS at work

Shell

File management

Device management

Hardware

Operating system’s

layers

OpenApplication

program layer

Steps for opening a file1. User select File/Open from menu

2. App. Prg. calls the Open routine in the OS’s Shell

3. Shell passes the Open request to File management layer

4. File management layer determines where the requested file is located

5. If file on local computer, request is passed to Device management layer

6. Device management communicates with Hardware layer.

Linecommandinterface

Graphical Userinterface

Voice-activatedinterface

Other OS layers

Operating SystemUser interface layer

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Windows 2000 Family

Workstation A

Workstation B Workstation CServer

A family of Operating Systems from Microsoft: Windows 2000 Professional Windows 2000 Server Windows 2000 Advanced Server Windows 2000 DataCenter

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Features in Windows 2000

Active Directory (AD) services Enhanced security (using Kerberos version 5) Encrypting file system (EFS) Fault-tolerance (disk, configuration errors recovery, etc.) Clustering support Load balancing support FAT32, NTFS, CDFS, UDF support

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Difference between Win 2000 family members

Common OS functions

No Disk Fault-tolerance

Good for managing a network with a few computers in a Workgroup

Disk Fault-Tolerance

Active Directory

Clustering

Network Load-Balancing

Windows 2000 ServerWindows 2000

Advanced ServerWindows 2000

DataCenter Server

Windows 2000Professional

Workstation OS Network Operating systems

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Disk fault tolerance

Fault tolerance achieved through disk redundancy Disk redundancy can be accomplished:

by installing backup diskThrough Software RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)

by installing RAID drives (Hardware RAID)

RAID’s basic idea is To mirror a disk (i.e. to have a disk and its identical

image) or To spread (or strip) data across many disks

Server’s capability to continue functioning in case of disk failure

RAID Controller

Server

Disk1

Disk3

Disk1

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RAID

File

RAID 0 Strips data across multiple disk No redundancy Advantage: Fast data access through multiple reads Disadvantage: Loosing one disk results in loosing data on all disks

RAID 1 Doesn’t strip data across many disk Mirrors data between two disks Data kept synchronized between two disks Advantage: Fault-tolerance, i.e. If one disk fails, the other continue working until failed disk can be replaced Disadvantage: Only half of available storage space is used.

Note: RAID 1 is called Mirrored volumes in W2K Server implementation of RAID

File

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RAID

RAID 3 Spreads data across multiple disks and uses ECC bits for recovery purpose in case of problem ECC bits determined based on data stored on data disks If one data disk fails, disk controller automatically regenerates missing data

Data spread across these disks

Last disk contains ECC* data for

disks 1-4

* Error Checking and Correcting

Note: RAID 3 is called RAID-5 volumes in W2K Server implementation of RAID

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W2K Disk-Fault tolerance

C: G:Ftdisk.sys

Data

Mirrored volume

Parity

Parity

Parity

Parity

Parity

Parity

RAID-5 volume

Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 3

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Directory Service Provides: Single login and Resource lookup.

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Active Directory Central Database that store information about all Network resources Tools for performing central management of users, groups, security

services, and network resources (create, find, add, remove, configure etc.)

Win 2000 Pro Workstation

Win 2000 Pro Workstationuser

groupWin NT server

Printer

Security PoliciesWin 2000 Server

Win 98 Workstation

Active Directory

Domain Controller

Central Database used for: Resource lookup (Searching for specific resources) User authentication (login)

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Active Directory Individual resources are called objects Objects belong to a Classes Each Class has its own attributes & properties

User accounts Computers Printers Domains

Object classes

• Object name• Object unique Identifier• Required attributes• Optional attributes• Parent relationship

• Username• User’s full name• Password

• Account description• Remote access OK

user

Username: JohnFull mane: Johnny DoePassord: 12#$msDescription: Consultant in Sales depart.

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Clustering

Server Server

HubHub

Virtual server167.10.11.5

SharedFolder- Web service- Email service

Win 2000 Pro WorkstationWin 98 Workstation

External Disk

Technique for providing uninterrupted service (even in case of hardware/software failure)

Combining two or more servers into one virtual server Services installed on external storage Users connect to the virtual server (167.10.11.5 in illustration) One of the clustered servers provides the service at a time

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Load Balancing

Hub

Load balancing = Distributing the load among multiple computers No External disk containing services to be provided Multiple independent servers configure to participate in the load balancing Same service with the same content on each server Users connect to the virtual server (167.10.11.5 in illustration) Users’ requests are redirected to one server at a time so that the load is distributed

among all the servers

Server

Webservice

Server

Webservice

Server

Webservice

Server

Webservice

Server

Webservice

Virtual server167.10.11.5

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Windows 2000 Requirements

Workstation A

Workstation B Workstation CServer

Windows 2000 Professional

Minimum Requirement:- 32 MB of RAM- 650 MB of free hard drive space

Maximum Hardware specifications:- Support up to 2 processors- Support up to 4 GB of RAM

Windows 2000 Server

Minimum Requirement:-128 MB of RAM- 671 MB of free hard drive space

Maximum Hardware specifications:- Support up to 4 processors- Support up to 4 GB of RAM

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Windows 2000 Requirements

Workstation A

Workstation B

Workstation C

Server

Windows 2000 DataCenter Server

Minimum Requirement:- 256 MB of RAM- 2 GB HD with 1 GB

Maximum Hardware specifications:- Support up to 16 processors- Support up to 64 GB of RAM

Windows 2000 Advanced Server

Minimum Requirement:- 256 MB of RAM- 2 GB HD with 1 GB free

Maximum Hardware specifications:- Support up to 8 processors- Support up to 8 GB of RAM

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Summary Questions Which of the following is a Workstation OS?

a) Windows XP Professional

b) Windows 2000 Professional

c) Windows 2000 DataCenter

d) Windows Me

T or F: All application programs access Hardware through OS according to rules imposed by OS?

T or F: A user can communicate directly with the OS

T or F: Disk-Fault tolerance can be accomplished through hardware RAID or through software RAID.

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Summary Questions You are setting up a network for a company. The major

concern of the company’s CEO is being able to provide a continuous database service to its 300 employees as well as a reliable web-based ordering service to its customers all around the world.

a) What feature(s) found in Windows 2000 family products could help the company to provide uninterrupted database and ordering services? Explain.

b) Which Microsoft Windows 2000 operating system will you use to implement the two services? Why?

c) Using illustrations, show how each of the two services will work.

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Summary Questions What are the differences between

Windows 2000 family products in terms of the features they include?

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I2O Architecture

I2O = Intelligent Input/Output Moves some I/O processing activities from

CPU to processors on peripherals designed for I2O architectures (e.g. Hard drives)

One general device driver for all I2O-compliant devices

Increased speed

Win 2000Kermel

OS Service Module Hardware Device Module

I2O Adapter with processor

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Disk Contention architecture Disk Contention: # of simultaneous

Read/Write requests Could be handled through the design of disk

storage Primary design issues:

Disk Access Time (≤10 ms)Data Transfer Rate (in MBps)Type of Disk Controller (IDE, SCSI, Fiber Channel)

Disk DriveDisk Controller

Server