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WorldEnergy

Use

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Outline

1. Contexts for energy discussion.

2. Global energy use.

3. Regional energy use.

4. Global imbalance in energy use.

5. Global energy in the future.

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1. Contexts for energy discussion

Large number of different types of energy resources and their associated uses.

Problems of statistics and using these to build an accurate picture of global and regional energy availability.

Variety and complexity of environmental impacts at all stages from exploration to end use and disposal, and how these vary among energy resource types.

Separating factual information, or at least reasonable assumptions, from deliberate mis-information, and from wishful thinking .

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Contexts for energy discussion

There are many linkages between energy and important issues of our lives:

• material consumption and lifestyles.• preferred gov’t strategies re. economic growth.• national politics (eg., oil exploration in ANWR)• international politics (e.g., conflict over Kyoto).

Even the “experts” disagree on many aspects of energy production and supply.

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Concepts of resource growth & depletion

Have to take into account three factors:• annual production - a product of the previous

year’s figure plus the growth rate of the resource• cumulative production to a given date• annual depletion rate

This incorporates both ongoing production and depletion of the resource.

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Concepts of resource growth & depletion

Assumptions regarding non-renewable resource availability:• increases exponentially in use. (eg. follows human population

growth).• production levels eventually decrease compared to resource use

levels (i.e., use exceeds new discoveries).• experiences a decline in availability until eventual depletion and

exhaustion (commercial or actual).• new discoveries and other additions to economically feasible

resources influence the pattern of growth and decline.• unexpected scenarios, such as substitution or conservation.

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Three Phases of a Non-Renewable Resource

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Depletion Curve with Additional Reserves

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Impact of Conservation or Substitution

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Classification of Energy Resources

Non-Renewable

Fossil Fuels• Oil• Coal• Natural gas

Nuclear

Renewable• Hydro• Geothermal• Solar• Wind• Biomass

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2. Global Energy use

Of all demands placed on the world’s natural resource base, the most basic yet far-reaching is the need for energy.

Energy is used for:• heat for living & cooking.• lighting and refrigeration.• powering machines for industrial production.• turns motors for transportation of people and goods.

Everyone depends on daily energy for physical health and economic prosperity.

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Industrial Revolution

Pre-Industrial RevolutionEnergy reliance was based on renewable sources: primarily wood

and charcoal but also dung, peat, animal fats.

Industrial revolution -- co-development of two resources: steel and coal.

• coal provided the energy source which made large-scale production of steel possible.

• steel provided the demand that led to the use of coal to power-drive stem engines and factories.

Development of coal coincided with dwindling wood supplies, especially in the vicinity of growing urban areas.

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Coal vs. oil

Exploitation of coal came about as the result of the combination of:

• dwindling supply of the existing fuel supply.• development of a new technology which could use coal.

Early oil use:• developed in Europe and USA in 1850’s, mainly as a lubricant

for machines, partially for lighting.• 1860’s-1870’s – internal combustion engine was developed.• first autos using internal combustion engine in production by

1890’s.• by 1910, large-scale production if cars was possible.

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Late 20th century

Transition in energy use to oil resulted not from an existing shortage but from a new technology:

• energy source – oil.• technology – internal combustion engine.

World energy use expanded rapidly in second half of 20th century; driven by several factors:

• expansion of world industrial economy in post-WWII boom.• growth was broad-based (residential and commercial sectors,

industry, transport)• increased number of automobiles.

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World commercial energy supply(by end of 20th century)

Oil ____%

Nuclear ____%Hydro ____%Natural gas ____%

Coal ____%

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Top energy consumers, by country (2004)

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500

1000

1500

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USA China RussianFederation

Japan India Germany Canada France UK SouthKorea

En

erg

y u

se (

Mill

ion

ba

rre

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0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Po

pu

latio

n in

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ion

s (e

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uly

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05

)

Energy use includes oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear & hydro-electric.

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Top energy consumers, by country (2004)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

USA China RussianFederation

Japan India Germany Canada France UK SouthKorea

En

erg

y u

se (

Mill

ion

ba

rre

ls e

qu

iv.)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Po

pu

latio

n in

mill

ion

s (e

st. J

uly

20

05

)

Energy use includes oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear & hydro-electric.

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Share of total energy consumption by region (by end of 20th century)

N. America____%

C. & S. America____%

W. Europe____%

Africa____%

Japan & ANZAC____%

Middle East____%

Asia ____%E. Europe & Russia

____%

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Energy production in the20th century

Total and per capita consumption of energy have grown exponentially in the 20th century.

• _____ increase in global population.

• _____ increase in energy consumption.

Per capita global energy consumption has __________.

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Energy production in the USA

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World energy production1950-1995

Three distinct

episodes of slow

growth:

• 1973-75

• 1979-82

• 1990-93

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World total primary energy source1973 1998

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Energy consumption - USA

1 petajoule = 170,000,000 barrels of crude oil

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Overall trends in energy use

All types of energy use have varied in both production and consumption; most of this has been due to increases rather than decreases.

The relative importance of energy types has changed significantly.

There are many regional variations for all energy types.

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A bit of perspective on the BIG picture

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3. Regional energy use

North America

• _______ of world population.

• accounts for about 1/3 of world GDP.

South America

• _______________ population.

• accounts for about 5% of world GDP.

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Energy consumption in the Americas

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Energy consumption in the Americas (Btu)

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Per capita GDP spent on energy (1997)

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4. Global imbalance in energy use

Patterns of energy use vary not only temporally but spatially as well.

This has significant implications regarding:

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5. Global energy in the future

Forecasting the future of energy difficult due to:

• wishful thinking – confusion about what should happen and what will/might happen.

• uncertainty – future cannot be foretold because:

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Assumptions about the future of energy• economics & price.• future discoveries.• development of new technologies.• economic growth.• people’s attitudes, values, energy-using behaviour.• choices that are made in related areas, e.g.,

greenhouse gases, other air pollutants, etc.• global political scene (OPEC,US foreign policy).

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Next Class

Hydro Energy