GUIDELINE FOR THESIS WRITING

OCTOBER, 2017

ANKARA

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

These writing rules have been prepared in order to provide a unity in writing the thesis of

the graduate students completed in various branches of Ankara Yildirim Beyazit

University Institute of Science. Graduate and doctoral dissertations to be submitted to

Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Institute of Science and Technology are written in

accordance with the principles stated in this guide. This thesis writing guide organizes the

format of the theses to be written at Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University and includes

examples or templates for writing thesis.

Post-graduate students who are to prepare master's and doctoral thesis must comply with

the guidelines which are intended to be outlined in this booklet.

1.1 Basic Information

• When a direct citation is made in the thesis text without any further work, the original

source must be accompanied by an appropriate reference. Also, the resource you refer to

in the text should definitely be in the resources section.

• Academic ethics must be strictly adhered to in the preparation and writing of the thesis.

• Similarly, every source in the resource section must be included in the text.

• It is extremely important to apply correct spelling and grammar rules to the thesis

writing language.

• If the language of the program in which the student graduates is 100% English, the

thesis must be written in English. If the language of the program is not 100% of

English, it should be written in the language specified in the "Thesis Subject and / or

Advisor Change Notification Form - Thesis Subject / Title" option in Turkish or

English.

• In the writing of the thesis, Microsoft Office, Open Office, Latex etc. professional

electronic document preparation programs should be used.

1

1.2 General Rules for typing English

• Punctuation marks should be followed by a space of one character.

• In decimal number format, if the language is Turkish, a comma (for example, one-and-

a-half) is placed between the numbers, and if the language is English, a dot is inserted

between the numbers.

• The words should not be split at the end of the line, if it should be split, the word is

taken down next line and sentence followed.

• If the subheading is at the end of the page, there should be at least two lines from the

subheading, or the subheading appear on the new page.

1.3 Science Institute Delivery Office

• MS and PhD students apply for approval to the institute thesis control unit with two

copies of thesis (Word / Latex - 80 gram - softcover-spiral) before thesis defense

examination.

• After the thesis control unit has made the first check according to the thesis writing

rules, one of the thesis copies is returned to the student. The student makes the

corrections stated in the thesis control form together with the corrections given in the

thesis defense examination. Before the theses are bound, a spiral copy of the thesis is

brought to the institute thesis control unit for the second control.

• After the thesis control unit approves the thesis, the thesis should be delivered to the

Institute together with other necessary documents (Graduation papers).

2

CHAPTER 2

TECHNICAL ISSUES OF FORMATTING AND WRITING

2.1 Paper Standards

"A4" (210x297 mm) standard paper is used for the writing and printing of theses to be

prepared. The theses should preferably be reproduced on a 90-100 gram white, first dough

paper without deteriorating their properties, and the copies should be clear and legible.

Color code of external cover; # 10AFCD for master's theses, #XXXXX for dissertations.

2.2 Page Usage

• The back side of the paper should not be used.

• Paper Layout; internal cover, table of contents, main text, and references should have

margin 3 cm on top and bottom, 2,5 cm right sides and 4 cm on the left, except on

external cover.

2.3 Font and Text Size

• Text font should be Times New Roman and text size is 12. In the pages for the first

section of thesis (cover, thesis result form, thanks, abstract etc.), different font size and

format (bold, italic, etc.) can be used in the title and subheadings, tables, figures,

footnotes, attachments and equations. For detailed information, see the following

examples of related sections.

• Italic writing format should only be used in situations such as special emphasis, foreign

words, technical terms, mathematical expressions.

2.4 Line Spacing and Text/Paragraph Order

• In the section text, line spacing should be set to be 1.5 spacing.

• The text should be justified on both sides of the page.

• Line indent should not be used for paragraphs. Paragraph spacing should be set to 12

points before and after the paragraph from paragraph attributes section.

2.5 Page Numbering

3

As explained in Chapter 3, the thesis consists of three parts. These are the Preliminary

Section, Text Section and Final Section. The page numbering for these sections should be

done as follows.

• The page number of the external cover will not be given.

• Preliminary section pages should be numbered with small roman numbers (i, ii, iii, ...).

• Numbering starts from the internal cover, but the page number will not be shown on

the internal cover.

• The text section and the final section pages should be numbered with the Latin

numbers (0,1, ... 9) and the top right corner of the page.

• The page number should begin with 1 and the numbering from the Chapter 1 to the last

page should be made.

4

CHAPTER 3

PARTS OF THESIS

3.1 ORDER OF PRESENTATION OF THE PARTS OF THESIS

The contents and order of the thesis sections are shown in Table 3.1.

Tablo 3.1 Presentation sequence of thesis partsPage Number

(all page

numbers

should be

written in the

top right

corner)

DESCRIPTIONS

OUTER COVER not numberedThe final thesis should be submitted to the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences with a hardcover (clothbound).

INNER COVERi (is not

written)The content and layout should be the same as the outer cover.

THESIS EXAMINATION

RESULT FORMii

Students who are successful in the thesis examination should sign and confirm the result form of the advisor, jury member, title, surname and university information to the advisor and jury members.

ETHICAL DECLARATION iii It should be noted that the thesis is compatible with ethical rules.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Roman num.It is completely a page of the graduate student and contains explanations and acknowledgments about the thesis.

ABSTRACT Roman num.

Under the heading ABSTRACT, the thesis English summary should be included and finally the keywords should be found. Words that define what is meant as a keyword should be selected. The word "Keywords" should be written in bold.

ÖZ (In Turkish) Roman num.

Under the title of ÖZ, the thesis should have a Turkish summary and eventually the key words should be found. Words that define what is meant as a keyword should be selected. "Anahtar Kelimeler" should be written in bold.

CONTENTS Roman num.The titles of the front pages under the heading CONTENTS, the title of the thesis and the titles of the subsections and the titles of the last pages should be given together with the page numbers.

5

LIST OF SYMBOLS Roman num. It is prepared in alphabetical order under the title Abbreviation.

LIST OF TABLES Roman num. Under the TABLE LIST title, table number, table description and page number information are prepared.

LIST OF FIGURES Roman num.Under the FIGURE LIST title, shape number is prepared by giving shape description and page number information.

INTRODUCTION

Starts with 1

and uses Latin

numbers

This section should contain information that prepares the reader for the topic. The purpose and scope of the research that is the basis of the examination should also be clearly stated in this section. Introduction section; Should consist of three subsections: "Literature Summary", "Aim of the Thesis" and "Hypothesis" (or "Findings", "Original Contribution" according to the author's preference).

OTHER CHAPTERSLatin num.

This is the part of the thesis between "INTRODUCTION" and "RESULTS" sections. The theoretical foundation of the subject, the feature, the material and method used are given in the main text and consists of the sections and subdivisions according to the details of the study. The number of episodes and subsections is left to the author's choice.

RESULTSLatin num.

In this section, the results obtained from the thesis study should be written as clearly as possible. Comparison and discussion of the results with previous studies and results clearly emphasizes the link between the results and the theoretical basis.

REFERENCESLatin num. Sources referred to in the thesis text (referenced

publication) should be numbered under the heading "RESOURCES" under the title of use in the thesis.

APPENDICESLatin num.

If is there any information that is not required to be included in the text, the project which is larger than the normal page and which is not intended to be reduced or is impossible, they are written at the end of the "SOURCES" section as shown in the thesis template.

CURRICULUM VITAE Latin num. It should include information about the student's personal information, education and training, and also where he / she has works.

6

3.2 Presections

3.2.1 Outer Cover

• The usage area of the thesis cover page is the same as the usage area given in the 2.2

Page Usage Area heading.

• All text on the cover page should be written in bold.

• The name of the university and the name of the institute on the outer cover (upper case,

16 points, 6 points before and after 1.5 line), logo, thesis title (upper case, 16 point,

upper case, 6 points before and after 1.5 line), author (only initials are upper case,16

point, 6 points before and after 1.5 line), department of the author (only initials are

upper case,16 point, 6 points before and after 1.5 line) the date of publication of the

dissertation (only initials are upper case, 12 points, 6 points before and after 1.5 line)

and the place of publication (ANKARA, 12 points, upper case, 6 lines before and after

the line spacing of 1.5).

• Times New Roman fonts should be used in all manuscripts.

• Abbreviation should not be used in the thesis writer and must be the same as the

registered name-surname of the institute.

• The margins should be 1.5 cm from all edges.

• See example of outer cover in Appendix-1.

3.2.2 Side edge of the outer cover

The design of the side edge of the outer cover should be placed from top to bottom in the

order of month, year, department, student name and top logo of our university to be

suitable for the design of the front cover. The logo can be enlarged according to the

thickness of the thesis.

3.2.3 Inner Cover

• The usage area of the thesis cover page is the same as the usage area given in the 2.2

Page Usage Area heading.

7

• The layout and format example for the internal cover page should be changed only by

the student's own information. All spelling features (point, capital, etc.) must be

preserved. See appendix-2 for the inner cover example.

3.2.4 Thesis Examination Result Form

• Examples of thesis examination result forms are given in website of institute and

appendix.

• If there are more than 2 juries in the thesis defense examination, the addition should be

made on the same page without disrupting the formatting order.

• Six and eight copies of master and doctoral thesis are asked by the institute respectively.

Fort this reason, corresponding number of copies must be signed by the jury members.

• Signed pages 90-100 gr. attention should be paid to the standard of the paper.

• Attention should be paid to the signing of the signatures with a blue ink pen.

• The title of the thesis must be the same as the title on the cover page.

• The name of the learner must be the same as the name in the official register of the

institute and the thesis must be used in the same way.

• The names and surnames of the advisor, jury, thesis monitoring committee members

should be written in capital letters while writing their names.

• All titles should be given in English theses in English and Turkish theses with Turkish abbreviations

3.2.5 Ethical declaration

The statement of ethics should be written as given in attachment- 4, and the name and signature of the author should be declared under it.

3.2.6 Acknowledgements

• Those who have contributed to the thesis work should be thanked.• Name and surname of the people who are thanked should be stated.• Technical and scientific writing should be should be preserved with short and abstract

statements.• If the thesis is in Turkish then the title should be “TEŞEKKÜR” and if the thesis is

written in English then the title should be "ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS".

8

• On the bottom line, the name and surname of the author of the thesis and the SIGNATURE should be left aligned, and the date is right aligned.

• If the thesis is supported within the scope of a project, the project name, project number and supporting institution / organization must be clearly indicated in this section.

• An example of acknowledgement in English is given in Appendix - 5.

3.2.7 Öz [Abstract]

• This part should not exceed a page with the key words and expressions and key words of the study.

• The text should be 12 pt in Times New Roman with character line 1.5.• Mathematical expressions will not be used in the essence. (For example “percent”

instead of “%”, "water" instead of "H2O", "sodium chloride" instead of "NaCl" etc.)• First line of this part is the name of the thesis with Times New Roman font, 14 pt.,

bold, centered, single line spacing, paragraph spacing 6 pt before and after spacing and “Abstract” and “Öz” should be written 12 pt, bold, centered, single line spacing and paragraph features should be 6 points before and after the interval.

• "Key words" should be written in Times New Roman font, 12 font size, with bold letters per line.

• First Keyword and special names begin with capital letter, next key words will be written in lower case.

• See attachment 7 for an example

3.2.8 Nomenclature, Tables, Figures

If there are abbreviations, tables, figures and symbols in the text, relevant lists should be created. These lists should be prepared with 1 line spacing with 6, then 6 nk spacing.Lists such as catalogs, periodicals, lists of sources in electronic media, lists of personal interviews, etc. can not be listed in a separate list in the thesis.

See attachment 9 for an example.

3.2.9 Contents

The title of this section, "CONTENTS", should be written in capital letters, bold, 14 point and left aligned. The title should be 12 points before and after the range of 1.5 lines. Other parts besides the title should be 6 points before and after paragraph in single line range. Page numbers should be right-aligned. The Thesis Conclusion Form, Ethics Declaration, Acknowledgment, Abstract, Öz, Terminology, Table List, Figure list expressions in this page should be written in capital letters and 12 points. All headings, references and appendices (if any) in major sections must be written in capital letters, 12 pt and bold.

9

Each main section used in the text of the thesis and the lower section headings of the main section together with the title number should be written (not bold). The headings of the main sections should be placed at the leftmost of the page, and the heads of the lower sections should be placed 0.5 cm to the right for each different grade. Between the headings and the relevant page numbers must be filled with dots.

See attachment 8 for an example

3.2.10 List of Tables

The headline should be 14 pt, upper case, bold, before and after 1.5 pt line space should be 12 pt. Other parts except title should be 6 point before and after 12 point single line range. Table name and number (eg Table 2.1) should be written in bold, 12 pt. Page numbers should be right-aligned. The tables in the thesis should be listed in the thesis text according to the order of placement and the table number. For example, Table 2.3 should be written for the third table in the second chapter. Where table headings do not fit on a line, the heading should continue from the beginning of the table heading rather than the beginning of the line on the line below.

See attachment 10 for an example

3.2.11 List of Figures

The title of this section, "LIST OF FIGURES" should be 14 pt, capital letter, bold, 12 pt before and after the range of 1.5 lines. Other parts except title should be 6 point before and after 12 point single line range. Page numbers should be right-aligned. Figures in the thesis should be listed in the thesis text according to the order of placement and the figure number. For example, Figure 2.3 should be written for the third figure in the second chapter. Where the figure headers do not fit on a line, the heading should continue from the beginning of the figure heading rather than from the beginning of the line on the line below.

See attachment 11 for an example

3.3 Thesis Text

3.3.1 Writing thesis and contents of chapters

In theses SI (International System of Units) units will be used, if necessary MKS (Meter Kilogram Second) equivalents in units are given in parentheses. Each symbol is defined in the first place in the text. In theses, first-person narration is not used except in the preface

10

and footnotes. Thesis is prepared in computer environment and the output is taken from laser or ink jet printer. Typing with a typewriter and dot-matrix printer output are not accepted.

No part of the dissertation, manual or typewritten corrections, scratches, or excavations are accepted. No part of the dissertation, manual or typewritten corrections, scratches, or excavations are accepted. The tables, forms and formulas in the thesis are created in computer environment. Such shapes are not corrected manually. Long attachments longer than 10 pages can be given as an attachment to the CD or DVD if requested. The discs are placed in a pocket (CD envelope) to be made inside the rear cardboard cover of the throne. Such discs are given information about the content, for example, with the CD pencil (Example: Name Surname, Appendix 1: Computer Programming ......).

3.3.2 Numerating chapters and headlines

In theses, titles will be numbered with "decimal system". In the theses, the main chapters will be written as Chapter No. and the title will be written on the bottom line. Chapter No is 24 points and should be 1,5 line spacing, before and after the interval must be zero. If the bottom line is chapter heading, it should be 16 points, 1.5 line spacing, before the interval 12 and after the interval must be zero nk.

Headings should start with the number of the section in which they are relevant, and the subtitles should start with the heading of the chapter and title that it belongs to. 2. Degree title is based on left, 14 point, word initials are bold; 3. Degree title based on left, 12 point font, capital letters, bold; 4. Degree title based on left, 12 point font, capital letters, italic; the 5th degree title should be left-aligned, 12 point font, capitalized, italic.

The titles of abstracts in Turkish and English should be centered. Titles at the fifth and lower levels are not numbered, they are not included in the table of contents.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

2.1 Kimyasal Çökeller (14 punto, 1,5 line space, before and after 12 punto)

2.1.1 Karbonatlar (12 punto, 1,5 line space, before and after 12 punto)

2.1.1.1 Karbonatlar (12 punto, 1,5 line space, before and after 12 punto, italic)

11

3.3.3 Figures and Tables

All figures and tables in the thesis must be cited in the thesis text.In the theses, the tables and figures should be centered within the area of use of the paper.All information in tables and figures should be of readable size.The table number and the superscript, the figure number and the subtitle may exceed the figure size.

In the subtitles of Figures and Tables, the first letter of the first word must be capitalized, and the first letters of the other words should start with a lowercase letter. Figures and table numbers and subtitles should be written in size 10 pt.The top letters of the table should be 6 points in the range of 1.5 lines before the 12 point and the figures should be 24 points after the 12 point before the line of 1.5. When enumerating, the first number should be the number of the main section in which the figure or table is located, and the second number should be the number of the position (order) in the main section. For example, the 5th table of the 4th main section should be written in the form of "Table 4.5".The figures or tables taken as a picture from any work in the thesis must be legible and the figure / table side lines should be placed.

Table 2.5 Kernel functions and representions

Type of kernel Representation of kernel

Polynomial K ( xs , x )=[ xT x s+c ]p , c ≥0 , p>1

Gaussian K ( xs , x )=e¿ , σ>0¿

Sigmoid K ( xs , x )=tanh ( p . xT xs+q ) , p>0∧q<0

Chapter NoTable no

12

Figure 2.4 Sigmoidal functions with different slopes

More than one table or figure can be placed on the same page. However, more than 4 pages of tables or figures should be declared as appendix. If footnotes should be used in tables, they should be written with 1 line spacing and 10 points. In the case of tables and figures of size exceeding one page, the same table / figure number and description should be written on the 2nd page, between the table / figure number and the description, in parentheses (continue). (For example, Table 1.1 (continued): Metal contents in waste, Figure 1.1 (continued): Water network of Istanbul).

Pages that break the layout of the thesis by increasing the page thickness, such as folded pages and visual material attached on the page, should be given in the attachments section.See attachment 10 and 11 for examples of list of tables and figures.

3.4 Equations

The equations are written in the equation editor and in accordance with the following rules.Equations are written in Times New Roman with 1.5 line spacing. Italic can be written according to preference. Before and after the equations, a 12 point spacing is left. The equations start from inside 1 cm from the left.

Equations are numbered sequentially starting from 1, provided that chapter number is the first number in the relevant section. These numbers are shown in bold and in the first section (1.1), (1.2), in the second section (2.1), (2.2) and in the bottom line of the same equation where the equation (1.1a) and (1.1b) to the right. The equations given in the appendix section are numbered by specifying the section they are given. (Example: A.1.1, A.1.2).

13

3.5 Citing in the text

Numbers in square brackets are used when citing in the text. When enumerating, the first source is given a number [1] in square brackets, placed outside the ending parenthesis of the circle. Subsequent resources are continued by giving the next number.

If the citation numbers follow each other, a hyphen (-) sign is placed between the numbers of the first and last citation. For example, if quotations from 4 to 9 are quoted, this is indicated in the text as follows: [4-9].

If the citations to be quoted are more than one and not in succession, the citation numbers are written with a comma (,) sign. For example, if citations from sources 3, 5, and 12 are cited, this is indicated in the text as [3,5,12].

If the citation numbers follow each other (e.g. from 2 to 5) and also from different citations exist (e.g. 10th and 15th sources), this is shown as: [2-5, 10,15].

All citations used in the text should be given in full bibliography in the bibliography section. When cited to scientific publications attention should be paid to: Whenever the text is quoted, the original source and all citations made in the text shall be made at the bibliography as well.

When it is deemed necessary, a part of the original researcher's publication can be transferred without making any mistakes, and the source of the quotation must be specified both in the text and in the bibliography. If a text is taken from another source without reference, this is covered by plagiarism. We need to pay attention to this ethical rule.

Long quotes that are more than forty words are not displayed in quotes. Long claws are given 1 tab (1.27 cm) left from the inside. In the long quotes provided, characters smaller than 2 font characters are used. However, very frequent and long quotes should be avoided.

3.6 ReferencesWhile preparing the References section, the information necessary for the reader to obtain information about an citation found in the thesis must be fully specified. Publications that are not cited in the thesis text should not be listed in reference list. It is also often referred to as abbreviated names of periodical journals commonly known in the literature during the writing of references. The author can also use widely accepted journal abbreviations (eg IEEE Trans on Veh. However, if the commonly accepted form of acronym is unknown, the name of the journal should be clearly written (eg IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology). The same author (s) on the list must rank publications in different years from the most recent date. Publications of the same author (s) must be ordered by letters a, b, c following the publication year (eg 1998a, 1998b).

14

There should be 1 line spacing in the references, 12 spaces between two consecutive sources. The following are examples of how the documents referred to above are written in the "REFERENCES". An example of the sources is given in Appendix 12.

Books with single author

FormulaLast name of the author, Initial letter of the author's name. Name of the book (italic)

(Number of prints). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of issue

Reference

Mete Gundogan, “Sekiz Deniz Yaylası: Alternatif Bir Ekonomi-Politik Yapılandırma

Önerisi”, (Eight Sea Pasture: An Alternative Economy-Politic System Proposal),

Nobel Yayınları, ISBN 975.7726.73, 392 sayfa/pages, Ankara 2009.

Books with two authors

Formula

First author's last name, first name's first letter. and the surname of the second author,

the first letter of the name. Name of the book (italic) (Number of prints). Place of

Publication: Publisher. Date of issue

ReferenceÇankaya İ., Akgün D., “MATLAB ile Meslek Matematiği”, Seçkin Yayıncılık San.

Ve Tic. A.Ş., Ankara, ISBN: 978-975-02-0839-3, Ekim 2008.

Books with three authors

Formula

First author's last name, first name's first letter, second author's last name, first name's

first letter. and the surname of the third author, the first letter of the name. Name of

the book (italic) (Number of prints). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of issue

ReferenceGündoğan M., Karayılmazlar S., Küçükönder H., Apaydın F., Ceyhan S., Kırmacı V. “Batı Karadeniz Gemi İnşa ve Entegre Sanayii Sektör Analizi”, Bartın Üniversitesi Yayınları No:9, ISBN 978-605-60882-7-8, 478 sayfa, Bartın.

Translated Book

FormülAuthor's surname, First Initial. (Year) Name of book (italic) (Number of press). (First initial of Translater.Lastname of Translater). Place of Publication: Publisher. Original Date of publish

Reference Neaman, D. (2012). Yarıiletken Fiziği. (2. Baskı) (A. Ateş, M. Sağlam) Aktif Yayınevi. (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 2003.)

15

Reference Taha, H.A., (2017) Yöneylem Araştırması (9th Edition) (Ş.A. Baray and Ş.Esnaf, Trans.) Literatür Yayıncılık, (Original work published 1971.)

Book Chapter

Formula Author's surname, First Initial. Name of chapter. Name of book(italic) (cited)pages in (Print edition). Where Press: Name of press. Date of publish

Reference Paksoy, T., Özceylan, E., Tam Zamanında Dağıtım: Milkrun. Tedarik Zinciri Yönetim. (2. Baskı) içinde (135-159). Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi. 2012

ReferenceBelen, R. ve Taşkaya Temizel T. A Framework to Detect Disguised Missing Data. Knowledge Discovery Practices and Emerging Applications of Data Mining: Trends and New Domains. (1st Edition) pp. (1-22). Information Science Reference. 2011

Books with single editor

Formula Editor's Last Name, Editor's First Name. (Ed.) Name of the book (italic) (Number of prints). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of issue

Reference Karancı, A. N. (Ed.). Farklılıkla yaşamak aile ve toplumun farklı gereksinimleri olan bireylerle birlikteliği. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları. 1997

Reference Posner, M. I. (Ed.). Foundations of cognitive science (6th ed.). Massathuchetts: MIT Press. 1998

Books with two editors

FormulaFirst editor's last name, first name's first letter. and second editor's surname, first name's first letter. (Ed.). Name of the book (italic) (Number of prints). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of issue

Reference Savaşır, I. Ve Şahin, N. H. (Ed.). Bilişsel- davranışçı terapilerde değerlendirme: Sık kullanılan ölçekler. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları. 1997

Reference Goldstein, W. M., & Hogarth, R. (Eds.). Research on judging and decision making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997

Books with more than two editors

FormulaFirst editor's surname, First name's first name, Second editor's surname, First name's first letter and Third editor's surname, First name's first letter. (Ed.). Name of the book (italic) (Number of prints). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of issue

Reference Ayvaşık, B., Er, N. M., Kışlak, Ş. T. Ve Erkuş, A. (Ed.). Psikoloji terimleri sözlüğü. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları. 2000

Reference Pinker, S. Language acquisition. In M. I. Posner, (Ed.). Foundations of cognitive science (6th ed.) (359-400). Massachusetts: MIT Press. 1998

16

Chapter from boks with single editor

FormulaLast name of the author, Initial letter of the author's name. Department name. The initials of your editor's name. The last name of the editor is (Ed.) In the name of the book (italic) (Section page interval). (Number of prints). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of issue

ReferenceSucuoğlu, B. Özürlü çocukların aileleri ile yapılan çalışmalar. A. N. Karancı, (Ed.), Farklılıkla yaşamak aile ve toplumun farklı gereksinimleri olan bireylerle birlikteliği içinde (35-56). Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları. 1997

Reference Pinker, S. Language acquisition. In M. I. Posner, (Ed.). Foundations of cognitive science (6th ed.) (359-400). Massachusetts: MIT Press. 1998

Papers with single author in periodics

Formula First author's surname, First Initial. Article’s title. Periodics Name, Volume(italik), (publication number) page range. Published date

Reference Karal, O. Maximum likelihood optimal and robust Support Vector Regression with lncosh loss function. Neural Networks, (94), 1-12. 2017

Papers with two authors in periodics

FormulaFirst author's surname, First Initial., Second author's surname, First Initial. Article’s title. Periodics Name, Volume(italik), (publication number) page range. Published date

ReferenceŞahin, A. B., & Bulur, H. G. Simulation of locating buried objects via fringe pattern-based measurements in an optical fiber sensor-integrated continuous-wave ground-penetrating radar system. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, (1), 23, 28-37. 2015

Papers with three authors in periodics

FormulaFirst author's surname, First Initial., Second author's surname, First Initial., Third author's surname, First Initial. Article’s title. Periodics Name, Volume(italik), (publication number) page range. Published date

ReferenceYucel, M., Goktas, H. H., & Celebi, F. V. Design and implementation of fuzzy logic based automatic gain controller for EDFAs. Optik-International Journal for Light and Electron Optics,  (18), (125) 5450-5453. 2014

Papers with more than six authors in periodics

FormulaFirst author's surname, First Initial., Second author's surname, First Initial., Third author's surname, First Initial. and Forth author's surname, First Initial. Fifth author’s surname, First initial., Sixth author’s surname, First initial., and others. Article’s title. Periodics Name, Volume(italik), (publication number) page range. Published date

Reference Başçelik, B. E., Demirutku, K., Gültekin, D., Işık, E., Kayabaş, E., Özgün, A., ve diğer. Evrenin görünmeyen yamyamları: Karadelikler. Pivolka, 1 (1), 6. 2002

17

ReferenceWright, G. N., Philips, L. D., Whalley, P. C., Choo, G. T., Ng, K., Tan, I., et al. Cultural differences in probabilistic thinking. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 9 (3), 285-299.

Web Site

FormulaAuthor's surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Title (italic) Date Retrieved,web address. Year Published.

Reference İlter, H. K. kilter.online. 11 Şubat 2004, http://www.baskent.edu.tr/~kilter. 9 Şubat 2004

Reference Walker, J. R. MLA – style citations of electronic sources. Retrieved October 26, 1995, from http.//www.cas.usf.edu/english/walker/mla.html. 1995

Papers from periodics on the internet

Formula Author's surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Article’s title. Journal Name, Volume (italic), page range. Research Date, web address. Year Published

ReferenceGhatak U. K. Performance Management of Social Business for Sustainable Development –A Proportional Study. International Journal of Lean Thinking cilt 8 sayı 1. Mart, 2017, http://thinkinglean.com/img/files/PMS.pdf. Haziran, 2017

Reference

Karaoglan, I. A branch-and-cut algorithm for the vehicle routing problem with multiple use of vehicles. International Journal of Lean Thinking vol. 6 issue 1. March, 2015, http://thinkinglean.com/img/files/A_branch-and-cut_algorithm_for_the_vehicle_routing_problem_with_multiple_use_of_vehicles.pdf. June, 2015

Journal paper from database, single author

Formula Author's surname, First Initial. Second Initial., Article’s title. Journal Name, Volume (issue), page range. Date Retrieved, The name of the database. Year Published

Reference Karakaya Ö. Education as sustainability. Environmental Education Research, 7, 153-165. Retrieved June 22, 2001, from ERIC database. 2001

Journal paper from database, single author, two or more authors

FormulaFirst author's surname, First Initial., Second author's surname, First Initial., Third author's surname, First Initial. and Forth author's surname, First Initial. Article’s title. Journal Name, Volume, page range. Date Retrieved, The name of the database. Year Published

ReferenceŞahin, H. C., Kaya, M. A., Erdoğan, S. H., Mutlu, E. D., & Aslan, L. A. Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2003, from PsycArticles data base. 1997

Non-Continuous Internet Publication Article

Formula Author's surname, First Initial. Article title. Research Date. Web address. Publish date

18

Reference Kökdemir, D. Rüyalar ve olasılıklar. 21 Kasım 2003, http://www.elyadal.org/dedektif/ruya2.htm. 2 Kasım 2003

ReferenceCarlson, E. (Study suggests interplay of gene, stress can predict depression. Retrieved February 20, 2004, from http://www.news.wisc.edu/story.php?get=8766. July 17, 2003

Online book

Formula Author's surname, First Initial. Name of the book. Date Retrieved, web address. Date

Reference

Hertrampf U, Kufleitner M, Rosenberger G. Discrete Algebraic Methods : Arithmetic, Cryptography, Automata And Groups. Accessed December 7, 2017. Available from: eBook Academic Collection Trial, Ipswich, MA. (http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook?sid=f7bd5ea8-051b-499b-a13e-e1c8739ef344%40sessionmgr120&vid=3&rid=3&format=EK). 2016.

Online Newspaper Paper

Formula Author's surname, First Initial. Name of the Newspaper. Date Retrieved, web address. Full publish date

Reference Batur, A. ve Yüksel, G. Namus borcu ödendi. Milliyet. 22 Eylül 2003,http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2000/06/14/yasam/yasa.html. 14 Haziran 2000

ReferencePopper, N. Bitcoin Hasn’t Replaced Cash, but Investors Don’t Care. Nytimes.com. Accessed 7 December 2017. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/technology/bitcoin

Internet document without author and date

Formula [Description of article]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://Web Address

Reference United Arab Emirates architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.uaeinteract.com/

Reference U.S. flood risk could be worse than we thought. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://time.com/3973256/flooding-risk-coastal-cities/

Forum messages on the internet

FormulaAuthor. (Date). Title of article. Title of the resource. Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ or doi:0000000/000000000000 or http://dx.doi.org/10.0000/0000

Reference Frook, B. D. (2017, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25]. Message posted to http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html

Reference Simons, D. J. (2000, July 14). New resources for visual cognition [Online forum comment]. Message posted to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/visualcognition/

19

message/31

Official publications

Formula The name of the institution in which the official publication was published. The name of the article (Printed serial number). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date

Reference Turkish Standards Institution. Solar-energy potential in Turkey (TSE Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Ankara, Turkey; Government Printing Office. 1990

Tez

Formül Author's surname, First Initial. Title. Unpublished masters / doctoral dissertation, University name. Date

Reference İpek, C. Resmi liseler ile özel liselerde örgütsel kültür ve öğretmen-öğrenci ilişkisi. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. 1999

ReferenceKaral, O. Piecewise affine and support vector models for robust and low complex regression, Unpublished masters / doctoral dissertation, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi. 2011

Encyclopedia papers

Formula Author's surname, First Initial. Title. Name of the Encyclopedia. (volume, page range). Place of Publication: Publisher. Date

Reference Arcaklıoğlu, E. Thermodynamic. In The New Encyclopedia of Engineering (54, 128-134). Ankara: AYBU. 2013

Reference Arcaklıoğlu, E. Thermodynamic. In The New Encyclopedia of Engineering (54, 128-134). Ankara: AYBU. 2013

News or articles with author

Formula Author's surname, First Initial. Article’s title. Journal Name, Page range. Date Retrieved, Year Published

Reference Türker, Y. Godot’nun 50 yılı. Radikal İki. 3. 2 Şubat 2003

Reference Schwartz, J. Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, p. A1-A4. 1993, September 30.

News or articles without author

Formula Title of article. Name of the newspapers, page number. Date

Reference Karar seçimi etkilemez. Radikal, 6. 24 Ocak 2003

20

Reference Wait till ice cream trucks get wind of this. The New York Times, p. F2. 2007, November 21.

Brochure

Formula Last name, First initial(s) or Organization Name (if given). (Date.) Title of brochure [Brochure]. Place: Publisher.

ReferenceTürk Psikologlar Derneği. Depremin psikolojiksonuçlarını hafifletme (4. Baskı) [Broşür]. Türk Psikologlar Derneği Deprem Özel Çalışma Grubu: Yazar. 1999

Reference Work and Income New Zealand. (2000). Guidelines for interview preparation [Brochure]. Wellington, New Zealand: Author

National or international video record or movie

FormulaSurname of producer, First Initial (Producer). Director’s surname, the first letter of the director's name. Name of the movie [Film]. Production place: Producer Agency. Date

Reference Akpınar, N. (Yapımcı), Erdoğan, Y. (Yönetmen). Vizontele Tuba [Film]. Türkiye: BKM Film. 2004

Reference Schwartau W. (Producer), Schwartau A.(Director). Hackers Are People Too [Film]. USA: Managed Mischief, Flat Nine Studios. 8 August 2008.

Video record or movie with limited access

FormulaSurname of producer, First Initial (Producer). Director’s surname, the first letter of the director's name. Name of the video movie [Film]. (Producer Agency, Address). Date

ReferenceAksoy, D. (Yapımcı). Başkent Tanıtım Filmi [Film]. (Başkent Üniversitesi Bilgi İşlem Daire Başkanlığı, Başkent Üniversitesi Bağlıca Kampusu Eskişehir Yolu 20. Km 06530 Etimesgut/ ANKARA). 2003

ReferenceHarris, M. (Producer), & Turley, M. J. (Director). Writing Labs: A History [Motion picture]. (Available from Purdue University Pictures, 500 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907). 2002

Television Programme

Formula Surname of producer, First Initial (Producer). Name of programme. [Television Programme]. Published on: Publisher. Release date

Reference Suna, N. (Producer). Anadolu Mücevher Sanatı. [Television Programme]. Ankara: TRT. 7 November 2003

Reference Important, I. M. (Producer). The Nightly News Hour. [Television broadcast]. New York: Central Broadcasting Service. 1990, November 1

Voice Record

21

Formula

Last name of the composer, Initial letter of the composer's name. (Copyright date). Name of the work [Name of the vocal artist/speaker "recorded by" - If the composer and the vocal artist/speaker are different people]. The name of the album. [record type]. Location: Company name. (Registration date is different from the date of copyright, date of registration)

Reference Selçuk, M. N. (1999). Aziz İstanbul. Üstad [CD]. İstanbul: YKY Müzik.

Reference Okuyucu, H. (2015). Engineering ethics [Recorded by Mehmet Baran]. Lecture Notes [CD]. Ankara: AYBU Music Limited.

3.8 Footnotes

Theses may contain extender, reinforcer or additional information (content footnote). Put footnote numbers at the end of the quotation. If the quotation is a paragraph or footnote number, it must be put on the last sentence of the paragraph, if the quotation is a concept or a noun, then it must be written on the concept or the name immediately. Footnote number in the text should appear as above1 the line alignment. No punctuation marks should be placed after the number. The footnote should be written 10 points.

An interval between footnote line and footnote number should be placed as the footnote number and the footnote must be separated by half a distance from the first line. Footnotes should be separated from the text by a thin horizontal line. Detailed information about the footnotes can be found on the institute's websites and related links.

3.9 Appendices

Attachments are given using alphabet letters. (Example: Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C). Subsections of appendices can be stated as Appendix A1, Appendix A2, Appendix B1, Appendix B2. In the first part of the appendix section, a cover page with the title APPENDIX is prepared and listed with the numbers and names of the appendices in the appendix. Each additional section begins with the number and name of that attachment like Appendix A Appendix name .............. .

The tables and figures given in the appendices are numbered under the name of the section they are in. (Example: Table A.1, Table A.2, Figure A.1, Figure A.2) The equations given in the appendix are numbered under the name of the section they are in. (Example: (A 1.1), (A 1.2)) Maps and similar attachments larger than A4 size should be given in this section, not in the text. Additions such as index, dictionary should be given in this section. CD inserts should be placed in a pocket to be affixed to the back of the skin and the name of the thesis owner should be added in addition to the cover page to be prepared for the inserts with an additional number. (Example: Appendix C Computer program CD) The sample attachments are given in Appendix 13.

22

3.10 Cirriculum Vitae

Name, surname, license and post graduate (dated) information should be indicated. Photo, birthplace and date, address, e-mail address, professional experience, awards, publications, patents may be given on request. The list of publications and presentations derived from the thesis study must be written in bold letters and listed according to the writing rules of the sources under the heading of PRESENT ORGANIZED SOURCES / PRESENTATION. The publications and presentations in this list are not included in the author's public publication list. The resume section is prepared according to the format given in the thesis template.

23

APPENDICESEk-1 Outer Cover

Ek-2 Inner Cover

Ek-3 Thesis Examination Result Form

Ek-4 Ethical Declaration

Ek-5 Acknowledgements

Ek-6 Abstract

Ek-7 Öz

Ek-8 Contents

Ek-9 Nomenclature

Ek-10 List of Tables

Ek-11 List of Figures

Ek-12 References

Ek-13 Appendices

Ek-14 Cirriculum Vitae

Ek-15 Side of the outer cover

24

ÖRNEK

ANKARA YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES

FIRST AND SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF COMPACT HEAT

EXCHANGERS USED FOR INTERCOOLING PURPOSES

M.Sc. Thesis by

Ahmet Yasin SEDEF

Department of Mechanical Engineering

January, 2017

ANKARA

Appendix -1 Outer Cover

ÖRNEK

FIRST AND SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF COMPACT

HEAT EXCHANGERS USED FOR INTERCOOLING

PURPOSES

A Thesis Submitted to

The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of

Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science

in Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering

by

Ahmet Yasin SEDEF

January, 2017

ANKARA

M.Sc. THESIS EXAMINATION RESULT FORM

We have read the thesis entitled “FIRST AND SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF

COMPACT HEAT EXCHANGERS USED FOR INTERCOOLING

PURPOSES” completed by AHMET YASİN SEDEF under the supervision of

Appendix -2 Inner Cover

Appendix -3 Thesis Examination Result Form

ASSIST. PROF. DR. KEMAL BİLEN and we certify that in our opinion it is fully

adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science.

Assist. Prof. Dr. Kemal BİLEN

Supervisor

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Malik M. NAUMAN Prof. Dr. Atilla BIYIKOĞLU

Jury Member Jury Member

Prof. Dr. Fatih V. ÇELEBİ

Director

Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences

xxvii

I hereby declare that, in this thesis which has been prepared in accordance with the

Thesis Writing Manual of Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences,

All data, information and documents are obtained in the framework of

academic and ethical rules,

All information, documents and assessments are presented in accordance with

scientific ethics and morals,

All the materials that have been utilized are fully cited and referenced,

No change has been made on the utilized materials,

All the works presented are original,

and in any contrary case of above statements, I accept to renounce all my legal rights.

Date: Signature: …………………………………………..Name & Surname:………………………………….

xxviii

Appendix - 4 Ethical Declaration Form

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Assist. Prof.

Dr. Kemal BİLEN for his tremendous support and motivation during my study. His

immense knowledge and precious recommendations constituted the milestones of

this study. His guidance assisted me all the time of my research and while writing

this thesis.

2017, 12 January Ahmet Yasin SEDEF

xxix

Appendix -5 Acknowledgments

FIRST AND SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF COMPACT HEAT EXCHANGERS USED FOR INTERCOOLING PURPOSES

ABSTRACT

Intercooling is a process that is employed in turbocharged engines to cool the charge

air. This cooling enables to feed more air into the cylinders and decreases the

operating temperatures of the engine. Intercoolers -kind of compact heat exchangers-

are used to carry out this process. Depending on the required thermal-hydraulic

performance, intercoolers can be designed using different fin types.

In this study, the fin types that are utilized in the design of intercoolers are

theoretically examined using the first and second law of thermodynamics. For this

purpose, various intercooler configurations are established with five different fin

geometries, namely plain fins, louvered fins, offset strip fins, wavy fins and

perforated fins. Then, sizing and rating procedures are applied on these

configurations. In sizing procedure, the dimensions of the intercooler configurations

are determined. In rating procedure, heat transfer, pressure drop and second law

performances of the configurations are computed. The obtained results are tabulated

and compared with each other.

It is found that offset strip fins provide very good heat transfer performances whereas

plain fins enable least pressure drops in the fluid pressures. In second law analysis

the following outcome is attained; since the configurations in this study have

unbalanced flow, eliminating entropy generation or exergy destruction is not possible

even with an infinite surface area and zero pressure drops.

Keywords: Turbocharging, intercooling, intercoolers, compact heat exchangers,

plate-fin heat exchangers, heat transfer, pressure drop, second law analysis.

xxx

Appendix -6 Abstract

ARA SOĞUTMA AMAÇLI KULLANILAN KOMPAKT ISI DEĞİŞTİRİCİLERİNİN BİRİNCİ VE İKİNCİ YASA

ANALİZLERİÖZ

Aşırı doldurmalı motorlarda, dolgu havasının sıcaklığını düşürmek amacıyla ara

soğutma işlemi uygulanır. Yapılan soğutma ile motora beslenen hava miktarında

artış, motordaki genel sıcaklık seviyesinde ise azalma sağlanır. Bu soğutma işlemi,

bir kompakt ısı değiştiricisi olan ara soğutucu ile gerçekleştirilir. İhtiyaç duyulan

termal-hidrolik performansa bağlı olarak ara soğutucular, farklı kanatçık tipleri

kullanılarak tasarlanabilir.

Yapılan bu çalışmada; ara soğutucu tasarımında kullanılan kanatçık tipleri, birinci ve

ikinci yasa analizleri vasıtasıyla teorik olarak incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda; düz

kanatçık, panjurlu kanatçık, kaydırılmış şerit kanatçık, dalgalı kanatçık ve delikli

kanatçık olmak üzere beş kanatçık tipi kullanılarak farklı ara soğutucu yapıları

kurgulanmıştır. Daha sonra bu yapılara boyutlandırma ve performans değerlendirme

işlemleri uygulanmıştır. Boyutlandırma işlemi ile ara soğutucu yapılarının ebatları

bulunurken, performans değerlendirme işlemi ile yapıların ısı geçişi, basınç düşümü

ve ikinci yasa performansı hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar tablolar halinde

verilmiş ve birbirleriyle kıyaslanmıştır.

Sonuçlar, kaydırılmış şerit kanatçık tipinin kullanılması ile ısıl açıdan iyi bir

performans elde edilebileceğini, düz kanatçık tipinin kullanılması ile de akışkanların

en az miktarda basınç düşüşüne maruz kalacağını göstermiştir. İkinci yasa analizleri

ise; bu çalışmadaki ara soğutucuların dengeli akışa sahip olmaması nedeniyle, sonsuz

büyüklükteki bir yüzey alanı ve sıfır basınç kaybıyla bile ara soğutucuda entropi

üretiminin ya da ekserji yıkımının tamamen yok edilemeyeceğini göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Aşırı doldurma, ara soğutma, ara soğutucular, kompakt ısı

değiştiricileri, plakalı-kanatlı ısı değiştiricileri, ısı geçişi, basınç düşümü, ikinci yasa

analizi.

CONTENTS

xxxi

Appendix -7 Öz

Appendix - 8 Contents

M.Sc. THESIS EXAMINATION RESULT FORM....................................................ii

ETHICAL DECLARATION.......................................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...........................................................................................iv

ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................v

ÖZ ………………………………………………………………………………….vi

NOMENCLATURE....................................................................................................ix

LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................xii

LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................xiii

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION............................................................................1

1.1 A General View of Internal Combustion Engines..........................................2

1.1.1 Engine Classifications..............................................................................2

1.1.2 Engine Operating Cycles.........................................................................3

1.2 Supercharging of Internal Combustion Engines.............................................5

1.2.1 Mechanical Supercharging.......................................................................8

1.2.2 Turbocharging..........................................................................................8

1.2.3 Pressure Wave Supercharging..................................................................9

1.3 Intercooling in Internal Combustion Engines.................................................9

1.4 A General View of Heat Exchangers............................................................11

1.4.1 Heat Exchanger Classifications..............................................................12

1.4.2 Compact Heat Exchangers.....................................................................14

1.5 Aim of the Study...........................................................................................16

1.6 Review of Related Works.............................................................................17

CHAPTER 2 - BASICS OF INTERCOOLERS....................................................21

2.1 General Design Considerations of Intercoolers............................................21

2.2 Theory of Intercoolers...................................................................................22

2.2.1 Thermal Design......................................................................................22

2.2.3 Second Law Analysis.............................................................................30

2.3 Some Additional Considerations for Thermal Design..................................35

2.3.1 Influence of Temperature-Dependent Fluid Properties..........................35

2.3.2 Longitudinal Heat Conduction Effects...................................................36

2.3.3 Determination of Plate-fin Efficiency....................................................38

CHAPTER 3 - DESIGN PROCEDURES OF INTERCOOLERS.......................42

xxxii

3.1 Some Selected Surface Types and Their Characteristics..............................42

3.1.1 Colburn Factor and Fanning Friction Factor..........................................43

3.2 Operating Conditions of Intercooler.............................................................44

3.3. Rating Problem............................................................................................47

3.4 Sizing Problem..............................................................................................51

CHAPTER 4 - RESULTS........................................................................................55

4.1 Sizing Results...............................................................................................56

4.2 Rating Results...............................................................................................59

4.2.1 Comparison in terms of Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop....................59

4.2.2 Comparison in terms of Second Law of Thermodynamics....................62

4.2.3 Variation of Performance Parameters with Mass Flow Rate.................66

4.3 Intercooler and Engine Performance Results................................................71

CHAPTER 5 - DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION............................................76

REFERENCES.........................................................................................................80

APPENDICES...........................................................................................................84

Appendix A – Surface Characteristics of Fins....................................................85

Appendix B – j and f Factor Equations and Reynolds Number Ranges...........86

Appendix C – Thermophysical Properties of Air...............................................89

Appendix D – K c and K e Coefficients................................................................90

CURRICULUM VITAE..........................................................................................91

xxxiii

NOMENCLATURE

Roman Letter SymbolsA Heat transfer area, m2

A f Fin surface area, m2

b Plate spacing, mm

C Heat capacity rate, kW/K

C ¿ Heat capacity rate ratio

m Mass flow rate, kg/s

n Number of revolutions of the crankshaft for one thermodynamic cycle, rev/cycle

St Stanton number

T Absolute temperature, K

U Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2·K)

V Velocity, m/s, volume, m3

V d Total displacement volume, L

Greek Letter Symbolsα Ratio of heat transfer area of one side to total heat exchanger volume, m2/m3

β Surface area density, m2/m3

δ Thickness, mm

Δ Difference

λ Longitudinal wall heat conduction parameter

μ Dynamic viscosity of fluid, N·s/m2

ν Specific volume of fluid, m3/kg

ρ Density of fluid, kg/m3

σ Ratio of free-flow area to frontal area

Subscriptsc Cold fluid

f Fin

h Hot fluid

i Inlet

m Mean

max Maximum

xxxiv

Appendix -9 Nomenclature

min Minimum

1 ,2 Any flow side of the heat exchanger (hot or cold side)

Acronyms

BDC Bottom Dead Center

CI Compression-ignition

ICE Internal Combustion Engine

LHC Longitudinal Heat Conduction

LMTD Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference

SI Spark-ignition

TDC Top Dead Center

xxxv

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Exponents of (T w /Tm)................................................................................36

Table 4.1 Sizing results of intercooler configurations...............................................57

Table 4.2 Thermal-hydraulic performance results of intercooler configurations......60

Table 4.3 Second law performance results of intercooler configurations..................63

Table 4.4 Charge air density and temperatures in the cycle for different engine operation types............................................................................................................72

Table A.1 Surface characteristics of fins...................................................................85

Table B.1 j factor equations for fin types..................................................................86

Table B.2 f factor equations for fin types..................................................................87

Table B.3 Reynolds number ranges for j and f factor equations……………………88

Table C.1 Thermophysical properties of air at one atmospheric pressure.................89

xxxvi

Appendix - 10 List of Tables

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Four-stroke SI engine cycle........................................................................4

Figure 1.2 A two-stroke SI engine...............................................................................5

Figure 1.3 Supercharging and turbocharging configurations…………………………7

Figure 1.4 Types of charge air cooling systems........................................................11

Figure 1.5 Schematic diagram of a plate-fin heat exchanger....................................15

Figure 1.6 Various fin geometries for plate-fin heat exchangers……………………16

Figure 2.1 Depiction of heat transfer in a counterflow heat exchanger.....................24

Figure 2.2 Pressure drop components in a plate-fin exchanger flow passage...........28

Figure 2.3 Straight, thin fin with uniform rectangular cross-section.........................40

Figure 2.4 (a) Plain rectangular fin and (b) plain triangular fin................................41

Figure 3.1 Charge air flow in a turbocharged and intercooled engine......................45

Figure 4.1 The change of effectiveness with respect to hot side mass flow rate.......67

Figure 4.2 The change of hot side pressure drop with respect to hot side mass flow rate..............................................................................................................................68

Figure 4.3 The change of hot side outlet density with respect to hot side mass flow rate..............................................................................................................................69

Figure 4.4 The change of total entropy generation rate with respect to hot side mass flow rate......................................................................................................................69

Figure 4.5 The change of normalized entropy generation rate with respect to hot side mass flow rate.............................................................................................................70

Figure 4.6 The change of second law efficiency with respect to hot side mass flow rate..............................................................................................................................71

Figure 4.7 P−ν diagram of an air-standard dual cycle.............................................72

Figure 4.8 Effect of charge cooling on inlet air density............................................74

Figure 4.9 Effect of pressure drop on inlet air density..............................................75

Figure D.1 Entrance and exit pressure loss coefficients............................................90

xxxvii

Appendix -11 List of Figures

REFERENCES

xxxviii