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X-ray diffraction 10/16/20 14 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST [email protected] MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST [email protected] MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

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Page 1: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

X-ray diffraction

10/16/2014

Soon Ho KwonComputational Materials Science lab. [email protected]

MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

Page 2: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

X-ray

X-Rays are part of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation occupying the region between the ultraviolet and gamma rays.

The wavelengths of X-radiation commonly used for x-ray diffraction lie between 0.7 and 2.3 Å. Cu Kα is 1.54Å.

Page 3: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

X-ray

A high voltage power source is connected across cathode and anode to accelerate the electrons.

The X-ray spectrum depends on the anode material and the accelerating voltage.

Page 4: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

X-ray

Continuous X-ray Characteristic X-ray

Page 5: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

X-ray

Page 6: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

< Cu X-ray spectrum >

< (a) before and (b) after passage though a Ni-filter >

Filter for characteristic X-ray

Page 7: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

Bragg’s law

nλ=2dsinθ : Bragg’s Law

CB+BD=dsinθ + dsinθ = 2dsinθ

Page 8: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

Interference of Waves

Page 9: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

Basic Features of Typical XRD Experiment

Page 10: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

Detection of Diffracted X-rays

Page 11: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

A Modern Automated X-ray Diffractometer

Page 12: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

General mode Angle of X-ray and sample = θ

Angle of X-ray and detector = 2 θ diffraction only planes parallel to sample surface Preferred orientation

<Single crystal> <Poly crystal>

θ/2θ scan (coupled mode)

Page 13: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

Angle of X-ray and sample = α fixed (constant, 2~3o), Angle of X-ray and detector = 2 θ increase the X-ray dose rate in sample surface protect the detector from strong peak from substrate No preferred orientation

θ fixed, 2θ scan (glancing XRD)

<θ/2θ mode> <2θ mode>

Page 14: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

Angle of X-ray and sample = θ Angle of X-ray and detector = 2θ fixed

Orientation of sample Crystallinity is better as FWHM(full width at half maximum) is

smaller.

2θ fixed, θ scan (rocking curve)

Cu KαCu Kα + Cu Kβ

Page 15: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

Fundamentally, similar method to θ/2θ mode Angle of X-ray and sample = θ

Angle of X-ray and detector = θ Applicable for powder, liquid sample

θ/θ scan

Page 16: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

D-spacings and lattice parameters

Page 17: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

JCPDF card

Page 18: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

XRD Pattern of NaCl Powder

Page 19: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

Nondestructive method

Easily getting lattice parameter

Determination of small crystallite size

Easy to operate

Qualitative analysis

Quantitative analysis

Phase, crystallinity, preferred orientation

Merits of XRD measurement

Page 20: 10 /16/2014 Soon Ho Kwon Computational Materials Science lab. KAIST honest@kaist.ac.kr MS213 Crystallography and Diffraction

일정 실험 / 실습 내용 장소 구분

1 주(9 월 4 일 )

실습 소개 및 조 편성 응용공학동 (W1) 2427 호 단체

2 주(9 월 11 일 )

결정구조 모형 (BCC, FCC) 응용공학동 (W1) 2427 호 단체

3 주(9 월 18 일 )

결정구조 모형 (HCP, Diamond Cubic) 응용공학동 (W1) 2427 호 단체

4 주(9 월 25 일 )

결정구조의 이해 및 회절 응용공학동 (W1) 2427 호 단체

5 주(10 월 2 일 )

결정구조의 이해 및 회절 응용공학동 (W1) 2427 호 단체

6 주(10 월 9 일 )

한글날

7 주(10 월 16

일 )예비 응용공학동 (W1)

2427 호 단체

8 주(10 월 23

일 )중 간 고 사 응용공학동 (W1)

2427 호

9 주(10 월 30

일 )TEM 의 소개 및 실습 KARA 조별 (A)

10 주(11 월 6 일 )

TEM 의 소개 및 실습 KARA 조별 (B)

11 주(11 월 13

일 )X-ray diffractometer 의 소개 응용공학동 (W1)

2427 호 단체

12 주(11 월 20

일 )X- 선 회절 분석 KARA 조별 (A)

13 주(11 월 27

일 )X- 선 회절 분석 KARA 조별 (B)

14 주(12 월 4 일 )

고분해능 / Pole-figure X- 선 회절 분석 응용공학동 (W1) 2427 호 단체

15 주(12 월 11

일 )예비 응용공학동 (W1)

2427 호 단체

16 주(12 월 18

일 )기말고사 응용공학동 (W1)

2427 호

Schedule