10. BIODIVERSITY 10.1 Introduction

Barnhall, Leixlip, Co. Kildare Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Declan Brassil & Co. Ref: 16/38 10-1

10. BIODIVERSITY

10.1 Introduction

Under the EIA Directive as well as best practice methodology from the EPA, the analysis of impacts to

biodiversity is an essential component of the EIA process, and so is a required chapter in any EIS.

Under Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive an ‘appropriate assessment’ of projects must be carried out to

determine if significant effects are likely to arise to the integrity of Natura 2000 sites. An Appropriate

Assessment Screening Report has been prepared as a separate stand alone report.

10.1.1 Biodiversity, EIA and ‘Appropriate Assessment’

Biodiversity is a contraction of the words ‘biological diversity’ and describes the enormous variability in

species, habitats and genes that exist on Earth. It provides food, building materials, fuel and clothing while

maintaining clean air, water, soil fertility and the pollination of crops. A study by the Department of

Environment, Heritage and Local Government placed the economic value of biodiversity to Ireland at €2.6

billion annually (Bullock et al., 2008) for these ‘ecosystem services’.

All life therefore depends on biodiversity and its current global decline is a major challenge facing humanity.

In 1992, at the Rio Earth Summit, this challenge was recognised by the international community through the

Convention on Biological Diversity which has since been ratified by 193 countries, including Ireland. Its goal

to significantly slow down the rate of biodiversity loss on Earth was echoed by the European Union, which set

a target date of 2010 for halting this decline. This target has not been met and so a new target of 2020 has

been set by EU leaders (DG Environment, 2010).

The main policy instruments for meeting this target have been the Birds Directive of 1979 and the Habitats

Directive of 1992. These Directives require member states to designate areas of their territory that contain

important bird populations in the case of the former; or a representative sample of important or endangered

habitats and species in the case of the latter. These areas are known as Special Protection Areas (SPA) and

Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) respectively. Collectively they form a network of sites across the

European Union known as Natura 2000. Unlike traditional nature reserves or national parks, Natura 2000

sites are not ‘fenced-off’ from human activity and are frequently in private ownership. It is the responsibility

of the competent national authority to ensure that ‘good conservation status’ exists for their SPAs and SACs

and specifically that Article 6(3) of the Directive is met. Article 6(3) requires that an ‘appropriate assessment’

be carried out for these sites where projects, plans or proposals are likely to have an effect. In some cases

this is obvious from the start, for instance where a road is to pass through a designated site. However, where

this is not the case, a preliminary screening must first be carried out to determine whether or not a full

assessment is required.

Since coming into being in the United States in 1969, EIA has increasing been developed as a tool for

promoting sustainable development and is widely seen as a tool that has the potential to safeguard

important ecological resources (Treweek, 1999).



10.2 Study Methodology

This assessment was carried out in accordance with the following methodologies and guidelines:

1. The ‘Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment in the United Kingdom and Ireland’ by the

Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management (IEEM, 2016).

2. ‘Guidelines on the information to be contained in Environmental Impact Statements’ by the

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, 2002).

10.2.1 Survey Methodology

A site visit was carried out on the 27th of September 2016. The site was surveyed in accordance with the

Heritage Council’s Best Practice Guidance for Habitat Surveyand Mapping (Smith et al., 2010). Habitats were

identified in accordance with Fossitt’s Guide to Habitats in Ireland (Fossitt, 2000). A species list for each

habitat was compiled and these are presented in Appendix 2 of this Chapter. Species abundance was

determined using the DAFOR scale (D = Dominant; A = Abundant; F = Frequent; O = Occasional; R = Rare),

a subjective estimation but nevertheless a useful mode of habitat description. Sample digital photos were

also taken. Data were then uploaded to the ArcView 9.2 GIS software suite.

The nomenclature for vascular plants is taken from The New Flora of the British Isles (Stace, 2010) and for

mosses and liverworts A Checklist and Census Catalogue of British and Irish Bryophytes (Hill et al., 2009).

September lies within the optimal survey period for general habitat surveys (Smith et al., 2010) and so it is

considered that a full description of habitats has been made. It was possible to classify all habitats on the site

to Fossitt level 3. September is marginal for surveying mammals as tracks and other field signs can easily be

read. It is outside the season for surveying breeding bird activity.

10.2.2 Scope of Site Survey

The site survey set out to determine what habitats and species are present on the site and these data are

presented in Figure 10.2 as a habitat map.

10.3 Existing Environment

10.3.1 Zone of Influence

Accepted methodologies suggest that for non-linear projects a radius of 2 km is an appropriate zone of

influence (IEA, 1995). This area is shown in Figure 10.1. The subject site is located to the south-west of the

town of Leixlip which is located in the northern portion of County Kildare and close to the border with

Dublin. These lands are currently occupied by open amenity space, formerly agricultural fields, and are

bounded to the north by housing estates and to the south by open land – beyond which lies the M4

motorway. Historic mapping shows that these lands have been open or agricultural land for many years

although built development has expanded in the surrounds in more recent times (www.osi.ie ). This includes

the motorway to the south and residential development which has accompanied the expansion of Leixlip

town.



Figure 10.1 – Approximate 2km radius of the Wonderful Barn site showing the location of the

proposed development. Boundaries of protected areas include pNHA (blue), and SAC (red diagonal)

(from www.npws.ie).

10.3.2 Stakeholder and Consultees

The Development Applications Unit (DAU) of the Department of the Arts, Heritage, the Gaeltacht, Regional

and Rural Affairs was contacted for nature conservation observations (GPre00331/2016). A response to this

had not been received at the time of writing.

10.3.3 Existing Legislation, Plans and Proposals

10.3.3.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

The protection of biodiversity is enshrined in the CBD to which Ireland is a signatory. As part of its

commitment to this international treaty Ireland, as part of a wider European Union initiative, is committed to

the halt in loss of biodiversity by the year 2010. The National Biodiversity Plan 2011 - 2016 (Department of

Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht), published in 2012, states that “each local authority [is] to prepare a local

biodiversity action plan” (Action 1.7). Kildare published its biodiversity action plan in 2008 and encompasses

the period from 2008 to 2014. This document, an action of the county Heritage Plan, establishes a vision for

the county to “become a national leader in the management, protection and enhancement of its natural

heritage and biodiversity.” Its sets four objectives under the broad headings of raising awareness, data

http://www.npws.ie/



collection, promoting best practice and working with the Local Authorities. It includes an action to “identify

areas of local biodiversity interest in the county” and to “identify important hedgerows in the county i.e.,

townland boundary hedgerows; ancient hedgerows; hedgerows that contain rare species and/or species rich

hedgerows; and seek to protect them.”

10.3.3.2. Kildare County Development Plan, 2011 - 2017

Chapter 13 of the plan focuses on Natural Heritage and Biodiversity. It lists those areas that are designated

for the conservation of biodiversity including SACs, SPAs, and NHAs. Section 13.7 discusses the importance of

ecological features outside of these areas including woodlands, hedgerows, watercourses and associated

riparian zones, canals, freshwater wetlands, urban parks and gardens and demesne gardens. It states that

the “Plan will seek to protect and enhance these elements and identify locally important biodiversity areas”

and adds that “trees, woodlands and hedgerows make a valuable contribution to the landscape and visual

amenity of County Kildare.”

10.3.4 Existing Designations within the Zone of Influence

There are a number of designations for nature conservation in Ireland including National Park, National

Nature Reserve, RAMSAR site, UNESCO Biosphere reserves, Special Protection Areas (SPA – Birds Directive),

Special Areas of Conservation (SAC – Habitats Directive); and Natural Heritage Areas. The mechanism for

these designations is through national or international legislation. Proposed NHAs (pNHA) are areas that

have yet to gain full legislative protection. They are generally protected through the relevant County

Development Plan. There is no system in Ireland for the designation of sites at a local or county level. The

following area was found to be located within an approximate 2km radius of the application site:

Rye Water Valley/Carton SAC (Site Code: 1398)

The Rye Water is a tributary of the Liffey and the SAC boundary stretches from east of Maynooth as far as

Leixlip village. It flows through the Carton demesne which is wooded with specimen native and non-native

trees. The river is dammed in a number of locations and this has created a series of small lakes. The SAC

covers an area of nearly 73 ha.

Table 10.1 Qualifying interests for the Rye Water/Carton SAC

Code Habitats/Species Status1

7220 Petrifying springs with Tufa formation Intermediate

1014 Narrow-mouthed whorl snail Vertigo angustior Intermediate

1016 Desmoulin’s whorl snail Vertigo moulinsiana Intermediate

The reasons why this area falls under the SAC designation are set out in the qualifying interests. They are

either habitat types listed in Annex I or species listed in Annex II of the Habitats Directive. This information is

1 1 NPWS (2013) The Status of Protected EU Habitats and Species in Ireland. Overview Volume 1. Department of Arts, Heritage and the

Gaeltacht



provided by the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) and is shown in Table 10.1. The status provided

refers to the status of the habitat or species at a national level and not necessarily within the SAC.

Royal Canal pNHA (site code: 2103): This water course was constructed in the late 18th Century to provide a

transport link between Dublin and the River Shannon. It fell into disuse following the opening of railway lines

however has undergone a renaissance since the 1960s as an amenity area. It has significant wildlife value. The

short ‘site synopsis’ is given by the NPWS and is reproduced here in its entirety:

The Royal Canal is a man-made waterway linking the River Liffey at Dublin to the River Shannon near

Tarmonbarry. There is a branch line from Kilashee to Longford Town. The canal NHA comprises the central

channel and the banks on either side of it. The main water supply is from Lough Owel (also an NHA) via a

feeder channel into the canal at Mullingar. The Royal Canal was closed to navigation in 1961. The section

of canal west of Mullingar was allowed to dry out, and the eastern section silted up and became

overgrown. Restoration began in 1988, and is still in progress.

A number of different habitats are found within the canal boundaries - hedgerow, tall herbs, calcareous

grassland, reed fringe, open water, scrub and woodland.

The hedgerow, although diverse, is dominated by Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna). On the limestone

soils of the midlands Spindle (Euonymus europaeus) and Guelderrose (Viburnum opulus) are present.

The vegetation of the towpath is usually dominated by grass species. Crested Dog'stail (Cynosurus

cristatus), Quaking Grass (Briza media) and Sweet Vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) are typical

species of the calcareous grasslands of the midlands. Where the canal was built through a bog, soil

(usually calcareous) was brought in to make the banks. The contrast between the calcicolous species of

the towpath and the calcifuge species of the bog is very striking.

Otter spraints are found along the towpath, particularly where the canal passes over a river or stream.

The Rare and legally protected Opposite-leaved Pondweed (Groenlandia densa) (Flora Protection Order

1987) is present at one site in Dublin, between Locks 4 and 5. Tolypella intricata (a stonewort listed in the

Red Data Book as being Vulnerable) is also in the Royal Canal in Dublin, the only site in Ireland where it is

now found.

The ecological value of the canal lies more in the diversity of species it supports along its linear habitats

than in the presence of rare species. It crosses through agricultural land and therefore provides a refuge

for species threatened by modern farming methods. (NPWS, 1995)

The River Liffey Valley pNHA (Site Code: 0128).

The Liffey Valley site is situated along the River Liffey between Leixlip Bridge on the Kildare-Dublin border

and downstream of the weir at Glenaulin, Palmerstown, Co. Dublin. The river meanders through low hills

for much of its course through the site and forms the focus for the site itself. The Mill Race between

Palmerstown and the weir at the Wren's Nest Public House is also included in the site.

The river is a Salmon river and a there are a series of weirs along the river between Palmerstown and

Leixlip. The water level in the Mill Race has dropped and the channel has been filled with vegetation in a

number of areas as a result.



The main terrestrial habitat included within the site is mixed deciduous woodland on fertile, limey alluvium

and boulder clay, in which Beech (Fagus sylvatica) is dominant in some areas. Elsewhere Ash (Fraxinus

excelsior) and Willow species (Salix spp.) are common and there are also some stands of Larch (Larix) and

Scot's Pine (Pinus sylvestris). Toothwort (Lathraea squamaria) has been recorded on a number of tree

species.

The ground flora commonly includes Ivy (Hedera helix), Primrose (Primula vulgaris), Voilet species (Viola

spp.), Lords-and-ladies (Arum maculatum) and Hart's-Tongue Fern (Phyllitis scolopendrium). These

woodlands occur on both sides of the river and normally consist of old estate woodlands.

A wet marsh occurs on the strip of land between the Mill Race and the river east of the metal bridge and

west of the paint factory. This marsh is fed by seepage from the Mill Race and plant species such as

Bulrush (Typha latifolia), Marsh-marigold (Caltha palustris) and Sweet-grass (Glyceria spp.) occur here. This

strip of land also has rough grassland which is not regularly grazed. Much of the river bank and the banks

of the Mill Race are fringed with Willow (Salix spp.) and Alder (Alnus glutinosa).

The threatened Green Figwort (Scrophularia umbrosa), a species listed in the Irish Red Data Book, is

recorded from a number of stations along the river within the site. This stretch of the river Liffey has the

greatest number of recently recorded populations of this species in Ireland. The Rare and legally protected

Hairy St. John's-Wort (Hypericum hirsutum) (Flora Protection Order 1987) has been recorded from

woodlands in this site. This species has only been recorded in Kildare and Dublin, at sites on the river

Liffey, since 1970. The threatened Yellow Archangel (Lamiastrum galeobdolon), listed in the Irish Red Data

Book, is also recorded from these woodlands.

The section of river within the site is used by canoeists. The West Link bridge spans the valley west of

Palmerstown. Recent management of woodlands at Brooklawn and Quarryvale has cleared a lot of Laurel

and undergrowth. Some mature Beech have been removed in this area.

This site is part of the Liffey Valley Special Amenity Areas Order 1990. The site is important because of the

diversity of the habitats within the site, ranging from aquatic to terrestrial. A number of rare and

threatened plant species have been recorded from the site.” (NPWS, unknown year).

10.3.5 Scoping of the study/Literature Review

Information regarding the site exists in a number of forms: the NPWS database and published

reports/literature. Data on water quality is available from the EPA. No known previous ecology studies of the

subject lands were available for this report.

10.3.5.1 NPWS Database

The NPWS web site (www.npws.ie) contains a mapping tool that indicates historic records of legally

protected species within a selected Ordnance Survey (OS) 10km grid square. The Wonderful Barn site is

located within the square N93 and three species of protected flowering plant are highlighted. These species

are detailed in Table 10.2. It must be noted that this list cannot be seen as exhaustive as suitable habitat may

be available for other important and protected species.

In summary it can be seen that of the protected plants only the Hairy St. John’s-wort is current. This record is

from the Carton Estate.



Additional records of protected species are available from the database of the National Biodiversity Data

Centre. Table 10.3 lists mammal species that are protected under the Wildlife Act 1976 and highlights those

for which there are current records in this 10km square.

As can be seen there are a number of species of bat as well as larger mammal species for which there are

current records in this area. Records of Badger are from along the M4 motorway (predominantly road kill), as

well as the Royal Canal north of the Maynooth Road.

Table 10.2 Known Records for Protected Species within the N92 10km square

Species Status and Habitat23

Galeopsis angustifolia

Red hemp nettle

Tilled fields and waste places. Records pre-1970. Leixlip.

Hypericum hirsutum

Hairy St. John’s-wort

Woods and shady places. Current. Carton Estate.

Viola hirta

Hairy Violet

Sand dunes, grasslands, limestone rocks. Records pre-1970. Carton

Estate.

Table 10.3 Protected mammals in Ireland and their known status within the zone of influence

(Harris & Yalden, 2008)4 Those cells that are greyed out indicate no records for this

species in the N93 square.

Species Level of Protection Habitat Red List Status5

Otter Lutra lutra Annex II & IV Habitats Directive;

Wildlife (Amendment) Act, 2000

Rivers and wetlands Near Threatened

Lesser horseshoe bat

Rhinolophus hipposideros

Disused, undisturbed old

buildings, caves and

mines

Least Concern

Grey seal

Halichoerus grypus

Annex II & V Habitats Directive;


Coastal habitats -

Common seal

Phocaena phocaena

-

Whiskered bat

Myotis mystacinus

Annex IV Habitats Directive;


Gardens, parks and

riparian habitats

Least Concern

Natterer’s bat Woodland Least Concern

2 Preston et al., 2002

3 Parnell et al., 2012

4 Excludes marine mammals

5 Marnell et al., 2009



Myotis nattereri

Brown long-eared bat

Plecotus auritus

Woodland Near Threatened

Leisler’s bat

Nyctalus leisleri

Woodlands and buildings Least Concern

Common pipistrelle

Pipistrellus pipistrellus

Farmland, woodland and

urban areas

Least Concern

Soprano pipistrelle

Pipistrellus pygmaeus

Rivers, lakes & riparian

woodland

Least Concern

Daubenton’s bat

Myotis daubentoniid

Woodlands and bridges

associated with open

water

Least Concern

Nathusius’ pipistrelle

Pipistrellus nathusii

Parkland, mixed and pine

forests, riparian habitats

Least Concern

Irish hare

Lepus timidus hibernicus

Annex V Habitats Directive;


Wide range of habitats Least Concern

Pine Marten

Martes martes

Broad-leaved and

coniferous forest

Least Concern

Hedgehog

Erinaceus europaeus


Woodlands and

hedgerows

Least Concern

Pygmy shrew

Sorex minutus

Woodlands, heathland,

and wetlands

Least Concern

Red squirrel

Sciurus vulgaris

Woodlands Near Threatened

Irish stoat

Mustela erminea hibernica

Wide range of habitats Least Concern

Badger Meles meles Farmland, woodland and

urban areas

Least Concern

Red deer Cervus elaphus Woodland and open

moorland

Least Concern

Fallow deer Dama dama Mixed woodland but

feeding in open habitat

Least Concern

Sika deer Cervus nippon

Coniferous woodland and

adjacent heaths

-

10.3.5.2 Ecological Water Quality

Water quality in rivers is monitored on an on-going basis by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It

assesses the pollution status of a stretch of water by analysing the invertebrates living in the substrate as

different species show varying sensitivities to pollution. They arrive at a ‘Q-Value’ where Q1 = pristine quality

and Q5 = grossly polluted (Toner et al., 2005). OSI and EPA mapping show an unnamed stream passing

along the site boundary to the south-west. The Wonderful Barn site is within the catchment of the River

Liffey, which drains a small portion of County Kildare and much of Co. Dublin, and discharges into the Irish

Sea at Dublin Bay. This sub-catchment is identified on the www.wfdireland.net website as the Rye Water

however this may be an error, as EPA maps show the direction of flow eastward, towards the Liffey. Water

quality along the River Liffey is routinely assessed by the EPA. There are no monitoring stations along the

unnamed stream, and this joins the Liffey at the Parsonstown Reservoir. The nearest downstream monitoring

point is at Leixlip Bridge and here the status in 2013 was ‘poor’. The nearest upstream point is at Celbridge,



where ‘good’ conditions were recorded in 2013. The Liffey is a part of the Liffey Management Unit and nearly

75% of this river length was assessed as satisfactory (good or high) according to the Programme of Measures

in the ERBD Management Plan in 2010. This report suggests that much of the pressure on water quality is

from agriculture, wastewater/industrial discharges, abstractions and physical modifications. Between

Celbridge and Leixlip the river has been classified as ‘poor’ under the Water Framework Directive (WFD)

reporting period 2010-12 (from www.epa.ie ). These assessments are ‘unsatisfactory’ and so remedial

measures will be required to restore ‘good ecological status’, something that was due by 2015.

Water quality data for the Royal Canal does not appear on the EPA website but is believed to be of

satisfactory status (EPA, 2015).

10.3.6 Flora

The site survey showed that six broad habitat types are present in the study area. These are shown as a

habitat map in Figure 10.2.

The lands were visited as part of this study on September 27th 2016. This is within the optimal period for

general habitat survey and all habitats were identifiable to Fossitt level 3. The site was surveyed in

accordance with best practice standards (Smith et al., 2010) and habitats were classified in accordance with

standard methodology (Fossitt, 2000).

The site is composed of large fields of dry meadow – GS2 divided by linear woodlands. These meadows

were formerly in agricultural use but are now mowed rather than grazed. They are species poor expanses,

dominated by grasses such as Annual Meadow Grass Poa annua, Cock’s-foot Dactylis glomerata, and False

Oat Arrhenatherum elatius. Broad-leaved species are poorly represented and are typically composed of

Thistles Cirsium sp., Clovers Trifolium sp, Chickweed Stellaria media etc. It is a habitat of low biodiversity

value.

Field boundaries are characterised by hedgerows – WL1 and treelines – WL2. Treelines are on average

composed of tall trees over 5m in height although the species composition of these habitats can be similar.

These are mostly composed of Ash Fraxinus excelsior along with Blackthorn Prunus spinosa, Hawthorn

Crataegus monogyna Ivy Hedera helix, and Holly Ilex aquifolium. Along one treeline there is a drainage

ditch – FW4 although this had very little water and no typical wetland plants. Another stretch of ditch along

a hedgerow to the east had a dense mat of Water-cress Nasturtium officinale. The north-eastern and north-

western boundaries, and some of the internal treelines are shown on historic mapping and so are at least

over 100 years old. The boundary along the north-west is part of a former townland boundary, albeit a

number of sections have been removed. Townland boundaries may be of great age. Methodology is

available from the Heritage Council for evaluating the ecological and heritage value of these field boundaries

(Foulkes et al., 2013). This is based on a scoring system, taking into account the likely age, species diversity

and structure (having an accompanying drainage ditch increases the score). Under this system boundary

hedgerows and treelines are considered to be of ‘higher significance’.

There has been significant planting of trees in more recent times and these are represented as patches of

immature woodland – WS2. There are a variety of native and non-native trees which are maturing well but

lack the structure and diversity of older woodland features. Meanwhile, due to lack of grazing management

scrub – WS1 is encroaching from the edges of treelines and hedgerows in places. These are dominant

stands of Brambles Rubus fruticosus agg. or Blackthorn. Scrub provides good cover for nesting birds and



can, along with areas of immature woodland, be considered to be of low local value to biodiversity. These

are shown on the habitat map in Figure 10.2.

There are no plant species on the site that are considered rare or endangered. There are no alien invasive

species on the site6. The drainage ditches are the only bodies of open or running water and there are no

habitats which could be considered wetlands. The stream shown on OSI maps did not appear on the ground.

This location is very overgrown with scrub vegetation and so may have been obscured, or it may have dried

out due to the lack of significant rainfall around the time of survey.

10.3.7 Fauna

The site survey included incidental sightings or proxy signs (prints, scats etc.) of faunal activity, while the

presence of certain species can be concluded where there is suitable habitat within the known range of that

species. Table 10.3 details those mammals that are protected under national or international legislation in

Ireland.

There were no conclusive signs of Badger activity and no sett was found within the hedgerows or treelines.

Signs of digging and smaller tunnel entrances probably belong to Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus and this

was the only direct evidence of any mammal recorded. Rabbits are not a protected species or considered to

be of conservation concern.

Features on the site are considered to be of low suitability for bat roosting (i.e. no suitable buildings or very

old trees with cavities) (Hundt, 2013). Features such as hedgerows and treelines are suitable for foraging bats

and a number of species may be present for this purpose. A dedicated bat survey has not been carried out.

Suitable habitat for Otter is not present on the site. No evidence of Irish Hare was found although they are

recorded from the Kildare area and avail of a variety of habitats (Reid et al., 2007). There are no records of

deer from the area and no evidence of deer use from this location was recorded. The habitats are not

associated with those typically used by deer. While limited data are available on the distribution of

Hedgehog, Pygmy Shrew and Irish Stoat, they are considered ubiquitous in the Irish countryside and suitable

habitat is available for them along hedgerows (Lysaght & Marnell, 2016).

Non-protected species such as Red Fox Vulpes vulpes, House Mouse Mus domesticus, Wood Mouse

Apodemus sylvaticus and Brown Rat Rattus norvegicus may also be found on the site.

September lies outside the optimal period for breeding bird survey. Species noted were Chaffinch Fringilla

coelobs, Rook Corvus frugilegus, Hood Crow C. corax, Jackdaw C. monedula, Magpie Pica pica, Wood Pigeon

Columba palumbus, Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis and Wren Troglodytes troglodytes. Buzzards Buteo buteo

were noted soaring to the west but away from the subject lands. These are all species listed by BirdWatch

Ireland as of ‘low conservation concern’. Of those species listed as being of high conservation importance in

Ireland, Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella, Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis and Grey Wagtail Motacilla

cinerea are recorded from this part of Kildare. None of these birds was noted during the survey while the

Grey Wagtail is only found close to open water courses (the drainage ditches on this site being too

enclosed). Yellowhammer is typically associated with arable farms rather than meadows or pasture. This site

6 Listed on Schedule 3 of SI 477 of 2011



is not likely to harbour resources for other species of high conservation concern (Colhoun & Cummins, 2013;

Balmer et al., 2013).

Common Frog Rana temporaria and Common Lizard Lacerta vivipara are protected under the Wildlife Act

1976 and are likely to be present on this site. Suitable habitat for spawning Frogs is present in the drainage

ditches. Smooth Newts Lissotriton vulgaris are to be found in Kildare but there are no permanent ponds on

this site in which they are likely to be breeding.

Atlantic Salmon, Brown Trout and Sea Trout are present in the Liffey catchment. River Lamprey Lampetra

fluviatilis and Brook Lamprey L. planeri may also be present while legally protected aquatic invertebrates are

not recorded downstream of the subject site (NPWS, 2008). However the drainage ditches are not suitable

for any of these species and can be considered to be of minimal fisheries value.

10.3.8 Summary

In summary it has been seen that the application site is not within or adjacent to any area that has been

designated for nature conservation at a national or international level. There are no examples of habitats

listed on Annex I of the Habitats Directive or records of rare or protected plants. There are no alien invasive

species growing on the site.

Significance criteria are available from guidance published by the National Roads Authority (NRA, 2009).

From this an evaluation of the various habitats and ecological features on the site has been made and this is

shown in Table 10.4.

10.3.9 Determination of Current Value

Appendix 3 of the NRA guidelines (NRA, 2009) outlines a ‘site evaluation scheme’ that is designed to assign

value to ecological features. Table 10.4 lists the habitats that were recorded and their associated value.

Table 10.4 Evaluation of the Importance of Habitats and Species on the Wonderful Barn Site

Hedgerow – WL1/Treeline – WL2 and associated

Drainage ditches – FW4

D – Local Importance (higher value)

Scrub – WS1

Immature woodland – WS2

Dry meadows – GS2

E – Local Importance (lower value)

10.3.10 Further Study/Constraints

September is within the optimal season for general habitat or botanical surveys and all habitats were

identifiable so that a full evaluation can take place. September is marginal for surveying mammals. It is not

suitable for assessing breeding bird activity so records of birds from this study may not reflect the actual use

of the site. It is not optimal for survey breeding amphibians or bats.



Figure 10.2 Map of Existing Habitats on the Wonderful Barn Site

10.4 Characteristics of the Operation

The subject proposal is for the construction and operation of a residential housing development on this site

with all associated services including road access, drainage infrastructure and open space. In total 450 homes

are to be constructed along with access road, amenity open space and all associated infrastructure.

The construction phase will see extensive earth works and the movement of heavy machinery. This will see

the removal of dry meadow habitat and grassy verges. External boundary treelines and hedgerows, and one

section of treeline crossing the centre are to be retained. Two sections of hedgerows/treeline, totalling 430m,

are to be removed. The site will be levelled and any construction and demolition waste will be removed by a

licenced contractor. The construction phase will use standard building materials. This will see the presence of

potentially toxic or polluting substances such as oils, fuels and concrete on the site.

Foul wastewater from the development will connect to the mains sewer and will be treated in the Leixlip

municipal wastewater treatment plant.

Surface water from the project footprint will be separate from that of the foul sewer. This will apply SUDS

methods so that runoff quality and quantity will remain at a greenfield rate. These will include an open

attenuation pond which will overflow, via an oil/grit interceptor to an existing surface water sewer. This

discharges ultimately to the River Liffey.



Fresh water supply for the development will be via a mains supply which originates from an abstraction point

along the River Liffey upstream of Leixlip.

Post construction there will be landscaping of communal areas. The proposed site layout is given in Figure

10.3.

Figure 10.3 Proposed Layout of Development

10.5 Potential Impact of the Proposed Development in the Absence of Mitigation

This section provides a description of the potential impacts that the proposed development may have on

biodiversity in the absence of mitigation. Methodology for determining the significance of an impact has

been published by the NRA (NRA, 2009).

10.5.1 Construction Phase

10.5.1.1 Habitat loss

The removal of habitats including dry meadow, scrub, treeline, and hedgerow. The townland boundary

hedgerow to the north-east is to be retained, totalling 590m in length (although sections of this have been

removed). The length of treeline along the north-west, totalling 750m is also to be retained, along with one

of two internal boundaries, totalling 135m, and which are to be located within areas of open space. Habitats

to be lost therefore range from low local biodiversity value (meadows and scrub), or high local value in the

case of hedgerows and treelines.



10.5.1.2 Habitat disturbance

The direct mortality of species during land clearance. This can affect nesting birds as well as small mammals

but is dependent upon the timing of works. Under the Wildlife Act the removal of vegetation is prohibited

between March and August.

10.5.1.3 Pollution during construction

Pollution of water courses through the ingress of silt, oils and other toxic substances. Drainage ditches are

not of fisheries significance and drain to the Parsonstown Reservoir, along the River Liffey. Because the river

is held behind a dam at this location it is not suitable for spawning salmonids. There is no direct conduit

therefore to sensitive fisheries habitat.

10.5.1.4 Damage to habitats to be retained.

The storage of materials or the movement of machinery can result in soil compaction, which can in turn

damage the roots zones of trees, leading to poor growth or disease. Without mitigation this could affect the

lengths of hedgerow to be retained.

10.5.2 Operation Phase

The following potential impacts are likely to occur during the operation phase in the absence of mitigation:

10.5.2.1 Habitat Loss

Impacts to species through the disruption of ecological corridors: bats may be impacted through the loss of

foraging routes (hedgerows). The significance of this effect cannot be quantified as a dedicated bat survey

has not been carried out.

10.5.2.2 Wastewater Pollution

Pollution of water from foul wastewater arising from the development. Wastewater will be sent to the

municipal treatment plant at Leixlip. The plant is licenced by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

(reference number D0004-02) and discharges treated effluent into the River Liffey. The Annual Environmental

Report (AER) from 2015, the most recent available, indicated compliance with the emission limit values (ELV)

set under its licence and in accordance with the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive. The plant is

operating within its design capacity of 80,000 population equivalent (P.E.). Upgrading works to provide a P.E.

of 150,000 were to be completed by the end of 2015. Impacts to the receiving water during this time were

‘not observable’. This project will result in an increase in the loading on the Leixlip treatment plant.

10.5.2.3 Surface water pollution

Pollution of water from surface water run-off. The Greater Dublin Strategic Drainage Study (2005) identified

issues of urban expansion leading to an increased risk of flooding in the city and a deterioration of water

quality. This arises where soil and natural vegetation, which is permeable to rainwater and slows its flow, is

replaced with impermeable hard surfaces. The current design includes attenuating surface water in suitably

sized open surface water detention basins and discharging at a controlled rate to mimic the greenfield



scenario. The rate of discharge to the existing surface water sewer network will be limited by a vortex flow

control device to the greenfield run-off rate.

10.5.2.4 Abstraction

The source of water for Leixlip is reservoirs along the River Liffey, close to the town itself. While dams and

other obstructions present barriers to fish passage, there are no known negative ecological effects occurring

along the River Liffey from excessive water abstraction.

10.5.2.5 Human Disturbance

Disturbance to species from increased human activity (lighting, pets etc.). The species/habitats present on

this site are not considered sensitive to disturbance from noise or general human activity. Bats may be

sensitive to the additional artificial lighting that may arise from this development. However, given the already

built up nature of the surrounds, it is likely that species present are tolerant of some degree of disturbance.

Lighting is to be controlled on the site spatially and temporally. Lighting in green spaces will be minimised

while the use of LED bulbs are to be employed throughout. These are proven to have lower deterrent

impacts on bat behaviour, particularly for the most common Pipistrelle species, than traditional metal-halide

or high pressure sodium bulbs. Nevertheless there will be an increase in ambient lighting levels from

windows, cars etc.

10.5.2.6 Landscaping

Creation of landscaped area to include additional planting. This will include the planting of trees and shrubs

that is likely to provide habitat for nesting birds and pollinating insects. New meadow areas are to be

created with native seed mixes in addition to the planting of approximately 704 new trees. This will include

non-native street trees but also clusters of trees which are a mix of native species. These new meadows and

small woodland clusters will be focussed on the surface water attenuation zones and an extensive arc along

the primary access road (approximately 650m in length). This total area is approximately 12,500m2 and will

represent a large area of biodiversity value which will help to offset the loss of treelines and hedgerows

elsewhere.

10.5.2.7 Impacts to protected areas.

The nearest area designated for nature conservation is the Royal Canal pNHA, which can be found

approximately 630m to the north of the site boundary at its closest point. The boundary of the pNHA is

separated from the site by housing estates and there is no hydrological pathway to this area. Nor is there any

hydrological connection to the Rye Water/Carton SAC as surface pathways lead to the River Liffey.

A separate screening report for Appropriate Assessment has been presented and this concludes that

negative effects to Natura 2000 areas are not likely to arise.

There is a hydrological connection to the Liffey Valley pNHA however given the attenuation/treatment

measures in place, impacts to this area are not predicted.



10.5.3 Cumulative Impacts

A number of the identified impacts can also act cumulatively with other impacts from similar developments

in the Kildare/greater Dublin area. These primarily arise through the urbanisation of the city’s hinterland as

provided for by land use zoning and include: loss of habitats, particularly hedgerows and treelines; spread of

alien invasive species, pollution from surface water run-off and pollution from wastewater generation.

In this case there are no alien invasive species on the site while surface water and wastewater are being

attenuated sustainably. A cumulative loss of wildlife value however will be experienced as land use changes

in this area from open agricultural to suburban. This is offset somewhat as open green spaces and private

gardens mature over time. It is considered that the species which are already present in this area will not

suffer long term consequences arising from this land use change. However there is uncertainty as details of

the bat population are not available.

10.5.4 Impacts

10.5.4.1 The nature of the impacts can be summarised in a table as follows.

Table 10.5 The Nature of Predicted Impacts

Impact Direct/

Indirect

Cumulative Duration7 Reversible? Positive/

Negative

Habitat loss (construction

phase)

Direct Yes Permanent No Negative

Habitat disturbance

(construction phase)

Direct Yes Permanent Yes Negative

Pollution to surface water

(Construction phase)

Indirect No Temporary Yes Neutral

Damage to habitats to be

retained

Direct Yes Permanent No Negative

Habitat Loss (Operation

phase)

Indirect Yes Permanent Yes Negative

Impact to water quality –

wastewater

Direct Yes Permanent Yes Neutral


surface water

Direct Yes Permanent Yes Neutral

Abstraction None N/A N/A N/A Neutral

Human disturbance None N/A N/A N/A Neutral

Landscaping Direct Yes Permanent Yes Positive

Impacts to designated

sites

None N/A N/A N/A Neutral

Habitat disturbance


Indirect No Permanent Yes Negative

Cumulative impacts Lighting - N/A N/A Negative

7 Temporary: up to 1 year; Short-term: 1-7 years; Medium-term: 7-15 years; Long-term: 15-60 years; Permanent: >60 years (NRA, 2006)



/

Surface

water

Positive

10.5.4.2 Scale and likelihood of predicted impacts in the absence of mitigation

Impacts are quantified where possible, both in absolute terms and as an impact of the whole resource.

Table 10.6 Magnitude and Likelihood of Predicted Impacts

Impact Magnitude As proportion of

resource Likelihood

Habitat loss (construction

phase)

~60m of ‘lower

significance’ native

hedgerow plus 445m of

treeline

~20% Certain

Habitat disturbance

(construction phase)

Not possible to quantify Could affect all breeding

birds

Unlikely but depends on

timing of works

Pollution to surface water


Not possible to quantify Small given lack of

sensitive habitats

Unlikely

Damage to habitats to be

retained

1,460m are to be retained 72% Possible

Habitat loss Unknown levels of bat

activity

- Likely


wastewater

None N/A N/A


surface water

None N/A N/A

Abstraction None N/A N/A

Human Disturbance Unknown levels of bat

activity

- Possible

Landscaping >700 new trees and

meadow areas totalling

approximately 12,500m2

of new areas of

biodiversity interest

- Certain

Cumulative impacts Not possible to quantify - Possible

Impacts to designated

sites

None N/A N/A

10.5.5.3 Assessment of Impact Significance

Appendix 4 of the NRA guidelines (NRA, 2006) provides guidance on assessing impact significance. This is

done by combining the magnitude of the impact (from Sections 10.5.4.1 and 10.5.4.2) with the value of the

ecological resource as assessed in Section 10.3.5. This table shows the impacts prior to mitigation.



Table10.7 Significance Level of Likely Impacts in the Absence of Mitigation

Impact Significance

Construction Phase

1 Habitat loss of features of low local value Minor negative

2 Habitat loss of features of high local value Moderate negative (560m of higher

significance hedgerow/treeline)

3 Mortality to animals during construction Moderate negative

4 Pollution of water during construction phase Minor negative

5 Damage to habitats to be retained Moderate negative

6 Habitat loss – Disruption of ecological corridors Moderate negative – uncertain impacts to

foraging bats

7 Pollution from foul wastewater No impacts

8 Surface water pollution No impacts

9 Abstraction No impacts

10 Disturbance to species from human disturbance

(lighting)

Minor negative but largely unknown

11 Landscaping Minor positive

12 Cumulative impacts

Moderate negative – given uncertainty regarding

bats

13 Impacts to protected areas No impacts

Overall it can be seen that four potential moderate negative impacts are predicted to occur as a result of this

project in the absence of mitigation.

10.6 Remedial and Mitigation Measures

Mitigation is required where significant, negative impacts are likely to occur as a result of this project. For the

purposes of this study an impact is considered to be significant if it is moderate negative or greater. By this

criteria there are two significant effects that may arise.

The following mitigation measures are proposed for the development

Construction Phase

1: Loss of higher value habitats

In the first instance high value hedgerows/treelines are being retained where feasible. Landscaping or the

reinstatement of new native planting can offset this habitat loss. As previously described, this will include

over 700 new trees and new native-species grassland meadows. It will not be possible to offset exactly what

is being lost but, over time, these new features can be expected to provide an equivalent area of biodiversity

interest.

2. Mortality to animals during construction

The removal of hedgerow, treeline or scrub vegetation will not take place from March to August inclusive as

per the Wildlife Act.



3. Loss of bat foraging

Because the magnitude of this impact is unknown it is recommended that a dedicated bat survey be carried

out. This can only take place during the active period for these mammals, typically lasting from late

April/May through to September. The survey should be carried out by a suitably qualified professional,

identify the species of bat present, and the location of likely roosts if relevant. It should assess the likely

impact of the project on the local bat population, the need for a derogation licence from the National Parks

and Wildlife Service, and present appropriate mitigation measures.

4. Damage to trees

To avoid damage to trees the developer will follow the guidance from the National Roads `Authority in

establishing root protection areas (RPA) along hedgerows to be retained.

The NRA gives the following equation for calculating the root protection area (RPA) (NRA, unknown year):

RPA(m2) = π(stem diameter mm 12)/1,000) x2

The RPA gives the area around which there should be no disturbance or compaction of soil. This will be

calculated for the largest tree within each hedgerow. Prior to construction this area will be clearly labelled

‘sensitive ecological zone’, fenced off with durable materials and instruction given to construction personnel

not to disturb this buffer zone. As a rule of thumb this buffer zone should extend at least to the canopy of

the trees concerned.

10.7 Residual Impacts of the Operation

With the implementation of mitigation measures residual significant impacts to biodiversity are not expected

to arise. There will be minor negative effects to birds and other small animals during the removal of

hedgerow. The loss of treelines and hedgerows will be minor negative in the short term when offset with

new planting. In time however, as these new features mature, the ultimate impact will be neutral.

10.8 Monitoring

Monitoring is required where there may be significant residual impacts despite implementation of mitigation

measures. No significant residual impacts are predicted to occur. Mitigation measures are proposed with a

high degree of certainty with regard to their success. No further monitoring is proposed.

10.9 Interactions

There are interactions between biodiversity water/hydrology.



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the Community action in the field of water policy – more commonly known as the Water Framework

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APPENDIX 10.A SPECIES LIST

Documents

10. BIODIVERSITY 10.1 Introduction