10 F 0806 Fragment AndDebrisHazards

8/13/2019 10 F 0806 Fragment AndDebrisHazards

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TECHNIC L P PER N O 12

FR GMENT AND DEBRIS H Z RDS

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE EXPLOSIVES S FETY BO RD

JULY 975


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U N U ~ S S I F I E D

SEC RITY CLA< SIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered)

REPORT DOCUMENT T ION P GE READ INSTRUCTIONSBEFORE COMPLETING FORM1 REPORT NUMBER GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3 R E C I P I E N T S C ATA L O G NUMBER

DDESB TP 124 T I T L ( a nd Sub t i t l e ) s. T Y P E OF REPORT r PERIOD COVERED

Fragment and Debris Hazards RDT E

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

TP 127. AUTHOR( a 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s )

T. A. ZakerN

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASKAREA r WORK UNIT NUMBERS

Department of Defense Explosives Safety BoardForres ta l . Bu i ld ing GB 270 4A765702M857Washington D. c. 20314

11 CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT D AT E

Ju ly 1975Same as Item 9 13 NUMBER OF PAGES

34 vi14 MONITORING AGENCY NAME r ADDRESS(II d i l l e ren t from C o n t r o l l n ~Off i ce ) IS. SECURiTY CLASS. (o f th i s report)

Unclass i f i edIS e DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING

SCHEDULE

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEM ENT (of th i s Report)

This document i s approved fo r publ ic r e l e a s e ; i t s d i s t r i b u t i o n i s unl imi ted .

17. DISTRIBUTIION STATEMENT (of the abs t r ac t entered In B l o c k 20, d l l l e ren t from Report)

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse s ide necessary and iden l ly by b lock number)

Weapon Fragmentat ionFragment B a l l i s t i c sIn ju ry C r i t e r i aDebris Hazards

20.ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse s ide necessary and Iden t i ty by b lock number)

Se lec ted concepts involved in charac te r iz ing the hazards of f ragment-producingammunition are reviewed. Emphasis i s placed on the e f f e c t s from s t o r e s ofammunition which may detonate massively such t h a t the fragment f i e l d i s paten-t i a l l y r e l a t ab l e to tha t from a s i n g l e w e a p ~ ndetonated in i s o l a t i o n In ju ryc r i t e r i a in cur ren t use are compared and a simple procedure fo r es t ima t ingin ju ry p r o h a b i l i t y as a func t ion of dis tance from the explosion poin t i ssuggested.

O FORMI JAN 73 473 EDITION OF 1 NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE

33 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PA G E (When Data En te r ed )


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FiiliG:vlENf ND DEBRIS H Z RDS

Technical Paper 12

Dspartment of Defense Explosives Safety Board

Washin6ton D C

July 1975


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FOREWOR

This paper was prepared by the Technica l r o g r a ~ sDivis ion,

Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board, as a b r i e f review

of se lec ted concepts involved i n charac te r i z ing the hazards of

f ragment-producing ammunition. Emphasis i s placed on the e f f e c t s

fro:n s to res of ammunition which may deto 1ate massively, such t h a t

the f r a ~ m c n tf i e l d i s p o t e n t i a l l y re la tab le to tha t f r o ~ a s ing le

weapon detonated in i s o l a t i o n

he prese:1t review o f fragment hazards , though ne i the r exhaust ive

nor conclus ive , i s in tended to s t imula te d i scuss ion of the s u ~ j e tin

orde r to acce le ra te im?rovement in the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and charac te r i za t ion

of these hazards . Accordingly, c r i t i c a l o ~ m e n t son t h i s subject and

sugges t ions of a l t e r n a t e approaches wi l l be welcomed.

j u l y l ns

? ' ~P F Y LEENCaplai.n, USChairman

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PREF CE

Methods f o r de t e rmi n ing t h e i n i t i a l v e l o c i t y and mass d i s t r i -

bu t ions o f f r a g m e n t s f rom e f f e c t i v e n e s s t e s t s o f e x p l o s i v e bombs

and p r o j e c t i l e s a r e rev iewed b r i e f l y The i n f l u e n c e o f t h e p r o x

i m i t y o f weapons t o e a c h o t h e r on t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f f r a g m e n t s

e m i t t ed f rom a s t a c k i s d i s c u s s e d Te c h n i q u e s f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e

b a l l i s t i c t r a j e c t o r i e s o f f r a g m e n t s c o n s i d e r i n g a t m o s p h e r i c d r a g

and g r a v i t y f o r c e s a r e o u t l i n e d

I n j u r y c r i t e r i a i n c u r r e n t u s e a r e compared and a s imple p r o

c e d u r e o ~ e s t i m a t i n g i n j u r y p r o b a b i l i t y a s a f u n c t i o n o f d i s t a n c e

f rom t h e e x p l o s i o n p o i n t i s sugg es t ed . hen v a l i d a t e d by Les ts

d e s i g n e d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e t h e p r o c e d u r e may prov ide a r a t i o n a l

u a s i s f o r t r e a t i n g t h e h a z a r d s f rom f r a g m e n t - p r o d u c i n g ammuni t ion .


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CONTENTS

P l < E r A C E i i i

l T l ~ D J C T I O N

W t A E D ~FRAGMENfATION

Are:ta Tes t ing

Mass D i s t r i b u t i o n

I n i t i a l Veloci ty

Stack Effec t s

FR GMENT BALLISTICS

a l l i s t i c Proper t i e s

Tra jec to ry Analysis

Fragment Nunber Densi ty

H Z RD CRITERIA

St r ike Probab i l i ty

In ju ry C r i t e r i a

Suggested Procedure

DEBRIS H Z RDS

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TMlLES

Table

l Average weight of fragm=nts weighing more t han o ~ e g r a i nf r o ~ s t e e l cy l inde r s f i l l e d with var ioas c a s t exp los ives

Vg A) f o r the Gurney Equat ion V = V g A ) / ~ E ~ ;V, Vg inf ee t / s econd

ILLUSTRATIONS

l Plan of a Fragmenta t ion Test Area

2 Veloc i ty of Metal as Funct ion of Loading Fac to r M/C

~ D r a ~Coeff i c i en t o f F r a ~ m e n ~ s

4. Mass-Veloci ty Rela t ionsh ips fo r Fragments

~ Cra te r E jec ta C r i t e r i a f o r P e r s o ~ e li n the O p e ~

v i

19

20

Paoe. : ;

2

22

23

24

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FRAGMENT ND DEBRIS HAZARDS

I \TKUDUC1 1 ON

The a n a l y s i s of fragment and debr i s hazards i s cons ide rab ly l e s s

developed than techniques fo r p r e d i c t i n g b l a s t damage from d e t o n a t i o n

)[ a quanli Ly of exp los ive m a t e r i a l . General ly, while the e f f e c t s of

t)lasL way IJr L r ea t ed d e t e r m i n i s t i c a l l y t he i n v e s t i g a t i o n of fragment

efi-ecLs re jlJi res a p r o b a b i l i s t i c approach. The reason fo r t h i s i s t h a t

the fragr11e:,L.atior: process i nvo lves a degree of randomness in the phe

nomenon of f r a c t u r e o f metal case mate r i a l surrounding the burs t ing

charge . Hence the r e s u l t i n g fragment mass d i s t r i b u t i o n s cannot be

pred ic ted from an under ly ing e lementary theory, and v a r i a t i o n s a re to

be expected in success ive f i r i n g s under o s t e n s i b l y i d e n t i c a l cond i t ions .

Moreover, given the random na tu re o f the breakup o f case m a t e r i a l , and

hence of the b a l l i s t i c p r o p e r t i e s of f ragments , te rminal b a l l i s t i c

pararrreters such as the impact d i s t a n c e and v e l o c i t y w i l l a l so e x h i b i t

s t a t i s t i c a l v a r i a t i o n s . The t e rmina l b a l l i s t i c p r o p e r t i e s i n tu rn

determine hazard l e v e l s .

In what fo l lows , the elements considered in t he a n a l y s i s of f ragment

hazards a re o u t l i n e d and, where p o s s i b l e , approximate r e l a t i o n s h i p s a re

given which may be he lp fu l in es t ima t ing fragment hazards .

WE PON F RAGNENTATION

The fr-agments erni Lted from de tona t ion o f a s i n g l e weapon a re cha r

a c t e r i z e d ] Jy the d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e i r number with respocl to fragment

rrrass, and J y t h e i r i n i l i a l v e l o c i t i e s . J)oth Lhe mass disLL ibulion and


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t h e v e l o c i t y a r e f u n c t i o n s of p o l a r a n g l e measured f rom t h e nose o f a

m u n i t i o n assumed t o be a x i a l l y s y m m e t r i c s u c h a s a bomb o r p r o j e c t i l e .

Arena Te s t i n g

The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f number o f f r a g m e n t s w i t h r e s p e c t t o f ragment

mass and t h e i r v e l o c i t i e s , a r e d e t e r m i n e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y by s t a t i c

d e t o n a t i o n o f s i n g l e weapons i n an a r e n a o f w i t n e s s p a n e l s and r e c o v e r y

boxes c o n t a i n i n g m a t e r i a l i n which f r a g m e n t s a r e t r a p p e d , and f rom which

t h e y can be s e p a r a t e d . l S c r e e n i n g o r m a g n e t i c s e p a r a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s a r e

u s e d i f the r e c o v e r y medium c o n s i s t s o f l o o s e m a t e r i a l s u c h a s s a w d u s t .

f i b e r b o a r d b u n d l e s o r c a r d p a c k s i f used a s f ragment t r a p s a r e a b o u t

a m e t e r t h i c k . They r e q u i r e d i s a s s e m b l y and a t e d i o u s p r o c e s s o f f r a g m e n t

e x t r a c t i o n .

A p l a n view o f a f ragment t e s t a r e n a i s s k e t c h e d i n F i g u r e 1 .

Assuming an a x i a l l y symmet r ic weapon d e t o n a t e d w i t h i t s a x i s h o r i z o n t a l

a t t h e m i d - h e i g h t o f t h e r e c t a n g u l a r a r e n a , t i s e v i d e n t t h a t zones

de f i n ed by i n t e r v a l s o f p o l a r a n g l e w i l l be p r o j e c t e d a s g e n e r a l l y c u r v e d

bands on t h e a r e n a p a n e l s . T h e r e f o r e t h e p a n e l s can be c o n s i d e r e d t o

r e c e i v e f r a c t i o n a l samples o f t h e f r a g m e n t s e m i t t e d f rom t h e r e s p e c t i v e

p o l a r zones o f t h e weapon. The sample r a t i o i s d e t e r m i n e d f rom e l e m e n t a r y

g e o m e t r i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , assuming r o t a t i o n a l symmetry and assuming f u r t h e r

t h a t f r a g m ~ n t st r a v e l i n s t r a i g h t l i n e s o v e r d i s t a n c e s o f t h e o r d e r o f

a r e n a dimef l s ions . The a r e n a r a d i u s i s u s u a l l y d e s i g n e d t o be a b o u t 4 m/kg 1 1 3

S u p e r s c r i p t numera l s d e s i g n a t e appended r e f e r e n c e s .

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scaled by the quan t i ty of explos ive in the weapon under t e s t At th i s

d i s t ance the b l a s t pressu re i s about 0 .7 ba r s .

Average fragment v e l o c i t y in t r ave r s ing the arena radius i s de te r

~ i n e by high-speed mot ion-p ic tu re photography o f the e x t e r i o r of t he

arena . based on the time i n t e r v a l between the l i g h t of de tona t ion and

the f l a s h caused by fragments in per fo ra t ing panels o f aluminum a l l o y

o r mild s t e e l l e s s than 1 m ~ t h i c k . A l t e r n a t i v e l y, the holes may be

i l l umina ted by pho to f l a sh bulbs enclosed between the panels and aluminum

f o i l shee t s s e rv ing as r e f l e c t o r s The i n i t i a l v e l o c i t i e s of fragments

in each po la r zone a re determined by cor rec t ing t he measured average

v e l o c i t i e s fo r the e f f e c t of atmospher ic drag over the d i s t ance t r ave r sed

by the fragments ( the a rena r ad ius ) dur ing the measured time i n t e r v a l

Fragments e x t r a c t e d from the recovery medium in each po la r zone a re

weighed ind iv idua l ly and c l a s s i f i e d in to groups def ined by weight i n t e r v a l s

s p e c i f i e d in advance. Automatic systems have been developed to a s s i s t t h i s

e f f o r t E a r l i e r methods involved the use of s tandard-mesh s i eves and

approximate re la t ionsh ips between average weight i n a weight group and i t s

c o r r e l a t i o n with s ieve s i z e

Mass D i s t r i b u t i o n

I t i s convenient u r ep resen t fragment 111 2ss da ta in t h form of the

cu:uulative d i s t r i b u t i o n of Lhe numbec N of fragments ind iv idua l ly heav ie r

than mass m as a func t ion of m. Such a func t ion may be determined d i r e c t l y

from the e x r ~ r i m e n t lr e s u l t s ob ta ined by arena t e s t i n g An a n a l y t i c

express ion commonly used to approximate such da ta i s the i lott d i s t r i b u t i o n : 2

~ = 01J /m

e x p - 2 m / m 112

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where r i s the t o t a l mass of a l l the f ragments , and m0 i s the average

fragment mass. Sternberg3 recen t ly observed t h a t the formula gives a

reasonably good f i t of the r e su l t s from uncapped s t e e l cy l inders only

in a cen t ra l por t ion of the fragment mass range. n the other hand,

the expression may simply be regarded as a two-parameter f i t o f fragment

da ta , the values being chosen to f i t bes t the range of fragment mass of

g r e a t e s t i n t e r e s t . Table 1 , taken from Sternberg,3 l i s t s the average

weight M o f fragments weighing more than 1 gra in 15 .4 gra ins 1 gram

from t e s t s with uncapped, co ld- ro l led s t e e l c y l i n d e r s . For most explo

s ives t h i s average i s about 1 gram.

As wi l l be noted l a t e r i t appears tha t fragments from s tacks o f

ammunition have genera l ly coarse r mass d i s t r i bu t i ons than from s i n g l e

uni t s detonated in i s o l a t i o n . Moreover, the l a rge s t fragments wil l be

the most e f f i c i e n t b a l l i s t i c a l l y . At dis tances of p rac t i c a l i n t e r e s t in

the context o f s a f e t y, there fore , i t i s the coarse end of the fragment mass

d i s t r i b u t i o n which wil l be of g r e a t e s t concern. A d i s t r i b u t i o n of the Mott

form given above, but l imi ted to represen t ing the high-mass end of the

fragment spectrum determined by t e s t s may be usefu l fo r summarizing and

repor t ing fragment da ta , and in subsequent ly analyzing hazard l eve l s .

I n i t i a l Veloc i ty

The i n i t i a l ve loc i ty can be determined from the average v e l o c i t y

obtained photograph ica l ly from the time f o r fragments to t r averse the arena

radius in an arena t e s t . Although a range of fragment v e l o c i t y may be

observed from fragments ar r iv ing success ive ly a t a witness panel in a given

pola r zone, in p r a c t i c e only a s ing le value o f ve loc i ty i s usua l ly repor ted

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for each zone. This i s because i t i s genera l ly not p r a c t i c a b l e to

observe s p e c i f i c f ragments , to determine t h e i r v e l o c i t i e s i n d i v i d u a l l y,

and subsequent ly to recover them fo r ana lys i s of t h e i r b a l l i s t i c p r o p e r t i e s .

To ob ta in such i n fo rma t ion expe r imen ta l ly would r equ i re excep t iona l ly

s o p h i s t i c a t e d procedures .

w hen i t i s not poss ib le to make v e l o c i t y measurements in f ragmenta t ion

c:xperiments, the v e l o c i t y of fragments may be es t ima ted from a formula

cred i t ed to Gurney.4 The bas i s fo r t he r e l a t i o n s h i p i s an ana lys i s of

the d i l a t i o n of a c y l i n d r i c a l or spher i ca l s h e l l under the ac t ion of i n t e r -

nal gas pressu re . This r ep resen t s the expans ion of de tona t ion product gases

under the assumpt ion of uniform but t ime-varying pressu re and dens i ty, and

a l i n e a r v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e , as i n the c l a s s i c a l Lagrange problem of i n t e r i o r

b a l l i s t i c s . 5 The r e s u l t of the a n a l y s i s i s t he formula

v2 E / M/C T n / n T 2 ) )

where 2 ) 1 / i s the Gurney v e l o c i t y, a cons tan t fo r a given exp los ive ,

\1/C i s the rne ta l - to -cha rge weight r a t i o , and n 1 , 2, o r 3 fo r p lane ,

c y l i n d r i c a l , and spher i ca l symmetry. Figure 2, taken from Kennedy5, i s a

p l o t of t h i s express ion and of the formula f o r an asyiTU11et r i c plane case as

wel l . Table 2, taken from Jacobs6, i s a r ecen t compi l a t ion of va lues of

V = 2 ) 1 / from ana lys i s of measurements in experiments conducted a t t hegNaval Ordnance Laboratory CNOL) and a t t he Lawrence Livermore Laboratory LLL).

Stack Effec t s

Thrrc a rc s t rong i ndi ca l ions t h a t Lhe f ragmentat ion char ncLer isLics

of s t acks of weapons d i U e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y from those of a s ing le u n i t

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d e t o n a t e d i n i s o l a t i o n . I n g e n e r a l , l a r g e f r a g m e n t s a r e r e l a t i v e l y

rnore nurnerous t h a n f rom a s i n g l e u n i t . The e f f e c t i s a p p a r e n t l y more

p r o n o u n c r ~ df o r weapons w i t h s m a l l c h a r g e - t o - m e t a l r a t i o s a r t i l l e ty

p r o j e c t i l e s 7 8 t h a n f o r d e m o l i t i o n bombs. 9 I n a d d i t i o n , t h e v e l o c i t y

o f t h e l e a d i n g f r a g m e n t s f rom a s t a c k o f p r o j e c t i l e s has been o b s e r v e d

to be as much a s t w i c e t h e v a l u e f o r a s i n g l e p r o j e c t i l e . 19

The c o a r s e n i n g o f t h e mass d i s t r i b u t i o n a t d i s t a n c e s o f i n t e r e s t i n

t h e c o n t e x t o f s a f e t y i s p o s s i b l y due i n p a r t t o t h e p r o x i m i t y o f a d j a c e n t

weapons i n a c l o s e l y - p a c k e d s t a c k . The r a d i u s o f an i s o l a t e d c y l i n d r i c a l

c a s e o f m i l d s t e e l f i l l e d wi t h e x p l o s i v e w i l l d i l a t e t o a b o u t t w i c e i t s

i n i t i a l s i z e b e f o r e v e n t i n g o c c u r s . 6 M e c h a n i c a l i n t e r f e r e n c e be tween u n i t s

i n a s t a c k w i l l n e c e s s a r i l y a f f e c t t h e breakup o f t h e c a s e s . S e c o n d l y

i n i t i a t i o n o f d e t o n a t i o n o f s u c c e s s i v e u n i t s may be i m p e r f e c t , b e i n g

communica ted by t h e shock o f c a s e i m p a c t . F i n a l l y , a t m o s p h e r i c d r a g a c t s

t o f i l t e r s m a l l f r a g m e n t s p r e f e r e n t i a l l y f rom t h e mass d i s t r i b u t i o n a s t h e

d i s t a n c e f rom t h e s o u r c e i n c r e a s e s . The e f f e c t s o f c l o s e p a c k i n g i n a

s t a c k on t h e mass d i s t r i b u t i o n and on t h e i n i t i a l v e l o c i t i e s o f f r a g m e n t s

must e d e t e r m i n e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y.

FRAGI 1EHI BALLISTICS

1 f t h e mass d i s t r i b u t i o n and Lhc v e l o c i t y o f f r a g m e n t s aL t h e s o u r c e

a r e known i t i s p o s s i b l e t o e s t i m a t e f r a g m e n t number d e n s i t i e s and v e l o c

i t i e s a t i111pact f rom an a n a l y s i s o f f r a g m e n t t r a j e c t o r i e s . G r a v i t y may

have a s i ~ ~ n if i c a n t i n f l u e n c e on t h e t r a j e c t o r i e s o f f r a g m e n t s which t r a v e l

l a r g e d i s a r u ~ sf rom t h e s o u r c e .

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B a l l i s t i c Proper t i e s

Parameters \vhich determine the r e t a r d a t i o n of fragment v e l o c i t y i n

a i r inc lude the fragment mass, i n i t i a l v e l o c i t y, mean presented area , and

drag c o e f f i c i e n t . The drag fo rce ac t ing on a fragment i s propor t iona l t o

the mean presen ted area . This a rea i s the average s i l h o u e t t e a rea pro jec tedon a plane normal to the t r a j e c t o r y d i r e c t i o n . I t can be determined by

measurements on recovered fragments using an apparatus known as an i cosa

hedron gage. The gage c o n s i s t s of a l i g h t source , co l l ima t ing and con

densing l enses , a crossed wire suppor t fo r the f ragment , and a l igh t l eve l

de tec to r. The pro jec ted a rea i s measured by means of the l i g h t obscured

by the fragment in the co l l ima ted beam in 16 equa l ly spaced o r i e n t a t i o n s

and the average i s taken as the mean presented area . Al te rna t ive ly, fo r

preformed geomet r i ca l ly r egu la r fragments such as cubes o r near ly cubic

para l l e l ep ipeds whose su r face a rea i s known o r read i ly ca lcu la ted , use can

be made of the p rope r ty t h a t f o r a closed su r face which i s everywhere convex,

the mean presented a rea i s one- four th the surface area .

I f the fragments from a given weapon a re assumed to be geomet r i ca l ly

s imi la r, the mass m and presented a rea A a re r e l a t e d by I l = k 3 2

Values

of k, c a l l e d a shape f a c t o r o r b a l l i s t i c dens i ty, m y e determined from

\ H ~ i g h land presented a rea measurements on fragments recoveced from t e s t s of

p a r t i c u l a r weapons, Although the value of k d i f f e r s from one weapon to

another, fo r forged s t e e l p r o j e c t i l e s and f ragmenta t ion bombs the average

value of 660 g r a i n s / i n . 3 2.60 g/cm3) has been recommended, while f o r dem-

o l i t i o n bombs the value 590 g r a i n s / i n . 3 2.33 g/cm 3 has been app l i ed .

7


18/42

1:1 c o n t r a s t , f o r s t e e l cubes and spheres the values are 1080 and 1490-

g r a i n s / i n . J based on the de:1sity of s t e e l and on the proper ty governing

the mean pro jec ted a rea of c losed convex sur faces .

The drag pressure ac t ing o ~ a fragment i s s s u ~ e dto fo l low a

ve loc i ty - squared law. The re ta rd ing force on the fragment i s the re fo re

propor t iona l to the prodact of the mean presen ted area a ~ d the square o

the v e l o c i t y. The dimensionless c o e ff i c i e n t of p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y, the drag

c o e f f i c i e n t i s determined exper imen ta l ly as a func t ion of Mach namber by

f i r i n g f ragmen::s recovered fro:n de tona t ion t e s t s fro:n smooth-bore launcher,

and observing the decreaEe of v e l o c i t y with dis tance . 10 A plo t of drag

coeff ic ie :1t Cn aga ins t Mach number ap?ears in Figure 3 . I t s v a r i a t i o n

with l lach nurnher between subsonic and supersonic speeds i s seen to be

r a t h e r modest desp i te a peak near the s o ~ n dspeed. A useful p p r o x i m t i o ~

fo r many a p ? l i c a t i o n s i s to take the drag c o e ff i c i e n t as constant a t i t s

supersonic value of 1 .28 .

Th2 ~ ~ t i o nof a fragment through a i r under the ac t ion of drag and

grav i ty fo rces i s govern,.=d b ; non l inea r equat ions which cannot be solved

a n a l y t i c a l l y. I f the force of g r a v i t y i s neg lec ted , however, the equa t ion

of motion can be in tegra ted in the case of a constant drag c o e f f i c i e n t to

ol-ltain Lite v e l o c i t y v a s a : ; i m r l e e x p o n c ~ n t i a lfunct ion o f cListance R from

the o r i v i r 1 :

vC'Xp - 1 / L )

8


19/42

where Lhe parameter L i s def ined by

L = 2 k2m)ll3;cDp

i f we assume geometr ical ly s imi la r fragments whose presen ted a rea and

mass are re la ted by the shape f a c t o r k def ined prev ious ly, where i s

the a tmospher ic dens i ty. The parameter L r ep resen t s the dis tance in which

the fragment v e l o c i t y drops to 1/e of i t s i n i t i a l value . I t can be

llri ten as

L = Llml/3

where L1 i s the corresponding dis tance for a u n i t mass. For

k = 2.6 g/cm 3 and CD= 1 .28 , we f ind t h a t L1 = 247 m/kgl/3 in a i r a t

s tandard cond i t ions .

A method has been developed fo r solving the f u l l equat ions of motion

of a f ragment , consider ing the e f f e c t s of both drag and g r a v i t y. l l An

approximate l oca l so lu t ion was obtained by s p l i t t i n g the incrementa l d i s

placement component along the pa th i n t o two p a r t s one a basic so lu t ion

s a t i s f y i n g the equat ion of motion with grav i ty absen t , and the other a

per tu rba t ion s a t i s f y i n g the s e t of l inear ized r e s idua l equa t ions . This

amounts to regarding g r a v i t y as a per tu rb ing e f f e c t on the s t r a i g h t t r a -

j ec to ry which r e s u l t s when atmospher ic drag alone i s considered.

The per tu rba t ion so lu t ion has been used both as Lhe bas i s fo r a

numerical i n t e g r a t i o n of the t r a j e c t o r y equat ions wi th ve loc i ty -dependen t

drag c o e f f i c i e n t and as an approximate so lu t ion fo r complete t r a j e c t o r i e s

with loH aniSles of launch. The r e s u l t s fo r d i s t ance and ve loc i ty a t impact

depend on the r a t i o of the te rminal ve loc i ty in f ree f a l l gL) 1 12 , to

the i n i t i a l v e l o c i t y V where g i s the a c c e l e r a t i o n of grav i ty.

9


20/42

I n t e g r a t i o n of the f u l l equat ions of motion fo r a v a r i e t y of i n i t i a l

c o ~ d i t i o n s lhas shown t h a t the v e l o c i t y a t impact can be es t ima ted from

the exponen t i a l r e l a t i o n obtained neglect ing g r a v i t y f o r launch angles

l e s s than a few degrees , and t h a t i t i s never f a r below the te rminal

ve loc i ty in f r e e f a l l f o r a l l g r e a t e r launch ang les . This suggests t h a t

as a f i r s t approximat ion, the v e l o c i t y can be ca lcu la ted from the grav i ty -

f ree exponent ia l formula in the near f i e l d where i t gives values g r e a t e r

than the terminal v e l o c i t y i n f r e e f a l l and t h a t i t can be taken as the

f r e e - f a l l v e l o c i t y a t a l l l a rg e r dis tances .

The p r o b a b i l i t y of s t r i k i n g a t a rg e t a t any given p o s i t i o n w i l l be

determined by the area l dens i ty o r f lux of fragments through the t a rge t

area pro jec ted on a plane normal to the fragment t r a j e c t o r i e s a t impact.

When g r a v i t y e f f e c t s a re cons ide red , n u ~ e r i c a ltechniques must be u t i l i z e d

even with s impl i fy ing assumptions regarding atmospheric dr-ag and the mass

d i s t r i b u t i o n of the f ragments . I f g r a v i t y i s ignored, however, the f r a g m e n ~

f lux f o l l o ~ san inverse-square law with dis tance . Assuming the Matt d i s -

1..ribution fo r nJmber of fragments with respect to mass, the area l dens i ty

q of f r g ~ e n c sof ind iv idua l mass g r e a t e r than m, on a surface normal to

the ray a t dis tance R, i s given by

q = Q /R 2 exp - 2m/rn )112)0 0

where Q0 i s the t o t a l number of fragments per u n i t s o l i d angle emit ted by

the s o ~ r c ein the d i r e c t i o n of the t a r g e t . In t h i s ap?roximat ion, consid-

e r a t i o ~of the inf luence of g r a v i t y w i l l extend to i t s e f f e c t on impact

c ~ ; J e e c lhut I :u l on the terminal d i r e c t i o n of the t r a j c c t o r v.

10


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l ~ s e don a s t u d y o f t h e r e s u l t s o f f ragment c o l l e c t i o n and weigh t

a n a l y s i s f rom l a r g e t e s t e x p l o s i o n s o f m a s s - d e t o n a t i n g arrununi t ion, F u g e l s o 16

uhsr, rvr d t h a t o n l y t h e weapons on t h e s i d e s and t o p o f a r e c t a n g u l a r s t a c k

a p p e a r Lo c t 1 n t r i b u t e t o t h e f a r - f i e l d a r e a l d e n s i t y o f h a z a r d o u s f r a g m e n t s .

Herr:corrunendecl t h a t t h e e f f e c t i v e v a l u e o f Q0 t h e number o f f r a g m e n t s

e m i t t e d p e r u n i l s o l i d a n g l e f rom a s t a c k o f weapons , be e s t i m a t e d by

m u l t p l y n ~t h e v a l u e f o r a s i n g l e u n i t by t h e number o f e f f e c t i v e weapons

NE i n tu1n o b t a i n e d a s

N = 0 g N S r 0 1 NT

f o r a s t a c k i n t h e open , o r

N = 0 7Ns + O. lNr

f o r t h e same s t a c k i n an e a r t h - c o v e r e d magaz ine , where f is and NT a r e t h e

numbers o i weapons i n t h e top l a y e r and on t h e s i d e o f t h e s t a c k f a c i n g t h e

d i r e c t i o n n L i n t e r e s t r e s p e c t i v e l y .

HAZARD CR f, J RIA

Fragment h a z a r d l e v e l s a r e d e t e r m i n e d i n t e rms o f two c r i t e r i a a p p l i e d

j o i n t l y . One i s t h e f ragment d e n s i t y on which t h p r o b a b i l i t y o f s t r i k i n g

at a r g e t

d e p e n d s . Theo t h e r

an i n j u r y c r i t e r i o n d e t e r m i n e s whether

i n j u r y o c c u r s i n t h e e v e n t o f a s t r i k e .

~ t _ r : _ i ~ r P r o b a b i l i l y

T l w p obab i l i Ly o f i m p a c t by one o r more f r a g m e n t s o f mass g r e a t e r

l han i s ~ ~ c d il y c a l c u l a t e d i t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g a r e a l d e n s i t y q i s known.

The impac t p r o c e s s i s assumed t o be u n i f o r m l y random i n t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d

o f l h e p o i n t o f i n t e r e s t . T h a t i s impac t i s e q u a l l y l i k e l y on a l l e q u a l

11


22/42

r ~ J e m e n U ;o f a r e a i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e p o j n t . t fo l l ows t h a t t h e

p n>bal>i l iLy p o f impac t on a t a r g e t o f a r e a by one o r more f r agme n t s

uf mass g r e a t e r t han m i s g iven by

where q i s a f u n c t i o n o f m as d i s c u s s e d i n t h e p r e c e d i n g s e c t i o n . F o r a

s t a n d i n g man f a c i n g t h e e x p l o s i o n and t a k i n g no e v a s i v e a c t i o n , a conse rv -

~ i v e l yl a r g e va lue o f 6 . 2 f t 2 0 . 5 8 m2 has been recommended f o r t h e

a r e a A 13T.

S i n c e any f u n c t i o n o f t he m o t i o n t h a t i s u s a b l e a s a p h y s i c a l l y

r t : a l i s c i c i n j u r y c r i t e r i o n , s u c h a s Lhe impac t e n e rg y, w i l l i n c r e a s e w i t h

i n c r e a s i n g mass , t he p r o b a b i l i t y o f impac t by one o r more f r agmen t s o f

mass m g r e a t e r t han t h a t c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e i n j u r y t h r e s h o l d g i v e s t h e

p r o b a b i l i t y o f i n j u r y d i r e c t l y . The a r e a l d e n s i t y o f i n j u r i o u s f r agmen t s

c o n s i d e r e d a c c e p t a b l e under c u r r e n t U.S. s t a n d a r d s , l / 6 0 0 ) f t - 2 , co r r e sponds

to an i n j u r y p r o b a b i l i t y o f a bou t l p e r c e n t .

l n j u r v C r i t e r i a

A v a r i e t y o f f u n c t i o n s o f mass and v e l o c i t y a t i m p a c t have been

p ropo se d a s i n j u r y c r i t e r i a . l 4 , 1 5 I n c u r r e n t U.S. e x p l o s i v e s a f e t y s t a n d a r d s ,

c va lue o f k i n e t i c e n e rg y a t i m p a c t o f 58 f t - l b 79 j o u l e s ) o r more d e f i n e s

2 h a z a r d o u s f r agmen t . Th i s appea r s t o c o r r e s p o n d t o i n c a p a c i t a t i o n i n most

ex pos u re s o v e r a range o f f r a g m e n t mass from a few grams t o s e v e r a l k i l o g r a m s .

A n o t h e r c r i t e r i o n , one o f s k i n p e n e t r a t i o n , l 5 i n v o l v e s t h e f r o n t a l a r e a a s

w el l a s t he mass and v e l o c i t y . These i n j u r y c r i t e r i a a r e p l o t t e d i n F i g u r e 4 ,

Logc t hc r w i l h cu rve s o f Lhe t e r m i n a l v e l o c i t y in f r e e f a l l , g L 112 .


23/42

The s k i n p e n e t r a t i o n curves l abe led JM M i n the f i g u r e ) and t he

f r e e - f a l l v e l o c i t y curves depend on the shape f a c t o r k . They a re shown

f o r k = 2.37 g/cm3, an average value fo r n a t u r a l l y formed fragments from

bomhs and p r o j e c t i l e s , and f o r twice t h i s va lue , r ep resen t ing fragments

t ha t a r e more e f f i c i e n t b a l l i s t i c a l l y . Fugelso16

found t h a t t he h ighe r

value of k i s needed to account fo r the fragments of l e a s t mass c o l l e c t e d

a t va r ious d i s t ances from l a rge t e s t explos ions 7 - 9 and i s cons i s t en t wi th

q u a l i t a t i v e obse rva t ions o f the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the c o l l e c t e d f ragments .

For t h i s h ighe r value of k ,1 = 369 m/kgl /3 ,

I t may be noted i n Figure 4 t h a t the DDESB impact energy c r i t e r i o n i s

more conse rva t ive than the s k i n p e n e t r a t i o n c r i t e r i o n f o r fragments heav ie r

than about 0 . 2 kg, and l e s s conse rva t ive f o r l i g h t e r f ragments . I t may

a l s o be noted, however, t h a t f ragments heav ie r t han about 0.1 kg s t r i k i n g

a t t h e i r t e rmina l v e l o c i t y i n f r e e f a l l would be judged i n d i v i d u a l l y

hazardous under any of the i n j u r y c r i t e r i a shown.

Suggested Procedure

The fo l lowing procedure i s t e n t a t i v e l y sugges ted f o r purposes o f

es t ima t ing the fragment hazard from s t acks of mass-detonat ing ammunition:

1 . Obtain the Gurney v e l o c i t y fo r the exp los ive f i l l e r from Table 2

and c a l c u l a t e the i n i t i a l fragment v e l o c i t y V from the Gurney formula with

n = l / : 2 foe approximate ly c y l i n d r i c a l bombs o r p r o j e c t i l e s .

2. Est imate Q0 the number of fragments emi t t ed from the s t ack pe r

u n i t s o l i d ang le , based on t he number of e f f e c t i v e weapons i n t he s t a c k

and the value of Q0 from a s i n g l e weapon i n the d i r e c t i o n of i n t e r e s t

u s u a l l y the d i r e c t i o n perpend icu la r to the weapon a x i s .

13


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25/42

6. Determine the i n j u r y p r o b a b i l i t y p a t any dis tance R from

p l exp -qAT)

\vith Ar 0 . 5 8 m2 For small values of q, p qAr approximately.

The foregoing procedure can read i ly be adapted f o r use with an

in ju ry c r i t e r i o n o t h e r t han impact energy, o r to an improved t rea tment

o f t r a j e c t o r y b a l l i s t i c s I t s overa l l v a l i d i t y remains to be confirmed

by comparison with the r e s u l t s of s u i t a b l e t e s t s designed f o r t h i s purpose .

E ~ h i SH Z RDS

Compared with the highly developed techniques f o r eva lua t ing the

e f f e c t i v e n e s s of f ragmen ta t ion weapons, the ra t iona l basis f o r pred ic t ing

hazards from secondary fragments such as magazine s t ruc ture debr i s and

c r a t e r e j e c t a from acc iden ta l exp los ions i s much l e s s ex tens ive . The

debr i s produced by a s t r u c t u r e surrounding the explosion source w l l be

s p e c i f i c to t he bu i ld ing considered. In genera l , however, such fragments

wil l not be prope l l ed as f a r as the primary fragments from weapon cases ,

nor wil l they usua l ly have as high a l eve l of impact energy as primary

fragments reaching_the same dis tance . This i s because metal case mate r i a l

in contact with explosive i s acce le ra ted f a r more e f f i c i e n t l y than l e s s dense

mater ia l s and mater ia l s sepa ra ted from t he dr iv ing explosive by a i r gaps .

InhabiLed bu i ld ings exposed to the e f f e c t s of acc iden ta l explos ions

may be damaged s u f f i c i e n t l y to c o n s t i t u t e a hazard to occupants from the

debr i s produced. At bes t , the r i s k to occupants can only be i n f e r r e d from

t he l eve l of damage to the bui ld ing . At commonly accepted inhab i t ed bu i ld ing

d i s tances the b l a s t overpressure i s of the order of 1 p s i Wilton 17 has

15


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c o r r e l a t e d wood frame house damage with pressure , and found tha t t h i s

l eve l of loading r e s u l t s in damage to the bui ld ing cos t ing about 5 percen t

of the b u i l d i n g va lue to repa i r. S ign i f ican t ly, the damage i s most ly

s u p e r f i c i a l cons i s t ing of window glass breakage, cracked p l a s t e r and

damage to f i x t u r e s and t r im.

Cra te r e j e c t a from explosions in contact with the ground surface may

c o n s t i t u t e a debr i s hazard to exposed persons . Henny and Carlson 18 found

tha t the maximum range of such m i s s i l e s from t e s t explosions appears to

scale as the 0 . 4 power of exp los ive weight and t h a t the dis tances so scaled

have the values 70 and 30 f t / l b 0 4 (29.2 and 12.5 m/kg 0 4 f o r rock and s o i l

media, r e s p e c t i v e l y.

Based on an exposed area o f 0.58 m2 f o r a s tanding man, Richmond 1 3

extended Henny and Car l son s r e s u l t s f o r c r a t e r e j e c t a number dens i ty as

a func t ion of dis tance to obta in curves of 1 percent and 50 percent proba

b i l i t y of a s t r i k e by one o r more such miss i les , as func t ions of d i s t a n c e .

A r e l a t i o n s h i p s i m i l a r to t h a t given in the preceding s e c t i o n f o r the s t r i k e

probabi l i ty as a func t ion of pr imary fragment number dens i ty was used.

The resu l t ing quant i ty -d i s tance curves are given i n Figure 5, taken from

Richmond . 1 _;

16


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REFERENCES

1. U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Conunand, Arena Test of High-ExplosiveFragmentation Munitions, Materiel Test Procedure 4-2-813, February 1967.

2. R. W. Gurney and J . N. Sarmousakis, The Mass Dis t r ibut ion of Fragmentsfrom Bombs, Shell , and Grenades, BRL Report 448, February 1944.

3. H. M. Sternberg, Fragment Weight Distr ibutions from Natural ly Fragmenting Cylinders Loaded with Various Explosives, NOLTR 73-83,October 1973.

4. R. W. Gurney, The I n i t i a l Veloci ty of Fragments from Bombs, Shell ,and Grenades, 11 BRL Reports 405 and 635, September 1943 and March 194 7.

5. J . E. Kennedy, Gurney Energy of Explosives: Estimation of theVeloci ty and Impulse Imparted to Driven Metal , SC-RR-70-790, SandiaCorporation, December 1970.

6. S. J . Jacobs, The Gurney Formula: Variat ions on a Theme by Lagrange,NOLTR 74-86, June 1974.

7. D. I . Feins te in , Fragment Hazard Study: Grading and Analysis of 155-mmYuma Tes t Fragments, Final Report, Contract DAAB09-72-C-0051, October1972.

8. F. H. Weals, ESKIMO Magazine Separation Test , NW TP 5430, Apri l 1973.

9. D. I Feins te in and H. H. Nagaoka, Fragment Hazards from Detonationof Mult iple Munitions in Open Stores, Final Report, Phase I I I ContractDAHC04-69-C-0056, August 1971.

10. D. J . Dunn, J r . and W. R. Por ter, Air Drag Measurements of Fragments,BRL MR 915, August 1955.

11. T. A. Zaker, Trajectory Calculat ions in Fragment Hazard Analysis ,Minutes, 13th ASESB Seminar, 101-115, September 1971.

12. D. I . Fein-stein and H. H. Nagaoka, Fragmentation Hazards to UnprotectedPersonnel , Minutes, 13th ASESB Seminar, 53-75, September 1971.

13. D. R. Richmond and E. R. Fle tcher, Blast Cr i t e r i a fo r Personnel inRelat ion to Quanti ty-Distance, Minutes, 13th ASESB Seminar, 401-419,September 1971.

17


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14. D. I F e i n s t e i n , Fragment Hazard C r i t e r i a , 1 Minu te s , 13 th ASESBSeminar, 429-436 , September 1971 .

15 . W Kokinak i s , A Note on Fragment I n j u r y C r i t e r i a , Minu te s , 1 3 t h ASESBSeminar, 421-428 , September 1971 .

16. L. E. F u ge l so and C. E. Rathmann, E f f e c t o f E a r t h Cover on F a r - F i e l dFragment D i s t r i b u t i o n s , 1 M inu te s , 15 th DDESB Seminar, 1127-1169 ,September 1973 .

17. c. Wil to n and B. G a b r i e l s e n , House Damage Asses smen t , Minu t e s ,14 th DDESB Seminar, 1167-1203, November 1972 .

18. R. W Henny and R. H. Car l son , 11 D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Natu ra l M i s s i l e sResu l t i ng from C r a t e r i n g Exp los i ons i n Hard Rock, Ann a l s , New York

c a ~ m yo f S c i e n c e s , Vol . 152 , A r t . 1 , 404-431 , Octobe r 1968 .

19 . E. Dr ape r and R. R. Watson , C o l l a t e d Data on Fragments from Scackso f High E xp lo s ive P r o j e c t i l e s , MOD TM 2 /70 , March 1970 .

18


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r\,()

Table 1 Average weight of fragments weiehing more than one grain froms tee l cylinders* f i l l ed with various cast explosives

Source: Reference 3

Density DetonationExplosive Composition (parts by weight) (g/cc) Velocity (m/sec)

Baratol 77 Barium Nitrate/23 TNT/0.1 Nitrocel lulose 2.49 4900Composition B 59.5 RDX/39.5 TNT/1 Wax 1.68 7900

75/25 Cyclotol Any RDX TNT combination, in t h i s case 1.69 807075 RDX/25 TNT

H-6 47 RDX/31 TNT/22 Al/5 D 2 Wax 1. 73 7460

HBX 1 40 RDX/38 TNT/17 Al/5 D-2 Wax 1. 71 7440

HBX 3 31 RDX/29 TNT/35 Al/5 D 2 Wax 1.81 7108

Minol 2 40 Ammonium Nitrate/40 TNT/20 Al 1.67

Pento l i t e 50 PETN/50 TNT 1.64 7530

PTX 1 30 RDX/50 Tetryl/20 TNT 1.64 7730

PTX 2 44 RDX/28 PETN/28 TNT 1.67 793041 RDX/26 PETN/33 TNT

Torpex 45 RDX/37 TNT/18 Al 1.80

Tri tonal 80 TNT/20 Al 1.71

TNT Trini t rotoluene 1.58 6880

M(grain

3012

11.5

15.5

13.5

18

19.5

13.5

12.5

13

13

17

17.5

*9 long, 2 I .D. , 2.5 0 D AISI 1045 am1se ess , cold ro l led , s t ress r l i f annealed, Rockwell hardnapproximately 100-B.


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1\.0

TABLE 2 V (A) FOR THE GURNEY EQUATION, V V A)//MlC+A v. v IN FEET/SECOND

{ LLL [17]Source @ 19 nun

EXPLOSIVE Vg 0.5)

HMX 9890PETN 9787RDX 9739 a

TNT Cast) 7910TNT Pressed)COMP. B Grade A);

64/36 9014COMP. B 60/40 8940 aCYCLOTOL; 77/23 9318CYCLOTOL; 75/25 9280 a

OCTOL; 78/22 9449PENTOLITE; 50/50)

8849 aCast)Pressed)

NITRO METH NE8031

H-6; R D X T N T A ~ W a x47/31/22/5)

a In terpola ted r e su l t sReference value

NOL [5] NOL [5)ALL FRAGS TOP 20

Vg 0.5) Vg 0.5)

6730 74506900 7390

7880 8450

7850 8865

7140 81857610 8200

7710 8840

Source: eference 6NOL [5] LLL' BEST ESTIMATESTOP 50 NOmlALIZED A = 0.5 A .. 0.3Vg 0.5) Vg 0.5) Vg 0.5) Vg 0.3)

9080 9080 8760899C 8990 86708940 8940 8620

7260 7260 7260 70107280 7260 7260 7010

8280 8280 79908210 [8210]* 8210 7920

9560 9550 92108490 8520 8500 8200

8680 8680 8370

7960 8130 8100 78207980 8130 8100 7820

7380 7380 71208380 8380 8080

TYPICAH. E. DEN

g/cc

l 89l 76l 79

1.60

1.71l 70l 751 . 721.82

1.69

1.14

1.71


31/42

A d d i t i o n a l

Duralumih

\ ~ ~ = ~ ~ 50 . 0 2 0 ~Camera ; ~ : : _

Recovery Area

I

Ricoche t S top

No. 22 FlashBulbs

/ _________ _~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c 9 ~ o o ~ = ~ ~ ~ ~

I I I \I \ I I \

I II , \

I \ 1I I I I

\ I I I \ I\ I I \ I

\ I I I I

\ / \ I , I ,

1 / \ I \ I\ I I I I

\ d 0d ~ a m e r a

I

I

llill------ -.0

--------;----- Camera

-'- ~ ~ = ~---- ---

Source: Reference

Zoning f o r recovery v e l o c i t y a r e a s

Figure ~ o a Fragmenta t ion Te s t Area

21


32/42

6 ~ ~ r o r r ~ T n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T m ~ . ~ .m m ~ ~ ~ ~ T i n > r r r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m . r . ~ . ~ n . ~ n n : I T ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ .l t : :

2 4 7 7 10

M C

Source: Reference 5

Figure Velocity of Metal as Function of Loading Factor M/C

22


33/42

1.

1.4

1 .

t

I ti jj + ri - - ~- -- . t l

i

~ - -

l 1

+ i \ t (

t

..~ t i - ~ t-~ - - t -

I I

~ r ::- --=1=-tt- ; - - - - t - - ~ - - ~ t - - t - - - - r - - -- ~ - - t-

- - ~ - t r ~ I---- ...__..__

. - - - ~ - _ _ _ _ _ ; . _ ~- ---t- ~ - -

1 . 2 - ~ ~ - - - ~ - ~ - - ~ ~ - r r r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - r ~ ~ ~ - - ~ ~ - - - ~ ----+-----------

1 - ~ - - - - - - - - -

t

1 1-----r--t---t

~ L~

- -.- ~ - - - ~ - r-,- _ _ __

l . O h - - - ~ ~ - - ~ - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - 4 - - - - - - - -0 2 4 6 7

ach Number

Figure 3 rag Coefficient o f Fragments


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CCD

~ 1

10

0.004 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.1 0.2 0.4 1

Fragment Mass kg

Figure 4 Mass Velocity Relat ionships fo r Fragments


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1000

1- 50 o personnelz 1-1- struck by Rock Ejecta z

1 00 1-0f/ 10 00 nz z

1\> 0

\ \ 0 10.. 10

RANGE IN FEET

Source: eference 1.3


36/42

BL NK


37/42

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ChairmanDepartment of Defense Explosives Safety BoardRm GB 270, Forresta1 Building

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Documents

10 F 0806 Fragment AndDebrisHazards