1

10º Fórum Internacional de Resíduos Sólidos

Thermochemical Conversion of Residual Biomass and Solid Wastes to Energy Vectors and Organic

Products

The experience at DAO- UA and colaboration with national and internacional partners

2019

Luís António da Cruz Tarelho & colleaguesDepartamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento

Universidade de AveiroPortugal

Main research fields

Residual biomass to energy and organic products

Characterization of biomass fuels

Development of processes and technology for thermochemicalconversion of biomass to energy

Control of air pollution from thermochemical processes

Characterization and management of ashes

Solid waste management

Characterization a management of solid wastes

Material valorization of solid wastes

Energetic valorization of solid wastes 2

Objective of the ongoing work

To develop processes and technology for combustion, pyrolysis andgasification

Fluidized bed reactors

Fixed bed reactors

To optimize operating conditions to the production of heat and power,biochar, bio-oils, syngas, and minimize gaseous pollutant emissions

Evaluate the performance of distinct residual biomass and waste

Evaluate the influence of operating variables and low costmaterials to improve gas properties

Characterize ash related problems and develop managementalternatives for the ashes 3

Residual biomass

4

Residual Forest Biomass

Wood pellets

Proximate analysis (%wt, wet basis)

Moisture 11.0 4.6Volatile matter 71.1 78.5Fixed carbon 16.8 16.6

Ash 1.1 0.3

Ultimate analysis(%wt, dry basis)

Ash 1.20 0.32C 50.80 47.50H 6.50 6.20N 0.25 0.09S nd nd

O (by difference) 41.25 45.89

LHV (MJ/kg dry basis) 18.5 18.0

nd – not determined, below detection limit (100 ppm wt).

5

Other types of residual biomass and wastes

Eucalyptus wood chip fines

Residual forest biomass (Eucalyptus)

Eucalyptus bark pellets

Eucalyptus branches pellets

Secondary sludge

Primarysludge

6

Refused derived fuels pellets

Residualderived fuelfluf

Co-combustion of sewage sludge and residual forest biomass

Pilot-scale Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustor (30 kWth)

7

Temperature

PreseureSample Gas (SG)

Water (out)

C

A

DB

L

Water (in)

E

Biomass feeder 1

J

Biomass feeder 2

Heated sampling line (180ºC)

Zirconia cell probefor O2 (ZC)

K

Water (out)

Water (in)

G

F

C3H8Air

To g

as b

urne

r

To g

as b

urne

r

Exit flue gas

Exit flue gasesto fan

Temperature

O

Pressure

Zero Gas, (ZG)

M

UCD0

Pressure

045

000

UCD1

SG

ZG

Sample Gas(SG)

UCE1

UCD2

O2

FTIR

Heated sampling line (180ºC)

Cyclone

Ice

Bat

h

Condensingmaterial

Ice

Bat

h

SGSG

N

Bag filter

HGSU(180ºC)

Seco

ndar

y ai

r

Prim

ary

air

H

UCC2

C3H8

Compressed dry air

Pressureregulator

H H

I

Secondary air

8

Temperature profiles along time during combustion

9

Residual biomass from eucalyptus logging

Residual biomass from eucalyptus logging +

secondary sludge

Longitudinal temperature profiles during combustion

10

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0

Tem

pera

tura

(ºC)

Distância ao distribuidor (m)

EL-0

EL-0 #2

EL-5

EL-10

EL-10 #2

EL-10 #3

EL-10 #4

EL-10 #5

EL-10 #6

EL-10 #7

ELP-5

ELP-5 #2

ELP-5 #3

ELP-5 #4

Alimentação biomassa

Amostragem gás

Altura leito fixo

Ar secundário (50 L PTN/min)

Permutador de calor (àgua líquida; 0.6 L/min)

Flue gas composition during combustion

11

02468

101214161820

0:00:00 1:12:00 2:24:00 3:36:00 4:48:00 6:00:00CO₂ (

%v,

dry

gas)

and

H₂O

(%v,

wet

ga

s)

Times (h:m:s)

H₂O CO₂

Secondary sludgefeeding start

Secondary sludge feeding end

Biomass feeding end

Ō₂ = 6.0 % v, dry gas

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0:00:00 1:12:00 2:24:00 3:36:00 4:48:00 6:00:00

HCl (

ppm

v, dr

y ga

s)

Time (h:m:s)

HCl

Secondary sludgefeeding

start

Secondary sludge

feeding endBiomass

feeding end

Ō₂ = 6.0 %v, dry gas

Flue gas composition during combustion

12

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0:00:00 1:12:00 2:24:00 3:36:00 4:48:00 6:00:00 7:12:00

NO (p

pmv,

dry

gas)

Time (h:m:s)

NO

Secondary sludge feeding start

Secondary sludge feeding end

Biomass feeding end

Ō₂ = 7.0 %v, dry gas

0100200300400500600700800900

4 5 6 7 8 9

CO

(mg/

Nm³,

gase

s sec

os, c

orri

gido

a

11%

O₂ )

O₂ (% v/v, gases secos)

EL-0 EL-0 #2 EL-5 EL-10 EL-10 #3 EL-10 #4 EL-10 #5

EL-10 #6 EL-10 #7 EL-10 #8 ELP-5 ELP-5 #2 ELP-5 #3

Limite de emissão CO (Portaria 677/2009, 11% O₂ )

Flue gas composition during combustion

13

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0 7,5 8,0 8,5 9,0

HC

l(m

g/N

m³,

gase

s sec

os,

corr

igid

os p

ara

6% O₂)

O₂ (% v/v, gases secos)

EL-0 EL-0 #2 EL-5 EL-10 EL-10 #2 EL-10 #3 EL-10 #4 EL-10 #5

EL-10 #6 EL-10 #7 EL-10 #8 ELP-5 ELP-5 #2 ELP-5 #3 ELP-5 #4

Limite de emissão HClfuturo (corrigido para 6%vO₂, gases secos)

050

100150200250300350400450500

4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0 7,5 8,0 8,5 9,0NO (e

xpre

sso

com

o NO

₂, m

g/Nm

³, ga

ses s

ecos

, cor

rigid

o pa

ra 6

% O

₂)

O₂ (% v/v, gases secos)

EL-0 EL-0 #2 EL-5 EL-10 EL-10 #2 EL-10 #3 EL-10 #4 EL-10 #5

EL-10 #6 EL-10 #7 EL-10 #8 ELP-5 ELP-5 #2 ELP-5 #3 ELP-5 #4

Limite de emissão NO Limite de emissão NO (expresso como NO₂ , gases secos, 6% O₂, BREF Grandes Instalações de Combustão)

14

Resíduo sólido, kg/s

Ar de combustão, kg/s

CO2, H2O, e outras espécies gasosas minoritárias, kg/s

Cinzas e escóriaskg/s

Reactor

CombustãoOperação com excesso de O2

Resíduo sólido, kg/s

Agente de gasificação (ar, O2, H2O), kg/s

CO2, H2O, CO, H2, HC’s leves (CH4, C2H6), e outras espécies gasosas minoritárias, kg/s

Carbonizado, cinzas e escórias, kg/s

Reactor

Gasificação Operação com deficiência/ausência

de O2

Gasification and co-gasification of residual forest biomass andsolid wastes

The pilot-scale Bubbling Fluidized Bed gasifier (75 kWth)

15

Temperature

PreseureSample Gas (SG)

Water (out)

Prim

ary

air

C

H A

I

DB

O

UCC2

Water (in)

C3H8

E

Temperature

U

Pressure

UCD0

Pressure

045

000

UCD1

UCE1

O2

SICK

Compressed dry air

Biomass feeder 1

J

Biomass feeder 2

Heated (350ºC) sampling lines

Zirconia cell probefor O2 (ZC)

N

Ice

Bat

h

Condensingmaterial

Ice

Bat

h

SG

Pressureregulator

R

Water (out)

Water (in)

G

F

C3H8Air

To g

as b

urne

r F

To g

as b

urne

r F CO2, CO, CH4, C2H4

QSGSG

P

Raw gas

T

Ice

Bat

h

Ice

Bat

h

Ice

Bat

h

ShimadzuGC

5 L (NPT)Gas samplebag

H2, N2

5 L (NPT)Gas samplebag

AirT=20ºCP=2 bar

Exit

flue

gas

S

V

Atm

osph

eric

Air

Ice

Bat

h

Compressed dry air

Pressureregulator

KL

M

Temperature profiles along time during gasification

16

Pellets from RFB from pine

Chipped RFB from pine

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

01:53:30 01:58:30 02:03:30 02:08:30 02:13:30 02:18:30 02:23:30

Tem

pera

ture

(ºC

)

Time (h:m:s)

T2T3T4T5T6T7T8T9

200

400

600

800

1000

01:51:36 01:56:36 02:01:36 02:06:36 02:11:36 02:16:36 02:21:36

Tem

pera

ture

(ºC

)

Time (h:m:s)

T2T3T4T5T6T7T8T9

Longitudinal temperature profiles during gasification

17

200

400

600

800

1000

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Tem

pera

ture

(ºC

)

Distance from distributer plate (m)

WPE1

WPE2

WPE3

WPE4

Biomass feeding

Gas samplingBed height(fluidized)

Gas composition (dry gas) during gasification

18

Pellets from RFB from pine

Chipped RFB from pine

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

00:18:43 00:23:43 00:28:43 00:33:43 00:38:43 00:43:43 00:48:43CO

2, C

O, C

H4,

C2H

4(%

v, d

ry g

ases

)

Time (h:m:s)

CO2 CO CH4 C2H4

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

00:50:24 00:55:24 01:00:24 01:05:24 01:10:24 01:15:24 01:20:24CO

2, C

O, C

H4,

C2H

4(%

v, d

ry g

ases

)

Time (h:m:s)

CO2 CO CH4 C2H4

19

Gas composition (dry gas) and heating value during gasification

Pellets from residual forest biomass from pine (WPE)

4,0

4,5

5,0

5,5

6,0

6,5

7,0

0

5

10

15

20

25

0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40

LHV

(MJ/

Nm³ d

ry g

as)

CO₂,

CO

, H₂,

CH₄,

C₂H₄

(%v,

dry

gas

)

Equivalence ratio

WPE-CO₂ WPE-CO WPE-H₂

WPE-CH₄ WPE-C₂H₄ WPE-LHV

20

Gas composition (dry gas) and heating value during gasification

Chipped residual forest biomass from eucalyptus (BEE)

4,0

4,5

5,0

5,5

6,0

6,5

7,0

0

5

10

15

20

25

0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40

LHV

(MJ/

Nm³ d

ry g

as)

CO₂,

CO

, H₂,

CH₄,

C₂H₄

(%v,

dry

gas

)

Equivalence ratio

BEE-CO₂ BEE-CO BEE-H₂BEE-CH₄ BEE-C₂H₄ BEE-LHV

Process efficiency parameters

Cold Gas Efficiency

21

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40

CG

E (%

)

Equivalence ratio

BPE WPE BEE

WPE pellets from RFB from pine BPE chipped RFB from pineBEE chipped RFB from eucalyptus

Process efficiency parameters

Carbon Conversion Efficiency

22

WPE pellets from RFB from pine BPE chipped RFB from pineBEE chipped RFB from eucalyptus

0102030405060708090

100

0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40

CC

E (%

)

Equivalence ratio

BPE WPE BEE

Influence of low cost catalyst (ash) on raw gas composition (drygas) and heating value

23

WPE4-NR WPE4-R

CO

, CO

2, CH

4, H2 (%

v, d

ry g

as) a

nd L

HV

(MJ/

Nm

3 , dry

gas

)0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

CO2

COCH4

C2H4H2 LHV

Reactor with ashes Dry gas composition and heating value

Gas passingthe reactor

Gas without passing

the reactor

24

Co-gasification of solid wastes and residual biomass

A. M. A. Tavares, R.G. Pinto, D. T. Pio, M. A. A. Matos, L. A. C. Tarelho, V. Silva

Projeto PoliTechWaste - Análise das Políticas e da tecnologia de gasificação deresíduos/biomassa para a produção de energia em Portugal,CMU/TMP/0032/2017, no âmbito do Programa Carnegie Mellon Portugal - 2017financiado pela FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia.

Annual waste productionworldwide is expected toincrease by 70%, comparedwith 2016, to 3.40 billiontonnes by 2050.

Figure 1. Projected waste generation, by region (millions of tonnes/year) (http://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a-

waste/trends_in_solid_waste_management.html).

25

Waste composition in macro-components

Figure 4- Waste composition in Portugal in 2017 (Relatório Anual Resíduos Urbanos

2017, 2018).

Figure 5- Global Waste composition in 2016, Workd(The World Bank).

Portugal World

26

Waste treatment and disposal

Figure 2. Portugal waste treatment and disposal in 2016 (Source: Relatório Anual Resíduos Urbanos

2017, 2018).

Figure 3. Global Waste treatment and disposal in 2016 (Source:The World

Bank).

Portugal World

27

Main infrastructures of MSW treatment in Portugal Continental

Source: Relatório Anual Resíduos Urbanos 2017, 2018).

Valorization of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW)

Integrated management of MSW

Mechanical biologic treatment

Material valorization

Energetic valorization

Municipal solid waste incineration (Waste-to-Energy)

Mixed waste

Production and use of Refuse Derived Fuels

Anaerobic digestion of biodegradable fraction for biogas

Heat and power (electric) production and integration in theenergy mix of regions

28

The Mechanical Biologic Treatment(MTB) facility

Process integration in aMTB facility

29

30

Solid waste as a feedstock to energy vectors

Mechanical-Biological Treatment (MTB)

Material separation

Recycling

Energetic valorization (Refuse Derived Fuel)

Organic (biodegradable) valorization

Biogas to energy

Compost

31

32

Waste incineration

Conventional approach to waste to energy recovery;

It is the complete oxidation of the combustible materials contained in thesolid fuel and the process is highly exothermic;

The two main technologies:Moving grate or fluidized beds

Makarichi L, Jutidamrongphan W, Techato K. The evolution of waste-to-energy incineration: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018; 91:812-821.

33

Typical technology

Grate furnace Fluidized bed furnace Rotary kiln

Leckner B. Process aspects in combustion and gasification Waste-to-Energy (WtE) units.Waste Management 2015; 37:13-25.

34

Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy (CEWEP )http://www.cewep.eu/

http://www.cewep.eu/interactive-map/

35

36

MSW Incineration capacity for various countries

Makarichi L, Jutidamrongphan W, Techato K. The evolution of waste-to-energy incineration: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018; 91:812-821.

37

Growth of MSW Incineration

Makarichi L, Jutidamrongphan W, Techato K. The evolution of waste-to-energy incineration: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018; 91:812-821.

38

MSW Incineration in Portugal Continental

Nome TecnologiaCapacidade de

processamento de resíduos

Potência eléctricainstalada

Central de Valorização Energética

LIPOR IIGrelha

380 000 t/ano

(43 ton/h)25 MWe

Central de Tratamento de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos

VALORSUL

Grelha662 000 t/ano

(75 ton/h)50 MWe

39

Drawbacks of conventional WtE option include:

High moisture content material

Food wastes (35wt. to 50%wt) of the MSW

Low efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle

Alternatives include:

Divert the biodegradable fraction to more suitableapplications

Anaerobic digestion

Composting

Produce solid fuels (e.g., RDF) with selected fractions

40

Refused Derived Fuel (RDF)

Solid fuel prepared from non-hazardous waste, which purpose is to recover energyfrom incineration or co-incineration plants, in strict compliance with legislation.(Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente)

The waste used as raw material for the preparation of the RDF can be municipalsolid waste, non-hazardous industrial waste, construction and demolition waste,waste water treatment, etchttps://apambiente.pt/index.php?ref=16&subref=84&sub2ref=254&sub3ref=1456

41

RDF production in Portugal

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

tone

lada

s

Ano

Produção de Material para CDR Quantitativo de CDR produzido

Evolução do quantitativo de CDR produzido entre 2015 e 2017 em Portugal(adaptado do Relatório Anual Resíduos Urbanos 2017, 2018).

42

Co-gasification of RDF and biomass in Bubbling Fluidized Bed

RDF pellets Pine chips

Ultimate analysis (%wt., dry basis)

C 54.0 46.4

H 7.4 6.6

N 0.5 0.2

S nd nd

O (by difference) 24.1 46.5

Proximate analysis (%wt., wet basis)

Moisture 4.3 11.0

Volatile matter 75.2 77.9

Fixed carbon 7.1 10.8

Ash 13.4 0.3

Lower heating value (MJ/kg) (wet basis)

23.4 16.8

43

Operating conditions of the pilot-scale BFB

Experiment referenceRDF

(%wt.)Equivalence ratio

(ER)Average bed Temperature

(ºC)

P-1C0 0 0.23 803,0P-2C10 10 0.22 803.3P-3C20 20 0.22 785.1P-4C10 10 0.25 804.2P-5C20 20 0.25 794.2P-6C0 0 0.31 806.3P-7C10 10 0.30 807.1P8-C20 20 0.31 811.1P9-C0 0 0.36 817.3

44

Influence of the RDF percentage in the fuel blend, in theproducer gas composition

Dry gas composition (H₂, CH₄, CO, CO₂, C₂H₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈) and Equivalence Ratio in the

gasification experiments.

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0

5

10

15

20

PE-1

C0

PE-2

C10

PE-3

C20

PE-4

C10

PE-5

C20

PE-6

C0

PE-7

C10

PE8-

C20

PE9-

C0

Eq

uiv

ale

nce

ra

tio

(E

R)

H₂,

CH₄,

CO

, C

O₂,

C₂H₄,

C₂H₆,

C₃H₈(

%v/v

,

dry

ga

s)

H₂ CH₄ CO CO₂ C₂H₄ C₂H₆ C₃H₈ ER

45

Influence of the RDF ratio on Lower Heating Value (LHV), ColdGas Efficiency (CGE)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

P-1C0 P-2C10 P-3C20 P-4C10 P-5C20 P-6C0 P-7C10 P8-C20 P9-C0

LHV

[MJ/

Nm

³ dry

gas

CG

E, C

CE

[%]

CGELHV

ER = 0.22 to 0.23

ER = 0.25

ER= 0.30 to 0.31

46

Preliminary conclusions

It was demonstrated the feasibility of the co-gasification of biomass andRDF for the conditions tested, and that was reflected by stable profiles oftemperature and gas composition along time, working in an autothermalregime.

It was possible to burn the raw gas continuously in the gasburner without needing an additional gas source, and also thebed didn’t show defluidization problems.

16 ANOS

Programa de Pós-GraduaçãoEm Engenharia Mecânica

Projecto em colaboração com a UNISINOS

Desenvolvimento de Equipamento para PD&I em EscalaLaboratorial para Ensaios de combustão e gasificaçãode Biomassa em reator de leito fluidizado.

Coordenador: Carlos MoraesVice-coordenador: Paulo Wander

Chamada pública P&D CGTE 2017Comitê de P&D - Departamento de Engenharia e NovosNegócios, Diretoria de Engenharia, Expansão e MeioAmbiente – Eletrobras CGTEE

48

Resíduo sólido, kg/s

Agente de gasificação (ar, O2, H2O), kg/s

CO2, H2O, CO, H2, HC’s leves (CH4, C2H6), e outras espécies gasosas minoritárias, kg/s

Carbonizado, cinzas e escórias, kg/s

Reactor

Gasificação Operação com deficiência/ausência

de O2

Resíduo sólido, kg/sReactor

Pirólise Operação na ausência de O2

CO2, H2O, CO, H2, HC’s leves (CH4, C2H6), hidrocarbonetos pesados (alcatrões (Tar)), espécies gasosas minoritárias, kg/s

Carbonizado, cinzas e escórias, kg/s

Pyrolysis process for residual biomass and wastes

The goal of the research:

Char

Char (charcoal) as fuel for combustion processes

Char for adsorbents

Added value product

Biochar

Emerging product for soil amendment

Liquids

Biofuels / Chemicals

Permanent gases

Biofuels / Syngas / Chemicals 49

The bench-scale Fixed Bed and Bubbling Fluidized Bedpyrolyser/gasifier – Batch operated

50

Some results

51

Neves et al. Volatile gases from biomass pyrolysis underconditions relevant for fluidized bed gasifiers. Journal ofAnalytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2017; 127:57-67.

Some results

52

Biochar production from biological sewage sludge

53

The bench-scale pyrolysis reactor for biochar production

54

Bio-oils production (fixed bed) from biological sewage sludge

55

Biochar yield and characteristics

56

0

20

40

60

80

100

300 375 450 525 600

Bio

char

yie

ld (

%w

t., d

ry b

asis

)

Peak temperature (°C)

2 ºC/min 10 ºC/min 20 ºC/min 30 ºC/min

0

10

20

30

40

50

300 375 450 525 600

Vol

atile

mat

ter

(%w

t., d

ry b

asis

)

Peak temperature (°C)

2ºC/min 10ºC/min 20ºC/min 30ºC/min

0

10

20

30

40

50

300 375 450 525 600

Fix

ed c

arbo

n (%

wt.,

dry

bas

is)

Peak Temperature (°C)

2ºC/min 10ºC/min 20ºC/min 30ºC/min

Biochar characteristics

570

2

4

6

8

10

12

300 375 450 525 600

pH

Peak temperature (ºC)

2 ºC/min 10 ºC/min 20 ºC/min 30 ºC/min

0

1

2

3

4

5

300 375 450 525 600

Ele

ctric

al c

ondu

ctiv

ity (

mS

/cm

)

Peak temperature [ºC]

2 ºC/min 10 ºC/min 20 ºC/min 30 ºC/min

0

10

20

30

40

50

N C H S

Con

cent

ratio

n (%

wt.,

dry

bas

is)

T=450ºC

2 ºC/min 10 ºC/min 30 ºC/min

Aluno: Genyr Kappler

PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EMENGENHARIA CIVIL - DOUTORAMENTO

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE PRODUTOS A PARTIR DA BIOMASSA RESIDUAL

AGRÍCOLA POR MEIO DA CONVERSÃO TERMOQUÍMICA

58

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Carlos A.M. MoraesCoorientador: Prof. Dr. Luís A.C. Tarelho

59

Rice Husk

Celullose 31.3 %wt. dbHemicelullose 24.3 %wt. dbLignin 14.8 %wt. db

Coconut ShellCelullose 25.9 %wt. dbHemicelullose 24.5 %wt. dbLignin 37.8 %wt. db

Sugar Cane BaggassCelullose 42.0 %wt. dbHemicelullose 35.3 %wt. dbLignin 20.8 %wt. db

Biomass used in the study

60

Rendimentos em termos de análise Imediata para a taxa de aquecimento de 10°C/min.

Cinzas Voláteis Carbono fixo

Char yield and proximate analysis

61

Suggested application of biochar as soil amendment

62

Energy policy in the context of biomass and bioenergy

63

Demonstration facility

Management of ash from industrial biomass combustion for heatand power

Most installations haveBubbling Fluidised BedCombustors (BFBC).

Industrial installations withless than 5 MWth are not included.

Thermal power plants (MVA)A – 13F – 2G – 10H – 10I – 12.5K - 37L – 5O – 14.5N – 3Q – 12.5

Co-generation plants (MVA)B – 14C – 28D – 40E – 1J – 14M – 25P – 5R – 27

Thermal power plants (MVA)A – 13F – 2G – 10H – 10I – 12.5K - 37L – 5O – 14.5N – 3Q – 12.5

Co-generation plants (MVA)B – 14C – 28D – 40E – 1J – 14M – 25P – 5R – 27

64

65

High moistureHigh inert (forest soil and little stones) content

Practices of FBR management

Ashes from RFB combustion in bubbling fluidized beds

66

Secondary airBiomass

Fresh sand

Primary air

Electrostacticprecipitator

Fly ash

Bottom bed ash(BB)

Fly ash(ESP1)

Fly ash(ESP2)

Fly ash(EC)

Fly ash(SH)

Terceary air

Econ

omis

er

Fluidised bed

Supe

r hea

ter

Chi

mne

y

Fan

Air p

re-h

eate

r

T1

T2

T3T4

T5

T6

T7

T0

C1

Flue gas

Characteristics of the ashes

Bottom ash Fly ash

67pH Conductivity

pH

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Cond

uctiv

ity (m

S/cm

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14BA-FBC1FA-FBC1BA-FBC2FA-FBC2

Al Ca Fe K Mg Na Ti P Si

% w

t (dr

y ba

sis)

0.0

0.5

1.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0BBA-FBC1FA-FBC1BA-FBC2FA-FBC2

Combustion installations

Combustion technology Biomass Operating conditions

Ash properties

Detailed knowledge about ash properties

Define proper ash management solutions

68

Management of the ashes from biomass combustion in Portugal

Ashes are classified as a waste

Distinct codes (European List of Wastes) considering ash type

Slags (code 100101)Bottom ash from FBC (code 100124).Fly ash (code 100103)

New applications for the ashes have been studied

Recycling of nutrients to the agriculture and forest soil

Material valorization in cement and construction materials

Materials for distinct environmental applications

Recovering of degraded mining soils

pH control in several processes 69

Ash using in recovering of degraded mining areas

Demonstration project

Life No-Waste (http://www.lifenowaste.pt/s/)

Movie

Valorization in construction materials

Valorization in construction materials

Application of the ashes to pH control in anaerobic digestion

73

Material valorisation of ash: a key issue in biomass to energy

Ash

Construction materials

Recycling of nutrients to the soil

Other material valorization

Disposal in landfill

Saving natural resources

Environmental assessm

ent of distinct m

anagement options

74

Important topics to research

Residual biomass and wastes to energy in thermochemical processes isincreasing worldwide

It is needed to develop and optimize biomass pre-treatment andtechnologies to produce biomass solid fuels with suitable quality

It is needed to develop and optimize environmental compatiblethermochemical conversion processes

It is needed to develop low cost materials to improve gas quality duringthermochemical conversion of biomass

It is needed to develop environmental compatible solutions for ashmanagement

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It is acknowledged the financial support from projects:

Bias-to-soil. Biomass ash: Characteristics in relation to its origin, treatmentand application to soil.PTDC/AAC-AMB/098112/2008 - FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-008487

BiomAshTech: Ash impacts during thermo-chemical conversion of biomass.PTDC/AAC-AMB/116568/2010 - FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-019346

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Main ongoing projects respecting wastes in Circular Economy

No_Waste - Management of biomass ash and organic waste in therecovery of degraded soils: A pilot project set in Portugal.LIFE14 ENV/PT/000369, 2016-2019http://www.lifenowaste.pt/s/

PROTEUS – Products and technologies for the sector of EucalyptusglobulusPOCI-01-0247-FEDER-017729, 2016-2019The Navigator Company and University of Aveiro

Development of new products:

Biochar from sewage sludgeGeopolymers with ashesEcological mortars with ashes

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Started in 2018

InPaCTus - Produtos e Tecnologias Inovadores a partir do EucaliptoLiderado pela The Navigator Company, e financiado no âmbito doSistema de Incentivos à Investigação e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico(SI I&DT), Aviso Nº 07/SI/2015, Projectos de Interesse Especial e deInteresse Estratégico de I&D, Portugal 2020.

Sub-projecto - Biorefinaria

Produção de gás por gasificação de biomassa

Biocombustíveis e compostos de elevado valoracrescentado por pirólise de biomassa

78

Started in 2018

Policy and technology analysis of waste/biomass residue gasificationfor energy production in Portugal.CMU/TMP/0032/2017

NoTarGas - Novel catalyst concepts for tar-free oxy-steamgasification of biomass.C495114434-00094664

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