100 Greatest Discoveries of Genetics

8/17/2019 100 Greatest Discoveries of Genetics

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RESUME VIDEO“100 GREATEST DISCOVERIES OF GENETICS”

Disusun untuk memenuhi tugas mata kuliah Genetika Molekuler Dosen: Dr. Budi S. Daryono, M.Agr.Sc, Ph.D.

Disusun oleh:Royan Mahmud Musthofa 1 !" " 10#$

%ENDIDI&AN 'IO(OGI%ROGRAM %ASCASAR)ANA

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI *OG*A&ARTA"01+


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R,sum,

This video title is “ !! Greatest Discoveries o" Genetics# $roduced %y Michael &.

&ountain and 'onathan (urer and the Bill )ye as a host. *ery great video + think, telling usthe ourney o" genetics invention "rom the $ast until the recent. - $lain /hat makes us as a

human, and es$ecially ho/ the heredity $rocess, the inheritance "rom the $arents to their

child or o""s$ring can %e done. 0ncover the miracle o" heredity vie/ed %y molecular to

de"ining the %iology o" li"e. This video sho/s us the great o" !! discoveries in genetics, %ut

not e actly !! + think, %ut arranged very clearly and continuously "rom the "irst discoveries

to the ne t. 1ere are the discoveries o" genetics in the video:

2 The 3a/ o" +nheritance %y Gregor Mendel 4 5 th century2

As /e kno/ that /e are %orn "rom our $arent. The characteristics o" our $arent /ill sho/

u$ in us. )o matter /ill seem almost like to our "ather or our mother, or may %e the

com%ination o" %oth. This "irst $henomena are reali6ed %y Gregor Mendel in 5 th century.

1e is a scientist /ho have a decided in the $lant. +n his "irst curiosity, he tried to research

the $eas and its o""s$ring. 1e starts to cross%reeding the di""erent ty$es o" garden $eas,

/hich has a round sha$e and other has a /rinkled sha$e. Then he o%serves the

characteristic o" the o""s$ring. The result is he "ound that all o" the $eas seed are round

sha$e, not like as he e $ected that the o""s$ring /ill sho/ u$ the com%ination o" %oth

$arents. 1e continuous to cross%reeding to get the second generation. The o""s$ring o" the

second generation sho/s the di""erent characteristics, there are the $eas /ith round sha$e

and the /rinkle sha$e. 1e thinks that /hat the %iological mechanism that caused the

certain characteristic disa$$ear in the "irst generation and sho/ u$ in the second

generation. 1e continuous his e $eriment to cross%reeding the second generation and

reveal that the com$aration o" the round sha$e and /rinkled sha$e are in numerical ratios.

The /rinkled sha$e o" $eas is ust in one78uarter than /hole o""s$ring. The conce$t o"

that $henomena no/ /e called as a dominance, %y means that the characteristic /hich

usually sho/ u$. And the recessive is the characteristic /hich is rarely to sho/ even

disa$$ear. Mendel has discovered the great invention in the science o" genetics. -ach

inherited characteristics must %e decided %y a $air o" /hat he called "actors. -ach $arent

contri%utes on "actor each characteristic, certain "actor are dominance and other are

recessive de$ending on the com%ination o" the "actors. Those "actors are called genes.The characteristics o" the certain in the $eas are controlled %y a single gene.


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92 Genes are 3ocated on the hromosome %y Thomas 1unt Morgan 4 5!52

Morgan is an em%ryologist in olum%ia 0niversity start the e $eriment to $rove the

inheritance o" Mendel "actor. Morgan start /orking his e $eriment using Drosophila

melanogaster , the s$ecies /e kno/n as "ruit "lies. 1e chooses Drosophila "or severalreasons, such as the Drosophila has a short $eriod o" re$roduction time, the second reason

is one "emale "ly can $roduce hundreds o" o""s$ring. Because in the genetically /ork /e

need much o" data, much o" "lies, much individuals. +n the "irst /eek the o""s$ring o" the

"irst generation one %y one generated. 1e cross%reeding the "emale /ith the ordinary eye,

red /ith the male /hich have a /hite eye. The "irst generation o""s$ring sho/ that all o"

the "lies have red eye. 1e thinking that the /hite eye is distinctive similar /ith the

Mendel;s e $eriment o" $eas. 1e continuous his e $eriment to see the second generation.The o""s$ring o" the second generation sho/ the characteristics that there are %oth "ly in

the red and /hite eye. But Morgan "ound something else that all o" the "ly /ith /hite

eyes are male. At that time, he "inally reali6es that the gender is determined %y a t/o rod

sha$e structure "ound in the nucleus, the chromosome. The "emale has t/o <

chromosomes than, the male has one < chromosome and one = chromosome. +n "act, he

reali6es that the red eye is associated /ith the < chromosome. +n the male chromosome,

the one < chromosome /ill %e overshado/ing the other < chromosome to sho/ u$ the

red eye color.

>2 Genes ontrol Biochemical -vents %y George Beadle and Tatum 4 5>?2

Beadle still e amine the di""erent color o" Drosophila and his argument that di""erent

color o" eyes is caused %y the chemical reaction. Their research is a%out the Neurospora

crasa . @hen the s$ores o" Neuspora are radiated %y the


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Mc lintock says that certain gene /as locate on the chromosome /ould %e on a di""erent

$osition at di""erent times. 1e e amines the kernel and "ound that the di""erent ty$es o"

color in kernel. 1e "inally reali6ed that all the living thing has trans$osons. The

trans$osons can make the chromosome to mutate due to the environment condition or the

revolutionary mechanism. The trans$osons is de"ined as a gene /hich a%le to move "rom

one location to another and can leads to the mutation.

?2 D)A arries Genetics Material %y 1ershey and ease 4 5?92

1ershey and ease "ound the great discovery in genetics engineering. The e amine the

%acterio$hage 4the %acteria that /as in"ected %y the virus2. They research a E.Coli %acteri

that /as in"ected %y the virus. The $rocess is called trans"ormation that the virus in ected

the central machinery 4nucleus2 and take over the "unction. The virus in ects its D)A and

$lacing the certain D)A in the nucleus. &inally, the e $ression is not $roduce the certain

$rotein %ut $roducing the virus. The virus is kno/n consist o" t/o $arts, the $rotein shell

outside the genetic material Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid D)A inside.

C2 The Dou%le 1eli Structure o" D)A %y @atson and rick 4 5?>2

The ne t genetics discoveries that change the glo%al vie/ed a%out genetics and contri%ute

to develo$ment o" genetics science has uncovered %y 'ames @atson and &rancis rick.

They have %een success"ul to discover the structure o" D)A molecule. By the dimensional model o" D)A. The

D)A molecule is descri%ed %y the dou%le heli model. The t/o strand are link together

%y the hydrogen %ond. The D)A are consisting o" code genetics in"ormation /hich is

arrange %y the "our ty$es o" nitrogen %ase. There are Adenin 4A2, ytocin 4 2, Thymin

4T2, and Guanin 4G2.

2 Messenger E)A

=ears %e"ore @atson and rick "ound the structure o" D)A, the D)A molecules has

discovered that their "unction is making the $rotein. But the 8uestion is, /hat can the

D)A control the $rotein synthesi6e that occurred in the cyto$lasm even they are in the


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nucleusF The scientist, once again e amine the %acterio$hage to ans/er that 8uestion.

@hen the virus attach to %acteria and start to in ect their D)A into the cyto$lasm, soon

the E)A are "ound in the /hole o" cyto$lasm and the $roduction o" $rotein are increased.

This is the $oint o" discovery that /hen the E)A /hich has a single strand entered the

$rotein "actory, it communicates /ith the other E)A to synthesi6e the $rotein. Then, the

scientist named it as a E)A messenger.


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2 The Genetic ode %y Marshal )iren%erg and 1einric McTie 45 C 2

The )iren%erg and McTie have discovered the genetic code. As kno/n %e"ore that E)A

co$ied the se8uence o" in"ormation in the D)A to make the s$eci"ic amino acid. But /hat

this se8uence o" in"ormation means. The research %e"ore has kno/n that there t/enty o" amino acid and the E)A are consisting o" "our ty$es o" nitrogen %ases. Their discovery is

one amino acid is coded %y the three o" nitrogen %ases. &or e am$le, the Arginin are

coded %y the three nitrogen %ases o" Adenin, Adenin, and ytocin.

52 Eestriction -n6yme %y *erner Ar%er 4 5C92 and 1amilton Smith 4 5 92

Ar%er in 5C9 research the %acterio$hage and discover the restriction en6ymes. Thatdiscovery %egun /hen e amine the virus /hich in ect the %acteria. @hen the viral D)A

in ected %y the virus into the cyto$lasm o" %acteria, inside the %acteria against %y cutting

that viral D)A so that it can;t %e "unctional. The molecule /hich a%le to cut the D)A is

called the restriction en6yme.

Smith discovery is a%out the mechanism ho/ the restriction en6yme cut the D)A

molecule. &rom his research, "inally Smith are a%le to e tract the restriction en6yme "rom

the %acterio$hage. Also he discovers that the restriction en6yme cut the D)A molecule in

the same $lace. &rom his discovery, no/adays, there have %een e tracted many o"

restriction en6yme as the %asic tools o" genetic engineering.

!2 E)A Alternative S$licing 4 5 !2

+n the 5 !, the scientist research "inally discovers the E)A alternative s$licing. +n the

conce$t %e"ore, /e kno/ that one gene is co$ied into the E)A to synthesi6e one $rotein.

A"ter the discovery o" E)A alternative s$licing, no/, the $rocess $rotein synthesi6e not

only can make one $rotein %ut also can make the multi$le $rotein.

2 Minisatellite D)A %y Alec 'e""reys 4 5 2

+n the 5 , Alec 'e""reys "ound the something ne/ /hich he never seen %e"ore. 1e

"ound the molecule D)A /hich is ust consist o" several se8uence and it se8uence are


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re$eated. 'e""reys then called this re$eated se8uences as “ minisatelite DNA” . 1is research

a%out the minisatellite D)A /as initiated "rom the case that the Boy /ho travel "rom

Ghana to -ngland "inally de$ort %ecause o" a "orgery $ass$ort. &inally, Alec research

a%out the %oy D)A and "ound the minisatllite D)A. The minisatellite D)A o" the %oy

then com$ared to the mother;s %oy, and the result is e actly identic.

92 E)A +nter"erence %y Andre/ &ire and raig Mello 4 55 2

Andre/ and Mello research the "unction o" the s$eci"ic gene. Their e $eriment is /hen

they in ected t/o strand o" E)A molecule into the s$eci"ic cell, the one E)A is

%reakdo/n and other is maintain. As the e""ect the gene /hich res$onsi%le to making the

$rotein is turned7o"".

>2 9?.!!! genes

+n the 'une 9!!!, leads %y the raig *enter, the se8uencing o" com$lete genetic %lue$rint

called the genome are com$letely done. This is a great discovery o" se8uencing the

human genome /hich com$lete %y many time o" research.

That are some discovery o" genetics %y the scientist "rom Gregor Mendel in his

discovery o" gene that a%le to inheritance the characteristics o" the $arent to the o""s$ring

until the se8uencing o" com$lete genetic code 4genom2. That discovery a%solutely giving us

the valua%le scienti"ic kno/ledge and ho$e"ully the ne t discovery are soon uncovered to the

develo$ment o" science "or the human %eing.

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100 Greatest Discoveries of Genetics