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CHAPTER 26CHAPTER 26
ANIMALSANIMALS
ANIMALSANIMALS Adapted to live in all environmentsAdapted to live in all environments
land, oceans, fresh water, cool regions, land, oceans, fresh water, cool regions, and desertsand deserts
Some feed on other animals, some are Some feed on other animals, some are parasites, some feed only on plantsparasites, some feed only on plants
Capable of moving great distancesCapable of moving great distances Depend on plants for food, either Depend on plants for food, either
directly or indirectlydirectly or indirectly
KINGDOM ANIMALIAKINGDOM ANIMALIA
Characteristics of animals include:Characteristics of animals include: All are multicellular and heterotrophicAll are multicellular and heterotrophic Composed of groups of cells organized into Composed of groups of cells organized into
tissues, organs, and organ systems.tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells lack cell walls, have a nucleus and Cells lack cell walls, have a nucleus and
organellesorganelles Move from place to placeMove from place to place Respond to stimuliRespond to stimuli Most reproduce sexually, some can reproduce Most reproduce sexually, some can reproduce
asexuallyasexually
TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE REGULATIONREGULATION
Some are Some are poikilothermicpoikilothermic – body – body temperature varies with the temperature varies with the environmentenvironment
insects, worms, and reptilesinsects, worms, and reptiles Also called Also called ectothermicectothermic
Many are Many are homeothermichomeothermic - maintain - maintain constant temperature regardless of constant temperature regardless of their environmenttheir environment
birds and mammalsbirds and mammals Also called Also called endothermicendothermic
BODY PLANSBODY PLANS
Types include:Types include: AssymmetryAssymmetry – no regular body form – no regular body form
spongessponges Radial symmetryRadial symmetry – any division of the – any division of the
body along the axis results in two equal body along the axis results in two equal halveshalves
starfishstarfish Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry – body can be – body can be
divided into equal left and right halves divided into equal left and right halves from head to tail.from head to tail.
Mammals, birds, reptilesMammals, birds, reptiles
SYMMETRYSYMMETRY
SKELETONSSKELETONS Skeletons allow for:Skeletons allow for:
Attachment sites for organs and musclesAttachment sites for organs and muscles Movement at jointsMovement at joints
Terrestrial animals need much Terrestrial animals need much stronger skeletons than aquatic ones.stronger skeletons than aquatic ones.
Two types of skeletons:Two types of skeletons: ExoskeletonsExoskeletons – located externally – located externally
(insects, spiders)(insects, spiders) EndoskeletonsEndoskeletons – located internally (fish, – located internally (fish,
mammals)mammals)
PRIMITIVE MARINE PRIMITIVE MARINE ANIMALSANIMALS
Simplest animalsSimplest animals sponges, jellyfish, and coralssponges, jellyfish, and corals
Obtain nutrients from the waterObtain nutrients from the water Reproduction in sponges occurs by Reproduction in sponges occurs by
fragmentationfragmentation and and buddingbudding (asexual) or (asexual) or sexually by producing male and female sexually by producing male and female gametes. gametes.
Cnidarians (jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones) Cnidarians (jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones) have both sexual and asexual stages of have both sexual and asexual stages of reproduction (alternation of generations)reproduction (alternation of generations)
Medusa – reproduces sexuallyMedusa – reproduces sexually Polyp – reproduces asexuallyPolyp – reproduces asexually
LIFE CYCLE OF CNIDARIALIFE CYCLE OF CNIDARIA
PARASITESPARASITES Includes flatworms (flukes and Includes flatworms (flukes and
tapeworms) and roundwormstapeworms) and roundworms To be a successful parasite, must:To be a successful parasite, must:
find a suitable hostfind a suitable host be able to resist host defense systemsbe able to resist host defense systems have an anchoring systemhave an anchoring system keep its host alivekeep its host alive
ADVANCED BENTHIC ADVANCED BENTHIC MARINE ANIMALSMARINE ANIMALS
Bottom dwelling animalsBottom dwelling animals Includes male, female, and Includes male, female, and
hermaphroditichermaphroditic (male and female (male and female organs) organismsorgans) organisms
Include annelids, mollusks, clams, Include annelids, mollusks, clams, oysters, squids, octopus, and starfishoysters, squids, octopus, and starfish
Many are filter feedersMany are filter feeders Produce free-swimming larvaeProduce free-swimming larvae
ADVANCED BENTHIC ADVANCED BENTHIC MARINE ANIMALSMARINE ANIMALS
PELAGIC MARINE PELAGIC MARINE ANIMALS: FISHANIMALS: FISH
PELAGIC MARINE PELAGIC MARINE ANIMALS: FISHANIMALS: FISH
Sharks are predatory – feed primarily on Sharks are predatory – feed primarily on other fishother fish
Can travel large distances in search of foodCan travel large distances in search of food Rays are mostly bottom dwellersRays are mostly bottom dwellers Bony fish are the most familiar class of Bony fish are the most familiar class of
fishfish Have a swim bladder Have a swim bladder Found in marine and freshwater Found in marine and freshwater
environmentsenvironments
TERRESTRIAL ANIMALSTERRESTRIAL ANIMALS Live most of their lives on landLive most of their lives on land Adapted to a wide variety of terrestrial Adapted to a wide variety of terrestrial
habitats:habitats: Mollusks – snails and slugsMollusks – snails and slugs Arthropods – insects and spidersArthropods – insects and spiders Vertebrates – reptiles, birds, and Vertebrates – reptiles, birds, and
mammalsmammals
TERRESTRIAL ANIMALSTERRESTRIAL ANIMALS
TERRESTRIAL ANIMALSTERRESTRIAL ANIMALS
Arthropods can survive in all kinds of habitatsArthropods can survive in all kinds of habitats Millipedes, centipedes, spiders, and scorpionsMillipedes, centipedes, spiders, and scorpions
Half of all identified life forms are insectsHalf of all identified life forms are insects Have separate male and female individuals and Have separate male and female individuals and
internal fertilizationinternal fertilization
Many are herbivoresMany are herbivores Compete with humans for foodCompete with humans for food Can destroy plant populations that serve as Can destroy plant populations that serve as
food for human consumptionfood for human consumption
TERRESTRIAL ANIMALSTERRESTRIAL ANIMALS Amphibians live on land, Amphibians live on land,
reproduce in water through reproduce in water through external fertilizationexternal fertilization
Includes frogs, toads, and Includes frogs, toads, and salamanderssalamanders
Fertilized eggs must Fertilized eggs must remain in water or they remain in water or they will dry outwill dry out
Amphibians exchange air Amphibians exchange air two ways:two ways:
Through skin – Through skin – requires a moist requires a moist skinskin
Swallowing air into Swallowing air into their lungstheir lungs
TERRESTRIAL ANIMALSTERRESTRIAL ANIMALS Reptiles are completely terrestrialReptiles are completely terrestrial
Includes lizards, snakes, and turtlesIncludes lizards, snakes, and turtles Have scaly skin that helps resist Have scaly skin that helps resist
water losswater loss Eggs have amniotic sacs to protect Eggs have amniotic sacs to protect
from injury and dehydrationfrom injury and dehydration Tough, leathery eggsTough, leathery eggs
Some can reproduce asexuallySome can reproduce asexually parthenogenesisparthenogenesis
TERRESTRIAL ANIMALSTERRESTRIAL ANIMALS
Most birds:Most birds: Can travel long distances through Can travel long distances through
flightflight Build nests to raise youngBuild nests to raise young Defend and provide food for youngDefend and provide food for young
Flying enable birds to escape Flying enable birds to escape dangerdanger
Lay eggs with hardened shells – Lay eggs with hardened shells – more protected from water lossmore protected from water loss
BIRDSBIRDS
MAMMALSMAMMALS
Three groups:Three groups: MonotremesMonotremes – egg-laying mammals – egg-laying mammals
Duck-billed platypus Duck-billed platypus MarsupialsMarsupials – young born prematurely – young born prematurely
and must be reared in pouchesand must be reared in pouches Kangaroos, opossums, koalasKangaroos, opossums, koalas Remain in pouch until able to forge for Remain in pouch until able to forge for
themselvesthemselves Placental mammalsPlacental mammals - stay in the - stay in the
mother’s womb until fully developedmother’s womb until fully developed Humans, whales, horses, etc.Humans, whales, horses, etc.
MARSUPIALSMARSUPIALS
CHAPTER 26CHAPTER 26
ANIMALSANIMALS