10.4 Energy Levels of Electrons

Electrons move in definite energy levels; these are labeled 1 - 7

Sublevels in each of the 7 main energy levels

• Each level has sublevel(s) which are probability shapes that show where the electrons may be at any one time. Also known as orbitals.

S orbital can hold up to 2 electrons

P orbital can hold up to 6 electrons

D orbital can hold up to 10 electrons

F orbital can hold up to 14 electrons

How do they fill?

• Aufbau chart shows how electrons fill into the main energy levels and the sublevels or orbitals

Energy Levels and Sublevels

• 1s• 2s 2p• 3s 3p 3d• 4s 4p 4d 4f• 5s 5p 5d 5f• 6s 6p 6d 6f• 7s 7p 7d 7f

Aufbau Diagram or Chart

• 1s START HERE and follow• 2s 2p the arrows!• 3s 3p 3d• 4s 4p 4d 4f• 5s 5p 5d 5f• 6s 6p 6d 6f• 7s 7p 7d 7f

Electron Configuration

• 4 Be

• 1s2 2s2

• 15 P

• 1s22s22p63s23p3

• 25 Mn

• 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d5

Now begin working HW

Handout #1

Q. O. D.—Show how you solved it! _______1. The element with atomic number 53 containsa) 53 neutrons b) 53 protons C) 26 neutrons & 27 protons d) 26 protons & 27

neutrons

108

_______2. The number of neutrons in an atom of 47 Ag isa) 47 b) 108 c) 155 d) 61

27

_______3. The number of electrons in an ion of 13 Al3+ isa) 13 b) 10 c) 27 d) 14

_______4. What is the relative atomic mass of boron if two stable isotopes of boron have the following mass and abundance:

10.0129 amu (19.91%) & 11.0129 (80.09%)a) 10.81 amu b) 10.21 amu c) 10.62 amu d) 10.51

amu

Hund’s Rule

•Hund’s rule states that electrons will fill a subshell unpaired until it cannot occupy a subshell unpaired and has to pair. (Applies only to p, d, and f)

Pauli Exclusion Principle

• According to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, states that when two electrons must occupy the same subshell they will have OPPOSITE spin. One will be symbolized by an UP arrow and the other by a DOWN arrow. Such as this example.

Pauli Exclusion Principle

• So they invented spin (+1/2 or -1/2) called spin up and spin down. Has nothing to do with the direction of the electron--we don’ t know how they move just where they may be at with 90% chance of finding it inside the energy level and orbital designated.

Orbital Diagrams

S orbitals get one box

P orbitals get 3 boxes (2 e- per box)

D orbitals get 5 boxes and f gets 7

Orbital Diagrams (cont.)

• Insert electrons (using arrows into each box according to Hund’s and Pauli)

2 p3

Answer

• 2p3 (arrows can all point up or down)

• Now try 4f10

Answer to 4f10

• Arrows may point up or down if they are in boxes individually; however, if there are 2 electrons in a box, one must point up and one down.

Now begin working on the lab activity

Electron Configurations

#5.

#9.

Electrons and the Periodic Table

History of the TablePeriodic Law

Important People

1. Mendeleev

• Mendeleev was a Russian chemist who arranged the known elements in vertical columns in order of increasing mass and noticed a pattern in physical and chemical properties

2. Mosley

• Mosley was a British physicist who determined the atomic number (number of protons) of the atoms of elements and then arranged the elements according to their atomic number.

3. Arrangement of Periodic Table

• The current periodic table is arranged in order of increasing atomic number.

11. Periodic Law

• According to Mendeleev, “"The properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic masses"

• According to Mosley, the periodic table was arranged according to atomic number and patterns repeat periodically

4. Periods

• Periods of the periodic table are the horizontal rows across

5. Groups

• Groups or Families are vertical columns on the periodic table.

• Currently we have 18 groups. We will use the 1-18 designations.

6. Make it into a true statement

• Elements of the same group are very similar.

7. Change to a True Statement

• The characteristic properties of the elements in a period change from group to group.

Property SummaryMetal Metalloid Nonmetal

Physical State

Boiling & Melting Point

Conductivity

Malleability

Ductile

Property SummaryMetal Metalloid Nonmetal

Physical State Mostly Solids (Hg exception)

Solids Solids, liquids (Br), and gases

Boiling & Melting Point

High Intermediate Low

Conductivity Good Semi-conductors

Poor

Malleability Good Intermediate Poor

Ductile Good Intermediate Poor

Transition Elements

•Groups 3 - 12 are also called the Heavy Metals

Inner Transition

• Rare Earth elements that are located in the bottom two rows (away from the rest of the table) of the periodic table

Groups with names

• Group 1 = Alkali Metals• Group 2 = Alkaline Earth Metals• Group 18 = Inert or Noble Gases• Group 17 = Halogens

Periodic Table and Electron Configuration

• The light metals compose the s block.

• The transition elements are the d block.

• The nonmetals are p block. • The inner transition (rare earth)

metals are the f block.

Periodic Table

1

2

3

4

5

6

74f

5f

4

5

6

7

3

4

5

6

s block

d block

p block

f block

Noble (inert) gases

Shorthand Electron Configuration

Using Noble Gases to shorten the electron configuration

Complete the electron configurations for the Noble Gases (Hint: Group 18)

• He • 1s2

• Ne • 1s22s22p6

• Ar = • 1s22s22p63s23p6

• Kr = • 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104

p6

• Xe = 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p6

• Rn = 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p6 Except He, do you see a trend in all of the noble gas configurations?

• What do they all end in?

Shorthand Notation

• We use the noble gases in shorthand notation

• Find the closest noble gas that has an atomic number LESS than that of the element

Example • Ex. K • What is K’s atomic number? • 19• Closest noble gas?• Ar• What is Ar’s atomic number?• 18 = 1s22s22p63s23p6

• = [Ar] 4s1 = Means the first 18 electrons are arranged like argon and the last electron is called the VALENCE ELECTRON (outermost shell)

Example for you to try

•You try Ba•Ba = [Xe] 6s2

•Try Pb•Pb = [Xe] 6s24f145d106p2