Leadership Concepts

105 MAN Assignment 2: Leadership ConceptsSamantha Pole ID: 6710233

Contrast the Key Challenges Facing Managers in a Range of Business Contexts from Small/Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to Global Organisations

Characteristics of SMEs and Global Organisations

Examples of SMEs

● Deers Hut public house is a small privately owned company.

● Frensham Heights school is a independently run boarding and day school.

Examples of large firms

● TfL is a state run organisation that provides public transport in Greater London.

● Uber is a privately owned taxi company, founded 2009.

30 147 29,000 People 1,100,000 PeopleSources: Deers Hut 2016, Gov 2015

Emerging Challenges and Trends Facing Managers

Globalisation - recently business focus has turned outwards internationally.

Technology - the rise of the internet has allowed firms and consumers to interact and engage with a broader range of companies than before.

Innovation - Working from home has allowed for a more diverse employee team than before, allowing for new ideas, innovation and creativity.

Diversity and working cultures - the manager-workforce gap has narrowed and empowerment is trending.

Sources: International Business Times 2011, Frensham Heights 2014

Examine Different Management and Leadership Styles Within a Range of Organisational Contexts

Deers Hut Public House

Deers Hut have used the following models:

Participative Model - engaging with employees when designing layout of restaurant/bar.

Autocratic and Democratic Leadership Model - offering staff the opportunity to personalise their space, but keeping overall control.

Adair’s Action Centred Leadership Model - using the correct group of experts whilst keeping teams motivated.

Consultation with employees regarding

the positioning of tables, chairs and

other equipment for their ease of use.

By allowing small decisions to be made the

employees feel part of the decision

making process and therefore empowered

resulting in ownership of their space.

Management seek consensus on working conditions, rotas and menus to engage all

staff.

Participative Model

Participative Model of Change, adapted from

Coventry University

Sources: Udemy 2014, Learn to be a leader 2009

Uber

Uber realised early on the value in understanding an individual’s distinct qualities and how they interact in a team. They could employ a model of Belbin’s 9 Team Roles.

The 4 P’s of Innovation may help uber develop their strategic direction and business strategy.

Argyris and Schon noted that resistance to change is a defence mechanism linked to fear and anxiety.

Shaper

Implementer

Complete Finisher

Coordinator

Team Worker

Resource Investigator

Plant

Monitor-Evaluator

Specialist

Challenges the team to improve

Puts ideas into action

Ensures thorough, timely completion

Acts as a chairperson

Encourages co-operation

Explores outside opportunities

Presents new ideas and approaches

Analyses the options

Provides specialised skills

Action Oriented

Roles

People Oriented

Roles

Thought Oriented

Roles

Belbin’s 9 Team Roles

Sources: Belbin 2015, Innovation Portal 2005, Action Research 2014

Analyse the Skills and Knowledge used in Organisations to Manage Programmes of Change Effectively

Deers Hut Public House

When interviewing the firm could use Feist and Feist Characteristics Model; define and explain why and how people behave the way they do.

Kotter's 8 Step Model for Change motivates employees by removing barriers and creating coalitions to facilitate a swift change.

This project could benefit from a Linear Model of Change as the project starts with ‘initiation of project’ onto ‘planning’ and finally ‘closing of the project’.

Week

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Site Preparation

Plumbing/Electrics

Internal Decoration

Refitting Kitchen

Interviews/Training

Sourcing Drink/Food

Advertising Opening

Gantt Chart (Deers Hut)

Sources: Insanity Journals 2013, Kotter 2016, Coventry 5:1 2016

Frensham Heights Independent School

Emergent Model of Change could be used to ensure learning during the project, adapting to changing condition, planning but be ready for change and managing interested groups.

Managers could use Tuckman’s Team Development Model to manage individual teachers to form a cohesive and effective team.

Forming Storming Norming Performing

In this phase the incumbent and new staff at Frensham act

positively and politely to each other. There will be some staff

members who are excited about the changes and some will be

anxious.

This phase may have people starting to push against the intended aims of

the teams and organisation. This maybe the stage when the team may have problems or even have failures.

At this phase the employees at Frensham will have resolved their

differences and understood what is required of them as well as

understanding systems of work.

This phase for Frensham teachers is where they

perform at their best. There is generally no more discord in this phase and everyone can

achieve their goals.

Adapted from Bruce Tuckman’s Team Development (Frensham Heights)

Sources: Businessballs 2016, Emergent Change nd

Assess Why Resistance to Change Occurs in Organisations and Teams, and How Managers and Leaders can Effectively Address Resistance

Transport For LondonTfL could have avoided the strike by using a Participative Model of Change - to facilitate employee engagement.

TfL have used Cutler’s Management Style of Transactional Rewards and Punishments in incentivising the night tube workers.

To measure resistance to change, a Tat’s Test could have been used when assessing the effects of proposals. The organisation could have gone further and used Motivational Potential Scores to identify areas of employee dissatisfaction.

Once the new 24 hour train service is in place monitor all aspects of

change and adjust problems where

necessary. Ensuring change becomes

permanent.

TfL discuss the changes needed and make sure the employees are ready for change in order to improve the rider's experience and to provide a better service and working conditions.

Work with TfL employees for better understanding on how, where and when the changes will take place and offer employees intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Work with the employees to make the change.

Changing

Unfreezing Freezing

Lewin’s Model for Change: (TFL)

Sources: Coventry 1:3 2016, Coventry 4:1 2016, Coventry 5:3 2016, Psychlopedia 2016, Your Coach 2016,

Frensham Heights Independent School

Managers could use Rickards and Moger’s Approach to discuss change by being approachable themselves and communicating effectively in a timely manner with new staff.

By introducing new staff and displacing teachers from their classrooms, managers may violate the belonging phase of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, leading to teachers seeking new groups - in search of belonging.

Sources: Coventry 3:3 2016, British Journal of Management 2000

References

References

Action Research, 2014. Argyris and Schön’s theory on congruence and learning. [online] Available at: <http://tinyurl.com/z44da48> [Accessed 26 March 2016]BBC News, 2016. Tube drivers consider fresh strike action over night services. [online] Available at:<http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-35276277> [Accessed 25 March 2016]Beer & Nitin adapted for Harvard Press, 2000. Breaking the code of change. [online, pdf] Available at: <http://tinyurl.com/z79zw54> [Accessed 24 March 2016]Belbin, 2015. What’s Belbin all about? [online video] Available at: <http://www.belbin.com/> [Accessed 26 March 2016]British Journal of Management, 2000. Creative leadership processes in project team development: an alternative to Tuckman’s stage model. [online, pdf] Available at: <http://tinyurl.com/hwl6adq> [Accessed 1 April 2016]Businessballs.com, 2016.Tuckman forming, storming, norming, performing model. Available at: <http://tinyurl.com/h737zw9> [Accessed 24 March 2016]Coventry, 1:3, 2016. History of leadership theoryCoventry, 3:3, 2016. Motivational theoriesCoventry, 4:1, 2016. Introduction to conflictCoventry, 5:1, 2016. Change management - innovationCoventry, 5:2, 2016. Innovation drivers

References

Coventry, 5:3,2016. Change management modelsCoventry, 5:5, 2016. Individual DiversityCreatley, 2012. 5 Reasons to use Gantt charts. [online] Available at: <http://creately.com/blog/diagrams/5-reasons-to-use-gantt-charts/>[Accessed 24 March 2016].Dr Aaron Glassman, nd. Reasons for resistance to change. [online, pdf] Available at: <http://www.draaronglassman.com/welcome/images/stories/dm2.pdf> [Accessed 29 March 2016]Emergent Change, nd. Types of change. Available at: <http://www.emergent-change.co.uk/resources/5-types-of-change.html> [Accessed 29 March 2016]Frensham Heights 2013. Inspection report. [online] Available at: <http://www.frensham.org/school/policies/boarding-school-inspection-report/> [Accessed 27 March2016]Frensham Heights, 2014. Liberal ethos. [online pdf] Available at: <http://www.frensham.org/school/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Frensham-Heights-Ethos.pdf> [Accessed 27 March 2016]Frensham Heights, 2016. Frensham is growing. [online] Available at: <http://www.frensham.org/school/growing/> [Accessed 25 March 2016].Frensham Heights, nd. History of our school. [ online] Available at:<http://www.frensham.org/school/history-of-our-school/> [Accessed 24 March 2016]

References

Gov.UK, 2015. 2010-2015 Government policy: business policy. [online] Available at: <https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-business-enterprise/2010-to-2015-government-policy-business-enterprise> [Accessed 26 March 2016]Independent, 2015. Forbes billionaire list: founders of Uber car app make first appearance. [online] Available at: <http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/forbes-billionaires-list-founders-of-uber-car-app-make-first-appearance-10081143.html> [Accessed 31 March 2016]Innovation Portal, 2005.Theme 4 innovation strategy. [pdf online] Available at: <http://www.innovation-portal.info/wp-content/uploads/4Ps-explanation.pdf> [Accessed 26 March 2016]Insanity Journals, 2013. Dispositional personality theories analysis paper. [online] Available at: <http://insanityjournals.blog.com/2013/08/28/psy405-dispositional-personality-theories-analysis-paper/]> [Accessed 31 March 2016]International Business Times, 2011. The 5 most prominent management trends of 21st century. [online] Available at: <http://www.ibtimes.com/5-most-prominent-management-trends-21st-century-271373> [Accessed 27 March 2016]International Finance Company, 2000. A market-orientated for small and medium scale enterprises. [online] Available at: <http://tinyurl.com/zm9jlco> [Accessed 26 March 2016]

References

Kotter, 2016. Kotter’s 8 step process for leading change. [online] Available at: <http://www.kotterinternational.com/the-8-step-process-for-leading-change/> [Accessed 24 March 2016]Kreitner, 2009. Management. [online, pdf] Available at: <https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B6PvXRtf0_nNV0NiZzd6RmQwY3c/edit> [Accessed 25 March 2016].Leadership Central, 2016. Vroom-Yetton-Jago decision-making model of leadership. [online] Available at: <http://www.leadership-central.com/Vroom-Yetton-Jago-decision-making-model-of-leadership.html#axzz43woap3lV> [Accessed 25 March 2016].Learn to be a leader, 2009. John Adair’s action centred leadership. [online] Available at: <http://www.learn-to-be-a-leader.com/john-adair.html> [Accessed 26 March]Mail Online, 2016. Biggest rail union calls off tomorrow's 24-hour tube strike but STILL plans industrial action over all-night underground service. [online] Available at: <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3416405/Biggest-rail-union-calls-tomorrow-s-24-hour-Tube-strike.html> [Accessed 25 March 2016].MSG, 2016. Leadership styles - important leadership styles. [online] Available at: <http://www.managementstudyguide.com/leadership-styles.htm> [Accessed 26 March 2016]My Donate, nd. Frensham Heights and All Saints, Malawi. [online] Available at: <https://mydonate.bt.com/fundraisers/malawicamp> [Accessed 27 March 2016]

References

New Foundations, 2015. Employees resistance to organizational change. Available at: <http://www.newfoundations.com/OrgTheory/Bolognese721.html> [Accessed 29 March 2016]Principle of Management, 2012. Emerging management issues and and challenges. [online] Available at: <http://management-at-sight.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/emerging-management-issues-and.html> [Accessed 27 March 2016]Psychlopedia, 2016. Thematic apperception test. [online] Available at: <https://psychlopedia.wikispaces.com/Thematic+Apperception+Test>Ross Backup, 2016. How technological advancements impact modern business. [online] Available at: <https://www.rossbackup.com/blog/how-technological-advancements-impact-modern-businesses.htm> [Accessed 30 March 2016]Simply Phscology, 2009. Attachment theory - Bowlby. [online] Available at:<http://www.simplypsychology.org/attachment.html> [Accessed 30 March 2016]The Deers Hut, 2015. History and local walks. [online] Available at: <http://www.thedeershutpub.co.uk/history> [Accessed 24 March 2016].The Guardian, 2016. Uber is no better than an old fashioned gangmaster - so London’s cabbies are striking. [online] Available at: <http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/feb/09/uber-london-cabbies-striking-black-taxi> [Accessed 26 March 2016]

References

Transport For London, 2014. ‘Historic’ night tube service. [online] Available at: <https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2014/september/-historic-new-night-tube-service> [Accessed 25 March 2016]Transport for London, 2015. Have your say on the ultra low emissions zone. Available at: <https://consultations.tfl.gov.uk/environment/ultra-low-emission-zone> [Accessed 27 March 2016]Tripadvisor, 2016. Lovely refurbished pub but still teething problems. [online] Available at:<https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/ShowUserReviews-g503836-d2078082-r149508809-The_Deer_s_Hut-Liphook_Hampshire_England.html> [Accessed 24 March 2016].Udemy.com, 2014. Participative leadership: What it is and when it works best? [online] Available at: <https://blog.udemy.com/participative-leadership/> [Accessed 26 March 2016]Wake Up Cloud, 2015.13 incredibly simple ways to overcome the fear of failure. [online] Availble at:<http://www.wakeupcloud.com/overcome-the-fear-of-failure/> [Accessed 29 March 2016]William G Huitt, 2007. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. [online] Available at: <http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/conation/maslow.html> [Accessed 30 March 2016]Your Coach, 2016. Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model. [online] Available at: <http://www.yourcoach.be/en/employee-motivation-theories/hackman-oldham-job-characteristics-model.php> [Accessed 31 March 2016]