109 sem 1_-_kasdorf

XML Workflows:

Bill Kasdorf

President, Impressions Book and Journal ServicesMadison, Wisconsin and Ann Arbor, Michigan

© Copyright 2003, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.

XML Workflows:XML Works!Bill Kasdorf

President, Impressions Book and Journal ServicesMadison, Wisconsin and Ann Arbor, Michigan


XML Workflows: XML Works!

➤ XML is no longer “cutting edge”—It’s a core technology of the digital era


➤ XML is no longer “cutting edge”—It’s a core technology of the digital era• Liberates content from a particular

presentation of that content



presentation of that content• Enables interchange with unrelated parties

allowing reformatting, manipulation



presentation of that content• Enables interchange with unrelated parties

allowing reformatting, manipulation• Most valuable archive to enable reuse,

revision, adaptation to future options


➤Publishers need both XML and PDF• PDF is for Electronic Page Images

—Describes appearance of typeset page

—Main virtue: Inflexibility (=stability)• XML is for Structured Information

—Describes what elements are and do

—Main virtue: Flexibility (=adaptability)


PDF:think

Pages


➤When do we want electronic PAGES?• Local and remote proofs during comp

—Can view, print, annotate PDFs• Reliable files for film, platesetting• Same files for digital printing

—Short run, on demand, course packs• Delivering pages to users over the Web• Some eBooks: e.g., ebrary, Adobe eBooks

➤The best technology for these is PDF


XML:think

Flexibility


➤When do we need to change the pages?• Viewing in a Web browser

—Limited fonts, lines reflow to fit screen• Adapting to different devices, formats

—Print, PC screen, PDAs, most eBooks• Using parts in new contexts• Rearranging, changing, updating• Adapting to options not invented yet

➤The best technology for these is XML


➤Think you don’t need flexibility?


➤Think you don’t need flexibility?If you don’t now, you will in the future.


➤Think you don’t need flexibility?If you don’t now, you will in the future.• Publishing technology’s evolving rapidly


➤Think you don’t need flexibility?If you don’t now, you will in the future.• Publishing technology’s evolving rapidly• Constant demand for new formats


➤Think you don’t need flexibility?If you don’t now, you will in the future.• Publishing technology’s evolving rapidly• Constant demand for new formats• Take advantage of new production options


➤Think you don’t need flexibility?If you don’t now, you will in the future.• Publishing technology’s evolving rapidly• Constant demand for new formats• Take advantage of new production options• Opportunities to license & acquire content


➤Think you don’t need flexibility?If you don’t now, you will in the future.• Publishing technology’s evolving rapidly• Constant demand for new formats• Take advantage of new production options• Opportunities to license & acquire content• Need to relate to non-publishing systems


➤Think you don’t need flexibility?If you don’t now, you will in the future.• Publishing technology’s evolving rapidly• Constant demand for new formats• Take advantage of new production options• Opportunities to license & acquire content• Need to relate to non-publishing systems• Pouring money & time into conversion

gets old real fast—do it right up front!


➤The good news: it works, you can do it!


➤The good news: it works, you can do it!• Broad agreement on basic standards


➤The good news: it works, you can do it!• Broad agreement on basic standards• XML and PDF are a stable foundation


➤The good news: it works, you can do it!• Broad agreement on basic standards• XML and PDF are a stable foundation• Tools & techniques are rapidly evolving


➤The good news: it works, you can do it!• Broad agreement on basic standards• XML and PDF are a stable foundation• Tools & techniques are rapidly evolving• XML lets them work well together


➤The good news: it works, you can do it!• Broad agreement on basic standards• XML and PDF are a stable foundation• Tools & techniques are rapidly evolving• XML lets them work well together• Experience & knowledge advancing too


➤The good news: it works, you can do it!• Broad agreement on basic standards• XML and PDF are a stable foundation• Tools & techniques are rapidly evolving• XML lets them work well together• Experience & knowledge advancing too

➤Many possible workflows• There is no “one best way”• Remember, XML is for FLEXIBILITY!


➤Here are six real-life case studies,and the different workflows they use• Converting XML from normal Quark files• Using XML in Quark (Autopage, XMLxt)• Composing with native XML files• Working with XML created for a purpose

other than publishing• Producing 3 products from the same XML• Using an XML-based Content Mgmt. Syst.

“I’ll think about XML later,just set the damn pages.”

Workflow #1


➤Getting XML out of [any old] Quark• The sad truth: this is a common situation• Pubs haven’t anticipated XML (or HTML!)• Files are inconsistently coded & styled

—Done by various people at various times—Focus is on visual result, not structure—“Flows” not always clear or connected

• Need to get uniformly tagged XML• Here’s how we do it . . .


➤Case Study: Converting from Quark• History reference publisher• 50–75,000 pages set by Quark freelancers• Has extensive in-house database• Needs to publish in various elec. contexts

—Their own Web site, CD-ROMs—netLibrary (now OCLC) flavor of OeB—Adapt to new options (Baker & Taylor)

• Linked, enriched content very valuable

3DEITIES, THEMES, AND CONCEPTS

ÆGIR

The sea personified; a famous host to the gods but listed among the jötnar.

The name appears to be identical to a noun for “sea” in skaldic poetry, and that

noun, or the name of the figure under discussion here, is the base word in many

kennings. For example, “Ægir’s horse” is a ship, and “daughters of Ægir” are

waves. In Skáldskaparmál, Snorri says that Rán is the wife of Ægir and that they

have nine daughters, most of whom bear names meaning “wave.” Since Rán is

listed among the goddesses in the thulur and Ægir has a peaceful relationship

with the gods, his inclusion in the thulur as a giant seems questionable.

The eddic poems often show Ægir as host to the gods. Hymiskvida is set in

motion because the gods expect to visit Ægir and will need a huge cauldron in

which to brew the beer that will be consumed. The poem tells how Thor

acquires the cauldron from the giant Hymir. The next poem in Codex Regius of

the Poetic Edda is Lokasenna, Loki’s flyting (that is, verbal duel) with the gods,

and it is set at a feast hosted by Ægir. Indeed, paper manuscripts call the poem

Ægisdrekka (Ægir’s Drinking Party). According to the prose header to the poem,

“Ægir, who was also called Gymir, had prepared beer for the æsir.” After enu-

merating the guest list (most of the æsir except Thor, who was away to the east

bashing trolls), the author reports that bright gold was used there in place of fire-

light, and the beer served itself. It was a great place of sanctuary, but Loki kills

Ægir’s servant Fimafeng, and Eldir, Ægir’s other servant, is the first with whom

Loki exchanges words in the series of flytings that make up the poem. Loki’s last

words are reserved for Ægir:

You made the beer, Ægir, and you never more will

Have a feast again;

All your possessions, which are here inside,

May fire play over,

And may it burn your back.

47

Bill

ÆGIR The

Bill

jötnar. skaldic poetry,

Bill

The sea personified; a famous host to the gods but listed among the jötnar.

Bill

The name appears to be identical to a noun for “sea” in skaldic poetry, and that

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for “sea”

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sea” in

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Bill

Bill

Bill

Bill

You made the beer, Ægir, and you never more will Have a feast again; All your possessions, which are here inside, May fire play over, And may it burn your back.

<publication pub-id="NORSE" class="encyclopedia">

<part type="body">

<div id="NORSE.27" type="part">

<label><page number="47"/>3</label>

<head>Deities, themes, and concepts</head></div>

<entry id="NORSE.28">

<title>ÆGIR</title>

<div0 id="NORSE.29">

<opener>The sea personified; a famous host to the gods but listed among the

jötnar.</opener>

<p indent="no">The name appears to be identical to a noun for

“sea” in skaldic poetry, and that noun, or the name of the figure

under discussion here, is the base word in many kennings. For example,

“Ægir’s horse” is a ship, and “daughters of

Ægir” are waves. In <i>Skáldskaparmál,</i> Snorri

says that Rán is the wife of Ægir and that they have nine daughters,

most of whom bear names meaning “wave.” Since Rán is

listed among the goddesses in the thulur and Ægir has a peaceful

relationship with the gods, his inclusion in the thulur as a giant seems

questionable.</p>

<p>The eddic poems often show Ægir as host to the gods.

<i>Hymiskvida</i> is set in motion because the gods expect to visit Ægir

and will need a huge cauldron in which to brew the beer that will be consumed.

The poem tells how Thor acquires the cauldron from the giant Hymir. The next

poem in <i>Codex Regius</i> of the <i>Poetic Edda</i> is <i>Lokasenna,</i>

Loki’s flyting (that is, verbal duel) with the gods, and it is set at a feast

hosted by Ægir. Indeed, paper manuscripts call the poem

<i>Ægisdrekka</i> (Ægir’s Drinking Party). According to the

prose header to the poem, “Ægir, who was also called Gymir, had

prepared beer for the æsir.” After enumerating the guest list (most

Bill

<opener>

Bill

<p indent="no">

Bill

label><page number="47"/>3</label>

of the æsir except Thor, who was away to the east bashing trolls), the

author reports that bright gold was used there in place of firelight, and the beer

served itself. It was a great place of sanctuary, but Loki kills Ægir’s

servant Fimafeng, and Eldir, Ægir’s other servant, is the first with

whom Loki exchanges words in the series of flytings that make up the poem.

Loki’s last words are reserved for Ægir:</p>

<poem>

<poemline>You made the beer, Ægir, and you never more will</poemline>

<poemline>Have a feast again;</poemline>

<poemline>All your possessions, which are here inside,</poemline>

<poemline>May fire play over,</poemline>

<poemline>And may it burn your back.</poemline></poem>

</div0>

</entry>

</part>

</publication>

Bill

<poem> <poemline>You made the beer, Ægir, and you never more will</poemline> <poemline>Have a feast again;</poemline> <poemline>All your possessions, which are here inside,</poemline> <poemline>May fire play over,</poemline> <poemline>And may it burn your back.</poemline></poem>

Bill

</div0> </entry> </part>

<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM 'oebdoc101.dtd'>

<html>

<head>

<title>Handbook of Norse Mythology</title>

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="abc_oeb.css" title="Default" />

</head>

<body>

<a id="NORSE.27"></a>

<h3 class="chtitle"><a id="page_47"></a>3<br/>

Deities, themes, and concepts</h3>


<h5 class="H1">ÆGIR</h5>


<p class="opener">The sea personified; a famous host to the gods but listed

among the jötnar.</p>

<p class="noindent">The name appears to be identical to a noun for

“sea” in skaldic poetry, and that noun, or the name of the figure

under discussion here, is the base word in many kennings. For example,

“Ægir’s horse” is a ship, and “daughters of

Ægir” are waves. In <i>Skáldskaparmál,</i> Snorri

says that Rán is the wife of Ægir and that they have nine daughters,

most of whom bear names meaning “wave.” Since Rán is

listed among the goddesses in the thulur and Ægir has a peaceful

relationship with the gods, his inclusion in the thulur as a giant seems

questionable.</p>

<p>The eddic poems often show Ægir as host to the gods.

<i>Hymiskvida</i> is set in motion because the gods expect to visit Ægir

Bill

html

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oebdoc101.dtd'>

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chtitle"><a id="page_47"></a>3< and concepts</h3>

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<h3 class=" Deities,

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<h3 class="chtitle"><

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<h5 <a id="

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<h5 class="H1">ÆGIR</h5>

Bill

<p class="opener">

Bill

<p class="noindent">

and will need a huge cauldron in which to brew the beer that will be consumed.

The poem tells how Thor acquires the cauldron from the giant Hymir. The next

poem in <i>Codex Regius</i> of the <i>Poetic Edda</i> is <i>Lokasenna,</i>

Loki’s flyting (that is, verbal duel) with the gods, and it is set at a feast

hosted by Ægir. Indeed, paper manuscripts call the poem

<i>Ægisdrekka</i> (Ægir’s Drinking Party). According to the

prose header to the poem, “Ægir, who was also called Gymir, had

prepared beer for the æsir.” After enumerating the guest list (most

of the æsir except Thor, who was away to the east bashing trolls), the

author reports that bright gold was used there in place of firelight, and the beer

served itself. It was a great place of sanctuary, but Loki kills Ægir’s

servant Fimafeng, and Eldir, Ægir’s other servant, is the first with

whom Loki exchanges words in the series of flytings that make up the poem.

Loki’s last words are reserved for Ægir:</p>

<ul class="poem">

<li>You made the beer, Ægir, and you never more will</li>

<li>Have a feast again;</li>

<li>All your possessions, which are here inside,</li>

<li>May fire play over,</li>

<li>And may it burn your back.</li></ul>

</body>

</html>

Bill

<ul class="poem"> <li>You made the beer, Ægir, and you never more will</li> <li>Have a feast again;</li> <li>All your possessions, which are here inside,</li> <li>May fire play over,</li> <li>And may it burn your back.</li></ul>

Bill

<ul class="poem">


➤Workflow 1: Getting XML out of QuarkQuarkXpress

files

Roustabout

Well FormedXML files

Valid, correctXML files

Scripts +Handwork

NameMapping

FontEncoding

DTD orDTDs


Scripts

Other files

OeB PS files

HTML files



files

Roustabout



Scripts +Handwork

NameMapping

FontEncoding

DTD orDTDs


Scripts

Other files

OeB PS files

HTML files

300-pg book:7–10 hrs work

�



files

Roustabout



Scripts +Handwork

NameMapping

FontEncoding

DTD orDTDs


Scripts

Other files

OeB PS files

HTML filesS O M E T O O L S :

• Roustabout• Xtend-Xport• EasyPress Atomik

& Roundtrip

S O M E T O O L S :

• Perl & Python• Omnimark• XSLT

� �

�

“Maybe if we get organizedthis will be easier.”

Workflow #2


➤Optimizing Quark for XML extraction• Start with consistent set of elements/DTD• Use STYLES, avoid “local formatting”

—Word styles � XML � Xpress Tags/Xtags—Starting & ending w/ same XML helps

• Link text boxes in Quark to specify flow• Use standard fonts & keep them w/ job• Limited to flat structures, no “nesting”• Extracting XML takes < half as much time


➤Workflow 2: XML from Optimized QuarkQuarkXpress

files

Roustabout



Scripts +Handwork

NameMapping

FontEncoding

DTD orDTDs


Scripts

Other files

OeB PS files

HTML files

300-pg book:2–3 hrs work

�

“Isn’t there some wayto automate this?”

Workflow #3


➤Using Autopage & XMLxt with Quark• Requires special software—& knowledge• The work is in the setup (can be extensive)• XML tags are hidden with XMLxt• XML tags are converted to Xtags• Paging is automated with Autopage• After comp, XML can be extracted• Must USE the codes: don’t subvert them!• Be careful not to interfere w/ hidden XML


➤Case Study: Using XML in Quark• Textbook publisher wants XML archive• Custom designed XML/Quark workflow• Well-evolved coding scheme but no DTD• Uses Xtags, Autopage, and XMLxt• First use: computer manuals (print+elec.)• Starting to use for all textbook production• Totally electronic workflow (no paper)• Makes composition faster & cheaper!

Web Collaboration Using Office XP and NetMeeting Project 1 Microsoft Word and Web Collaboration42

To Create a Hyperlink to an E-mail Address

A In the table of contents document, select the text Contact the Authors.This text represents the hyperlink.

B Click the Insert Hyperlink button on the Standard toolbar, or choose Insert,Hyperlink to open the Insert Hyperlink dialog box.

C Click E-mail Address in the Link to area.This opens the dialog box shown in Figure 1.39.

D Type in an E-mail address, or select one from the Recently used e-mailaddresses list.As you type in an e-mail address, the prefix mailto: is automatically inserted before theaddress.

Use the e-mail address of someone who does not mind receiving a test message from you.

E Enter a Subject and ScreenTip, and click OK.When you click the hyperlink, your e-mail program opens with the e-mail address poppedin the To box and the subject popped in the Subject box.

F Send a test message.

G Save and close the table of contents document.

There are many more things that can be done with hyperlinks. But two are worth mentioning beforewrapping up the topic. You can change attributes of an existing hyperlink by right-clicking the hyper-link and selecting Edit Hyperlink. At this point, you can change the displayed text that represents thehyperlink, the ScreenTip, the target frame, and the destination address.

If you want to remove a hyperlink from a document, you can completely remove the hyperlink, orremove the hyperlink and leave the existing text or image. To completely remove the hyperlink,select the hyperlink and click ∂. To remove the hyperlink but leave the text or image, right-clickthe hyperlink and select Remove Hyperlink from the shortcut menu.

To extend your knowledge…Creating Hyperlinks to Other ApplicationsTo create a hyperlink to a location in an Excel workbook, open the workbook and select a rangeof cells you want to jump to. Click Insert, point to Name, and click Define. Enter a name, and clickOK. Go to your Word document, select the text or object that is to represent the hyperlink; then

Enter e-mail address

Figure 1.39

Text in this color is Xtags/Autopage tagging.

Text in this color is XML.

@EXR_TTL:<$>[{<\<>EXR>}][{<\<>TTL>}]To Create a Hyperlink to an E<\#45>mail Address[{<\<>/TTL>}]

@EXR_NL_ITEM:<$>[{<\<>NL>}][{<\<>ITEM>}]<@EXR_NL_NUM><\#009>A<\#009><@$p>In the

<@TERM>[{<\<>TERM>}]table of contents[{<\<>/TERM>}]<@$p> document, select the text

<@TERM>[{<\<>TERM>}]Contact the Authors[{<\<>/TERM>}]<@$p>.

@EXR:<$>This text represents the hyperlink.[{<\<>/ITEM>}]

@EXR_NL_ITEM:<$>[{<\<>XREF

ID="xIc031"/>}][{<\<>ITEM>}]<@EXR_NL_NUM><\#009>B<\#009><@$p>[[SR 031

V=1]]<&pbu2(,,(120,S,1,),(36,S,1,),,,,n,,,,,K,15,,,,,,,,,"Maxtor 38 GB

HD:Essentials:EssentialsCollabicons:xIc031.tif",,"")><&tbu2((0,TL,1),2,20,20,,,,n,,,,,n,,,1,,,,,t,,"")>@SRLABE

L:<z7>[[S 031 C=I V=1]]<&te><&g(2,1)>Click the Insert Hyperlink button on the Standard toolbar, or choose

[{<\<>STK>}]<U>I[{<\<>/STK>}]<U>nsert, Hyperl[{<\<>STK>}]<U>i[{<\<>/STK>}]<U>nk to open the Insert

Hyperlink dialog box.[{<\<>/ITEM>}]

@EXR_NL_ITEM:<$>[{<\<>ITEM>}]<@EXR_NL_NUM><\#009>C<\#009><@$p>Click

E<\#45>[{<\<>STK>}]<U>m[{<\<>/STK>}]<U>ail Address in the <@TERM>[{<\<>TERM>}]Link

to[{<\<>/TERM>}]<@$p> area.

@EXR:<$>This opens the dialog box shown in Figure[{<\<>FIGIND NUM="39"

ID="01FIG39"/>}]<&pbu2(,,(40p,S,2,),(40p,S,1,),0,0,,n,,,,,N,,,m,100,100,1,1,0,0,":WebCollP01Figs:01fig39.p

s",,"")><&tbu2((2,BL,1),3,20p,1p6,,,,N,,,,,N,,,1,,,,,t,,)>[[A 01FIG39 I=Y]]<&te><&g(2,1)><\!s>1.39[[AR

01FIG39 T=E]].

@EXR_NL_ITEM:<$>[{<\<>INDEXTERM><\<>PRIMARY>formatting<\<>/PRIMARY><\<>SECONDARY>h

yperlinks<\<>/SECONDARY><\<>TERTIARY>e<\#45>mail

addresses<\<>/TERTIARY>}][{<\<>/INDEXTERM>}]<\<>$I~formatting;hyperlinks;e<\#45>mail

addresses>[{<\<>INDEXTERM><\<>PRIMARY>hyperlinks<\<>/PRIMARY><\<>SECONDARY>e<\#45>mail

addresses<\<>/SECONDARY>}][{<\<>/INDEXTERM>}]<\<>$I~hyperlinks;e<\#45>mail

addresses>[{<\<>INDEXTERM><\<>PRIMARY>applying<\<>/PRIMARY><\<>SECONDARY>hyperlinks<\<

>/SECONDARY><\<>TERTIARY>e<\#45>mail

addresses<\<>/TERTIARY>}][{<\<>/INDEXTERM>}]<\<>$I~applying;hyperlinks;e<\#45>mail

addresses>[{<\<>INDEXTERM><\<>PRIMARY>documents<\<>/PRIMARY><\<>SECONDARY>hyperlinks<


➤Workflow 3: Quark w/ Autopage, XMLxt


Scripts orTemplate

Quark w/Autopage &

XMLxt

Word files w/Style Names


Quark files w/embedded XML

PDFfiles

XMLfiles

XtagsConversion


300-pg book:1 hr work



Scripts orTemplate

Quark w/Autopage &

XMLxt




PDFfiles

XMLfiles

XtagsConversion

�

(Plus the composition is WAY faster!)




Scripts orTemplate

Quark w/Autopage &

XMLxt




PDFfiles

XMLfiles

XtagsConversion

N O T E :

Not needed withAdobe InDesign

N O T E :

Not available forAdobe InDesign

� �

“Aren’t there any systemsdesigned to use XML?”

Workflow #4


➤Composing in native XML• XML is the comp coding (no conversion)• Some systems integrate XML editing• Can handle deep, hierarchical structures• Can do context-sensitive formatting• Maps XML structure to stylesheet• “PIs” permit “futzing” for pretty pages• Operators need to “think in XML” more• Post-comp extraction of XML can be trivial


➤Case Study: Composing in native XML• Journal publisher wants to control files• Edits in Word, scripts/macros make XML• Buys pagination on high-end system that

automates comp from fully-coded XML• Makes own corrs, submits new XML• Comp “proofs” XML, creates graphics• Uses same data for print and online pubs• Saves time and money on alts, conversion

36 Psychosomatics 43:1, January-February 2002

Clinical Outcomes Following a Trial of Sertralinein Rheumatoid Arthritis

JAMES R. SLAUGHTER, M.D., JERRY C. PARKER, PH.D.MATTHEW P. MARTENS, M.A., KAREN L. SMARR, M.A.

JAMES E. HEWETT, M.A.

We report an open-label trial of sertraline in the treatment of major depression in 54 consecutiverheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder. Weinitially surveyed 628 RA outpatients with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D) and invited those with depression to be evaluated further and treated. Eighty-four RApatients reporting depressive symptoms agreed to participate in person, and 56 met the criteriafor major depressive disorder. Of these 56 patients, 54 agreed to medication treatment and wereenrolled in the study. Patients were also randomized to one of three psychological treatment con-ditions, but for this study, conditions were collapsed because previous research on this sampleindicated no significant between-group differences in depression after treatment. Patients wereassessed with the CES-D and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression after the intervention, at6-month follow-up, and at 15-month follow-up. At the last follow-up, 41 patients remained forassessment. In this study, sertraline was found to be a safe and efficacious treatment of depres-sion complicating RA. (Psychosomatics 2002; 43:36–41)

Received November 2, 2000; revised October 10, 2001; accepted October18, 2001. From the Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Universityof Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Address correspondence and reprintrequests to Dr. Slaughter, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Uni-versity of Missouri, One Hospital Dr, Columbia, Missouri 65212.

Copyright � 2002 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine.

Individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) experiencemore psychological distress than healthy individuals

without RA,1,2 and research indicates that RA patients areespecially susceptible to depression.3–9 Although severalstudies have examined the effectiveness of psychologicalinterventions in treating depression in RA,10–12 the effec-tiveness of pharmacologic interventions is not well estab-lished. In a 32-week, double-blind, crossover trial of ami-triptyline, desipramine, trazodone, and placebo, Frank etal.13 found that treatment with amitriptyline led to signifi-cant reductions in pain measures relative to both placeboand baseline, but the authors did not report the effect oftreatment on depression. However, they reported that ami-

triptyline led to significant improvement relative to baselineon several mood measures, including life dissatisfaction,self-esteem, down mood, social isolation, negative affect,chronic fatigue, and self-blame. Although these mood mea-sures may be related to major depression, they do not assessdepression per se. Sarzi Puttini et al.14 reported that de-pressed RA patients taking dothiepin (a tricyclic antidepres-sant available in Europe) experienced significant improve-ment on Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Ham-D)15

scores, while also improving significantly on pain scores,when compared with placebo. These two studies, however,are the only ones identified by MEDLINE that addressedpharmacologic treatment of depression in RA, and treatmentwas not the major focus of the research in these studies.

In a recent study, Smarr et al.16 reported on a combinedpsychological-pharmacologic intervention. In this study,54 subjects diagnosed with classic or definite RA were ran-domly divided into three groups: a group that received bothcognitive-behavioral therapy and an antidepressant medi-

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I without

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ndividuals

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psychological RA,1,2 and susceptible

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Psychosomatics 42:477-481, December 2001© 2001 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine

Olanzapine for the Treatment of Psychosis in Patients With Parkinson's Disease and Dementia

Laura Marsh, M.D., Constantine Lyketsos, M.D. and Stephen G. Reich, M.D.

Received February 27, 2001; revised June 28, 2001; accepted July 19, 2001. From the Morris K. Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence at Johns Hopkins, the Neuropsychiatry Service, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and the Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Marsh, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD 21287.

Psychotic symptoms are a common complication in Parkinson's disease with dementia. The authors conducted an open-label 6-week trial of olanzapine preceded by a placebo lead-in in five subjects with Parkinson's disease, mild to moderately severe dementia, and psychosis. Four of the subjects terminated the trial early because of worsening motor function, sedation, or paranoia. There was no improvement in psychotic symptoms, and functional abilities declined significantly. Olanzapine appears to be poorly tolerated in patients with Parkinson's disease, psychotic symptoms, and dementia.

ABSTRACT

Dementia • Psychosis • Parkinson's DiseaseKey Words:

Psychosis develops in up to 40% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and is the most common cause of nursing homeplacement. Although antiparkinsonian therapies are often implicated, advanced disease and cognitive impairment are additional specific

INTRODUCTION

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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES


risks for psychosis Trials of antipsychotics in those with PD typically focus on drug-induced psychosis and exclude patients with dementia, whose response to antipsychotic medications may differ from PD patients without dementia. Because PD patients with dementia and psychosis are a significant source of morbidity, caregiver burden, and complex management issues, treatment guidelines are needed.

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This study examined the efficacy and safety of olanzapine for the treatment of psychosis in PD patients with dementia. Olanzapine is an atypical neuroleptic with a low affinity forstriatal D receptors and a reduced propensity for causing extrapyramidal symptoms. Its

clinical qualities are similar to clozapine, an atypical neuroleptic that is generally effective and tolerated for psychosis in patients with PD. However, olanzapine does not have hematological side effects that require weekly blood monitoring.

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Subjects were recruited from the Johns Hopkins MovementDisorders Clinic and had idiopathic PD based on the United Kingdom BrainBank Criteria, dementia secondary to PD based on DSM-IV criteria, and hallucinations and/or delusions for at least 4 weeks before study entry that were not accounted for by another medical or psychiatric cause. Subjects were recruited only after their antiparkinsonian medications were reduced to the lowest dose tolerated with respect to motor function. All participants or their caregivers provided informed consent.

METHOD

Subjects

6 7

Assessments were conducted at screening; baseline; and Weeks 1, 2, 4, and 6. Antiparkinsonian medications were stable for at least 7 days before patient screening, which included a physical examination, electrocardiogram, urinalysis, complete blood count, and a comprehensive chemistry panel. After a 4-to 8-day single-blind placebo lead-in, subjects who maintained a score >2 on the Schedule for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) Hallucinations or Delusions subscale were started on olanzapine (2.5 mg qhs). If treatment response plateaued and the patient was tolerating olanzapine, the dose was increased in 2.5-mg increments every 3 days (up to 15.0 mg qhs). Dose reductions occurred whenever side effects were intolerable.

Trial Procedures

8

Efficacy was measured as the change in psychosis severity using the SAPS score. Secondary efficacy measures included the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Neuropsychiatric Inventory symptom severity and caregiver distress scores, and hours of sleep between 2100 and 0900. The primary safety measure was the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motorscore. Additional safety assessments included orthostatic blood pressure and functional and cognitive abilities based on the UPDRS Activities of Daily Living Scale and Mini-Mental State Exam.

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10

11


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nt of psychosis in affinity forsymptoms. Its

rally effective and t have hematological

4

reduced to the eir caregivers

and 6. t screening, which ood count, and a ad-in, subjects who mptoms (SAPS) qhs). If treatment as increased in 2.5-ed whenever side

S score. Secondary tric Inventory

ween 2100 and 0900. ale (UPDRS) motore and functional and

Mini-Mental State

The UPDRS Activities of Daily Living subscore worsened ( <0.05) from baseline to the final observation ( and ). Caregivers reported initial improvements in nocturnal sleepand psychotic symptom intensity, but there were no statistically significant differences in hours of sleep, vital signs, caregiver distress, cognition, psychiatric symptom ratings, or motor function.

With SPSS software, we used Wilcoxon's signed rank tests to test the change in rating scales from baseline to final assessment (last observation carried forward). The small sample size limits interpretation of these analyses.

Statistical Analysis

Five patients (2 women, 3 men) with mild to moderately severe dementia met enrollment criteria and received olanzapine ( ). No patient tolerated olanzapine at a dose greater than 2.5 mg because of worsened parkinsonism, though the maximum dose prescribed was 7.5 mg for one night. Subject 2 requested termination on Day 14 because of delusional ideation about the investigators that developed after he took tramadol. Subject 3 was withdrawn on Day 15 because of worsening motor function and psychosis. Subject 4 was withdrawn on Day 7 because of worsening motor function and excessive sedation. Subject 5 was hospitalized for delirium, dehydration, and a urinary tract infection after being found unresponsive on the floor of her home. She had not taken olanzapine for at least 24 hours. Subject 1 completed the trial but discontinued olanzapine approximately 2 months later because of worsening motor function. The study was terminated because of these events and published reports of olanzapine use in PD patients raising safety concerns.

RESULTS

Medication Dosage and Study Completion

Table 1

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View this table:

[in this window][in a new window]

TABLE 1. Demographic features and effects of olanzapine on secondary outcome measures

Medication EffectsP

Figure 1 Table 1


seline to the final nts in nocturnal sleept differences in om ratings, or

ubject 3 was . Subject 4 was

sedation. Subject 5 er being found at least 24 hours.

2 months later of these events and ns.

apine on

Psychosis is a common and challenging complication of PD. Pharmacotherapy is especially difficult because most neuroleptic medications aggravate parkinsonism. Atypical antipsychotics such as olanzapine have a lower risk of extrapyramidal side effects and maybe useful in patients with PD. However, this small open-label trial was associated with functional decline, suggesting that olanzapine has limited utility for the treatment of psychosis in patients with PD and mild to moderately severe dementia.

(28K):View larger version

[in this window][in a new window]

FIGURE 1. Individual effects of olanzapine on psychotic symptoms, motor function, and Activities of Daily Living scores

DISCUSSION

3

Two earlier open-label studies suggest olanzapine is safe and effective for psychosis in PD patients, but other studies describe poor tolerance. Dosage titration schedules and patient selection might explain the different outcomes. An initial study included only patients without dementia and a starting dose of 1.0 mg, which is not available commercially and may have limited motor side effects. The final dose ranged from 2 to 15 mg (mean±SD=6.5±3.9 mg) and the study allowed for increases in antiparkinsonian medications after 50 days. A subsequent study also reported a favorable response to an 8-week trial of olanzapine starting at 5 mg in PD patients with and without dementia. The patients with dementia were more likely to withdraw from the trial, primarily because of sedation. Other anecdotal, retrospective, and prospective studies show unacceptable motor side effects with olanzapine. In the only controlled trial, olanzapine (mean±SD peak dose=11.4±3.5 mg/day) caused significant worsening of parkinsonism, particularly gait and bradykinesia, relative to clozapine (mean peak dose=25.8±13.5 mg/day).

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15

13,16,17–19

20

Subjects in our study were terminated from the trial because of worsening parkinsonism or medical complications. Although the effect of olanzapine on motor signs was not


rately severe

psychosis in PD dules and patient only patients

mmercially and may ean±SD=cations after 50

week trial of e patients with sedation. Other or side effects with eak dose=11.4±3.5 d bradykinesia,

g parkinsonism or as not

significant, the sample size is small and fluctuating motor signs in patients with PD (as shown in ) further confound their assessment. Functional abilities, however, declined significantly. This corresponded to greater motor impairment in most cases, but incipient medical conditions may also have contributed. For most patients, enhanced parkinsonian effects occurred within the first 2 weeks, but the onset of medication intolerance varied. A possible explanation for individual differences in extrapyramidal side effects is that disease stage or dose of antiparkinsonian medications influence the amount of striatal synaptic dopamine available to compete with olanzapine for the D receptor. Although it is a weak D

antagonist, olanzapine binds relatively tightly to the D receptor and is less likely to be rapidly

displaced by dopamine, especially in the setting of reduced dopamine levels. In contrast, some other atypical antipsychotics with higher dissociation constants (e.g., clozapine or quetiapine) are more loosely bound to the D receptor and are readily displaced by dopamine,

thereby reducing the risk of extrapyramidal signs.

Figure 1 21

2 2

222

2

The clinicopathological correlates of dementia and psychosis in PD are poorly understood, but extranigral pathology is presumed. Olanzapine antagonism at other receptors potentially contributes to nonmotor side effects, including sedation, delirium, and orthostasis, and patients with dementia tend to be more vulnerable to these side effects. However, olanzapine did not have adverse cognitive effects in our series, as Mini-Mental State Exam scores were generally stable. Recent studies show that olanzapine has procholinergic properties, mediated via 5-HT-6 receptor activity, that potentially offset any adverse anticholinergic effects.

23

24,25

Most atypical antipsychotic medications (olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, and clozapine) have been used with variable success for PD-related psychosis. The results of this small open-label trial, despite its shortcomings, lead us to recommend that olanzapine and other atypical neuroleptics should be used with caution in PD patients with psychosis and dementia because of their potential to aggravate motor deficits and confusion, which already contribute to functional impairment and caregiver burden.

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The authors thank Lisette Bunting, R.N., M.Sc.N. for study coordination. This study was supported by Eli Lilly, Inc, the Morris K. Udall Parkinson' s Disease Research Center of Excellence at Johns Hopkins (NIH P50-NS-58377), and the General Clinical Research Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (National Center for Research Resources/NIH M01-RR00052).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

1. Goetz CG, Stebbins GT: Risk factors for nursing home placement in advanced Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1993;

TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTION

43:2227-2229[Abstract]2. Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Cummings JL, et al: Prevalence and clinical

correlates of psychotic symptoms in Parkinson Disease: a community-based study. Arch Neurol 1999; 56:595-601[Medline]

3. Henderson MJ, Mellers JDC: Psychosis in Parkinson's disease: "between a rock and a hard place." International Review of Psychiatry 2000; 12:319-334

4. Beasley CM, Tollefson G, Tran P, et al: Olanzapine versus placebo and haloperidol: acute phase results of the North American double-blind olanzapine trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996; 14:111-123[Medline]

5. Parkinson Study Group: Low-dose clozapine for the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:757-763[Abstract/Full Text]

6. Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Kilford L, et al: Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55:181-184[Abstract]

7. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1994

8. Andreasen N, Olsen S: Negative vs positive schizophrenia: definition and validation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39:789-794[Medline]

9. Cummings JL: The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: assessing psychopathology in dementia patients. Neurology 1997; 48:10-16

10. Fahn S, Elton RL, Members of the UPDRS Development Committee: Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale, in Recent Developments in Parkinson's Disease II, edited by Fahn S, Marsden CD, Goldstein M. New York, Macmillan, 1987

11. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR: "Mini-mental state": a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975; 12:189-198[Medline]

12. Mattis S: Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1988

13. Molho ES, Factor SA: Worsening of motor features of parkinsonism with olanzapine. Mov Disord 1999; 14:1014-1016[Medline]

14. Wolters EC, Jansen ENH, Tuynman-Qua HG, et al: Olanzapine in the treatment of dopaminomimetic psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1996; 47:1085-1087[Abstract]

15. Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Lim NG, et al: Olanzapine for psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease with and without dementia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999; 11:392-394[Abstract/Full Text]

16. Graham JM, Sussman JD, Ford KS, et al: Olanzapine in the treatment of hallucinosis in idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a cautionary note. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 65:774-777[Abstract/Full Text]

17. Friedman J: Olanzapine in the treatment of dopaminomimetic psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease (letter). Neurology 1998; 50:1195-1196

18. Friedman JH, Goldstein S, Jacques C: Substituting clozapine for olanzapine in psychiatrically stable Parkinson's disease patients: results of an open label pilot study. Clin Neuropharmacol 1998; 21:285-288[Medline]

19. Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Tallon-Barranco A, Orti-Pareja M, et al: Olanzapine can worsen parkinsonism. Neurology 1998; 50:1183-1184

20. Goetz CG, Blasucci LM, Leurgans S, et al: Olanzapine and clozapine: comparative effects on motor function in hallucinating PD patients. Neurology 2000; 55:789-794[Abstract/Full Text]

21. Lang AE, Fahn S: Assessment of Parkinson's disease, in Quantification of Neurologic Deficit, edited by Munsat TL. Boston, Butterworth, 1989

22. Seeman P, Kapur S: Olanzapine binding to dopamine receptors in vitro and in vivo, in

METHODRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES

en a rock and a hard

d haloperidol: acute

g-induced Abstract/Full Text]f idiopathic ol Neurosurg

f Mental Disorders,

and validation. Arch

hology in dementia

Unified Parkinson's I, edited by Fahn S,

method for grading

FL: Psychological

with olanzapine. Mov

treatment of rology 1996;

ents with n Neurosci 1999;

of hallucinosis in Psychiatry 1998;

sis in patients with

zapine in label pilot study.

ne can worsen

comparative effects 789-794[Abstract/

on of Neurologic

ro and in vivo, in

Olanzapine (Zyprexa): A Novel Antipsychotic, edited by Tran PV, et al. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2000

23. Forno LS: Neuropathology of Parkinson's disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1996; 55:259-272[Medline]

24. Kennedy J, Basson B, Zagar A, et al: The effects of olanzapine on Alzheimer's disease assessment scale scores in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease with psychosis and behavioral disturbances. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48:S111

25. Bymaster F, Falcone JF: Decreased binding affinity of olanzapine and clozapine for clonal human muscarinic receptor subtypes in intact CHO cells in physiological medium. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 390:245-248[Medline]

26. Workman RHJ, Stoebner D, Raicu RG: Management of psychosis and agitation in demented elderly with Parkinson's disease. Clinical Geriatrics 2000; 8:76-83

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DIRNAME=PSY><PUBLISHER-NAME>American Psychiatric Publishing,

Inc.</PUBLISHER-NAME> <JOURNAL-TITLE>Psychosomatics</JOURNAL-

TITLE> <ISSN>0033-3182</ISSN> <VOLUME>43</VOLUME>

<ISSUE>1</ISSUE> <PUB-DATE><YEAR>2002</YEAR> <SEASON>January-

February</SEASON> </PUB-DATE></JOURNAL> <FIRST-PAGE></FIRST-

PAGE><LAST-PAGE></LAST-

PAGE><SEQUENCE></SEQUENCE><LANGUAGE>EN</LANGUAGE><LHR>

Depression and Arthritis</LHR> <RHR>Slaughter <CHAR ID="ITAL">et

al.</CHAR></RHR> <IMABBR>Psychosomatics</IMABBR> <ARTICLE-TYPE

TYPE="regular" NUMBER="1"> <TWODIGIT-ID>S7</TWODIGIT-ID><QADOC-

ID>2866</QADOC-ID> <PDF FILENAME=02PSY.PDF><SUBJECT

CODE="18, 24, 1"><KEYWORD>Depression</KEYWORD>

<KEYWORD>Sertraline</KEYWORD> <KEYWORD>Rheumatoid

Arthritis</KEYWORD>

<ARTICLE-TITLE>Clinical Outcomes Following a Trial of Sertraline in

Rheumatoid Arthritis</ARTICLE-TITLE>

<AUTHOR-LIST><AUTHORNAME><FIRST-NAME>James</FIRST-NAME>

<MIDDLE-NAME>R.</MIDDLE-NAME> <LAST-NAME>Slaughter</LAST-

NAME> <SUFFIX>M. D.</SUFFIX></AUTHORNAME>

<AUTHORNAME><FIRST-NAME>Jerry</FIRST-NAME> <MIDDLE-

NAME>C.</MIDDLE-NAME> <LAST-NAME>Parker</LAST-NAME>

<SUFFIX>Ph.D.</SUFFIX></AUTHORNAME>

<AUTHORNAME><FIRST-NAME>Matthew</FIRST-NAME> <MIDDLE-

NAME>P.</MIDDLE-NAME> <LAST-NAME>Martens</LAST-NAME>

<SUFFIX>M.A.</SUFFIX></AUTHORNAME>

<AUTHORNAME><FIRST-NAME>Karen</FIRST-NAME> <MIDDLE-

NAME>L.</MIDDLE-NAME> <LAST-NAME>Smarr</LAST-NAME>

<SUFFIX>M.A.</SUFFIX></AUTHORNAME>

Bill

PAGE></FIRSTPAGE><

Bill

SEASON> </PUB- PAGE></LASTPAGE>< SEQUENCE></SEQUENCE><

<AUTHORNAME><FIRST-NAME>James</FIRST-NAME> <MIDDLE-

NAME>E.</MIDDLE-NAME> <LAST-NAME>Hewett</LAST-NAME>

<SUFFIX>M.A.</SUFFIX></AUTHORNAME></AUTHOR-LIST>

<ABSTRACT>We report an open-label trial of sertraline in the treatment of major

depression in 54 consecutive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients meeting DSM-IV

criteria for major depressive disorder. We initially surveyed 628 RA outpatients

with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and invited

those with depression to be evaluated further and treated. Eighty-four RA

patients reporting depressive symptoms agreed to participate in person, and 56

met the criteria for major depressive disorder. Of these 56 patients, 54 agreed to

medication treatment and were enrolled in the study. Patients were also

randomized to one of three psychological treatment conditions, but for this study,

conditions were collapsed because previous research on this sample indicated

no significant between-group differences in depression after treatment. Patients

were assessed with the CES-D and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression

after the intervention, at 6-month follow-up, and at 15-month follow-up. At the last

follow-up, 41 patients remained for assessment. In this study, sertraline was

found to be effective with both measures and at all time points in treating major

depression in the context of RA.</ABSTRACT></HEADER><BODY><SECT1>

<PARA><CHAR ID="DC">I</CHAR>ndividuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

experience more psychological distress than healthy individuals without

RA,<XREF ID=S728661>1</XREF>,<XREF ID=S728662>2</XREF> and

research indicates that RA patients are especially susceptible to

depression.<XREF ID=S728663>3</XREF>–<XREF

ID=S728669>9</XREF> Although several studies have examined the

effectiveness of psychological interventions in treating depression in RA,<XREF

ID=S7286610>10</XREF>–<XREF ID=S7286612>12</XREF> the

effectiveness of pharmacologic interventions is not well established. In a 32-

week, double-blind, crossover trial of amitriptyline, desipramine, trazodone, and

placebo, Frank et al.<XREF ID=S7286613>13</XREF> found that treatment with

amitriptyline led to significant reductions in pain measures relative to both

Bill

CHAR ID="DC">I</CHAR>ndividuals

Bill

RA,<XREF ID=S728661>1</XREF>,<XREF ID=S728662>2</XREF> and

placebo and baseline, but the authors did not report the effect of treatment on

depression. However, they reported that amitriptyline led to significant

improvement relative to baseline on several mood measures, including life

dissatisfaction, self-esteem, down mood, social isolation, negative affect, chronic

fatigue, and self-blame. Although these mood measures may be related to major

depression, they do not assess depression per se. Sarzi Puttini et al.<XREF

ID=S7286614>14</XREF> reported that depressed RA patients taking dothiepin

(a tricyclic antidepressant available in Europe) experienced significant

improvement on Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Ham-D)<XREF

ID=S7286615>15</XREF> scores, while also improving significantly on pain

scores, when compared with placebo. These two studies, however, are the only

ones identified by <CHAR ID="ITAL">MEDLINE</CHAR> that addressed

pharmacologic treatment of depression in RA, and treatment was not the major

focus of the research in these studies.</PARA>

<PARA>In a recent study, Smarr et al.<XREF ID=S7286616>16</XREF>

reported on a combined psychological-pharmacologic intervention. In this study,

54 subjects diagnosed with classic or definite RA were randomly divided into

three groups: a group that received both cognitive-behavioral therapy and an

antidepressant medication (CB-PHARM), an attention control group that received

both educational materials about RA and an antidepressant medication (AC-

PHARM), and a control group that received the antidepressant medication only

(CN-PHARM). The purpose of the study was to determine whether the CB-

PHARM group would have better outcomes than either control group. Data were

collected at baseline, after the intervention, at 6-month follow-up, and at 15-

month follow-up. Results indicated no significant differences in depression scores

among the three groups, but all three groups demonstrated significant

differences from baseline after the intervention, at 6-month follow-up, and at 15-

month follow-up. The lack of significant differences on the mean scores of

various depression instruments among the groups indicates that subjects in the


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American Joint Committee on Cancer • 2002 23

2

3Lip and Oral Cavity

(Nonepithelial tumors such as those of lymphoid tissue,soft tissue, bone, and cartilage are not included.)

C00.0 External upper lipC00.1 External lower lipC00.2 External lip, NOSC00.3 Mucosa of upper lipC00.4 Mucosa of lower lipC00.5 Mucosa of lip, NOSC00.6 Commissure of lipC00.8 Overlapping lesion of lipC00.9 Lip, NOSC02.0 Dorsal surface of tongue, NOSC02.1 Border of tongue

C02.2 Ventral surface of tongue, NOSC02.3 Anterior two-thirds of tongue,

NOSC02.8 Overlapping lesion of tongueC02.9 Tongue, NOSC03.0 Upper gumC03.1 Lower gumC03.9 Gum, NOSC04.0 Anterior floor of mouthC04.1 Lateral floor of mouthC04.8 Overlapping lesion of floor of

mouth

C04.9 Floor of mouth, NOSC05.0 Hard palateC05.8 Overlapping lesion of palateC05.9 Palate, NOSC06.0 Cheek mucosaC06.1 Vestibule of mouthC06.2 Retromolar areaC06.8 Overlapping lesion of other and

unspecified parts of mouthC06.9 Mouth, NOS

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

• T4 lesions have been divided into T4a (resectable) and T4b (unresectable),leading to the division of Stage IV into Stage IVA, Stage IVB, and StageIVC.

ANATOMY

Primary Site. The oral cavity extends from the skin-vermilion junction of the lips to the junction of the hard andsoft palate above and to the line of circumvallate papillaebelow and is divided into the following specific areas:

Mucosal Lip. The lip begins at the junction of the ver-milion border with the skin and includes only the vermilionsurface or that portion of the lip that comes into contact withthe opposing lip. It is well defined into an upper and lowerlip joined at the commissures of the mouth.

Buccal Mucosa. This includes all the membrane lining ofthe inner surface of the cheeks and lips from the line ofcontact of the opposing lips to the line of attachment of mu-cosa of the alveolar ridge (upper and lower) and pterygo-mandibular raphe.

Lower Alveolar Ridge. This refers to the mucosa overlyingthe alveolar process of the mandible which extends from theline of attachment of mucosa in the buccal gutter to the lineof free mucosa of the floor of the mouth. Posteriorly it ex-tends to the ascending ramus of the mandible.

Upper Alveolar Ridge. This refers to the mucosa overlyingthe alveolar process of the maxilla which extends from theline of attachment of mucosa in the upper gingival buccal

gutter to the junction of the hard palate. Its posterior marginis the upper end of the pterygopalatine arch.

Retromolar Gingiva (Retromolar Trigone). This is the at-tached mucosa overlying the ascending ramus of the man-dible from the level of the posterior surface of the last molartooth to the apex superiorly, adjacent to the tuberosity of themaxilla.

Floor of the Mouth. This is a semilunar space over themyelohyoid and hyoglossus muscles, extending from the in-ner surface of the lower alveolar ridge to the undersurface ofthe tongue. Its posterior boundary is the base of the anteriorpillar of the tonsil. It is divided into two sides by the frenu-lum of the tongue and contains the ostia of the submaxillaryand sublingual salivary glands.

Hard Palate. This is the semilunar area between the upperalveolar ridge and the mucous membrane covering the pal-atine process of the maxillary palatine bones. It extends fromthe inner surface of the superior alveolar ridge to the pos-terior edge of the palatine bone.

Anterior Two-Thirds of the Tongue (Oral Tongue). This isthe freely mobile portion of the tongue that extends anteri-orly from the line of circumvallate papillae to the undersur-face of the tongue at the junction of the floor of the mouth.It is composed of four areas: the tip, the lateral borders, the

American Joint Committee on Cancer • 2002 1

3

3

Lip and Oral Cavity

(Nonepithelial tumors such as those of lymphoid tissue, soft tissue, bone, and cartilageare not included.)

C00.0 External upper lip

C00.1 External lower lip

C00.2 External lip, NOS

C00.3 Mucosa of upper lip

C00.4 Mucosa of lower lip

C00.5 Mucosa of lip, NOS

C00.6 Commissure of lip

C00.8 Overlapping lesion of lip

C00.9 Lip, NOS

C02.0 Dorsal surface of tongue,

NOS

C02.1 Border of tongue

C02.2 Ventral surface of

tongue, NOS

C02.3 Anterior two-thirds of

tongue, NOS

C02.8 Overlapping lesion of

tongue

C02.9 Tongue, NOS

C03.0 Upper gum

C03.1 Lower gum

C03.9 Gum, NOS

C04.0 Anterior floor of mouth

C04.1 Lateral floor of mouth


floor of mouth

C04.9 Floor of mouth, NOS

C05.0 Hard palate


palate

C05.9 Palate, NOS

C06.0 Cheek mucosa

C06.1 Vestibule of mouth

C06.2 Retromolar area


other and unspecified

parts of mouth

C06.9 Mouth, NOS

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

• T4 lesions have been divided into T4a (resectable) and T4b (unresectable),leading to the division of Stage IV into Stage IVA, Stage IVB, and StageIVC.

ANATOMY

Primary Site. The oral cavity extends from the skin-vermilion junctionof the lips to the junction of the hard and soft palate above and to the lineof circumvallate papillae below and is divided into the following specificareas:

Mucosal Lip. The lip begins at the junction of the vermilion borderwith the skin and includes only the vermilion surface or that portion ofthe lip that comes into contact with the opposing lip. It is well definedinto an upper and lower lip joined at the commissures of the mouth.

Buccal Mucosa. This includes all the membrane lining of the innersurface of the cheeks and lips from the line of contact of the opposing lipsto the line of attachment of mucosa of the alveolar ridge (upper and lower)and pterygomandibular raphe.

Lower Alveolar Ridge. This refers to the mucosa overlying the alveolarprocess of the mandible which extends from the line of attachment ofmucosa in the buccal gutter to the line of free mucosa of the floor of themouth. Posteriorly it extends to the ascending ramus of the mandible.

Upper Alveolar Ridge. This refers to the mucosa overlying the alveolarprocess of the maxilla which extends from the line of attachment of mu-cosa in the upper gingival buccal gutter to the junction of the hard palate.Its posterior margin is the upper end of the pterygopalatine arch.

Retromolar Gingiva (Retromolar Trigone). This is the attached mucosaoverlying the ascending ramus of the mandible from the level of the pos-


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Compositionin XML-based

system


➤Case Study: Working with XML createdfor a purpose other than publishing• Major scientific reference (many vols, yrs)• XML was created for the scientists to use

—Organizes data the way they think of it—Not structured to help composition

• Other examples: catalog from productdatabase, directory for membership data

• Comp uses XML, returns corrected XML

GENUS VIII. THERMOSPHAERA 191

T. aggregans grows optimally under anaerobic conditions at85�C, pH 6.5, and in the absence of exogenous sodium chloride.The optimal doubling time at 85�C is 110 min. The apparentactivation energy for growth is about 149 kJ�1. No growth onmeat extract, bovine heart infusion, peptone, amylose, glycogen,cellulose, cellobiose, maltose, raffinose, pyruvate, and acetate.

T. aggregans was isolated from Obsidian Pool, a terrestrial hotspring in Yellowstone National Park, WY, USA.

ENRICHMENT AND ISOLATION PROCEDURES

T. aggregans was originally enriched and obtained in pure cultureby a newly developed procedure, which allowed the isolation ofa 16S rDNA sequence-predicted, hyperthermophilic archaeumfrom a natural environment for the first time. This procedure isa combination of in situ 16S rDNA sequence analysis, specificcell hybridization within enrichment cultures, and “selected cellcultivation” by the use of a laser microscope (“optical tweezers”;Barns et al., 1994; Huber et al., 1995a; Beck and Huber, 1997).

MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES

T. aggregans can be stored in liquid nitrogen at �140�C in thepresence of 5% DMSO.

DIFFERENTIATION OF THE GENUS THERMOSPHAERA FROM

OTHER GENERA

Based on 16S rDNA sequence data, T. aggregans can be distin-guished from the genera Staphylothermus, Desulfurococcus, and Sul-fophobococcus. T. aggregans can be further distinguished from Sul-fophobococcus on the basis of different conserved bases in the 16SrDNA sequence. T. aggregans differs from Desulfurococcus and Sta-phylothermus by the lack of significant DNA similarity, the presenceof cyclic tetraether lipids in its membrane and the absence of aregular cell surface lattice.

FURTHER READING

Huber, R., S. Burggraf, T. Mayer, S.M. Barns, P. Rossnagel and K.O.Stetter. 1995. Isolation of a hyperthermophilic archaeum predictedby in situ RNA analysis. Nature (Lond.) 376: 57–58.

Stetter, K.O. 2000. Volcanoes, hydrothermal venting, and the origin oflife. In Marit and Ernst (Editors), Volcanoes and the Environment,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, in press.

List of species of the genus Thermosphaera

1. Thermosphaera aggregans Huber, Dyba, Huber, Burggrafand Rachel 1998b, 36.VP

ag�gre.gans. L. v. aggregare referring to the ability of the cellsto form grapelike aggregates.

Description is the same as for the genus.The mol% G � C of the DNA is: 46 (Tm).Type strain: M11TL, DSMZ 11486.GenBank accession number (16S rRNA): X99556.

Family II. Pyrodictiaceae Burggraf, Huber and Stetter 1997b, 659VP

HARALD HUBER AND KARL O. STETTER

Pyr.o.dic�ti.a.ce.ae. M.L. neut. n. Pyrodictium type genus of the family; -aceae ending to denotea family; M.L. fem. pl. n. Pyrodictiaceae the Pyrodictium family.

Coccoid to disc-shaped cells, Pyrodictium species form a networkof cannulae. Hyperthermophilic, maximal growth temperaturebetween 108 and 113�C. Grows either chemolithoautotrophicallyby gaining energy from the reduction of S0 or thiosulfate to H2Susing CO2 as sole carbon source or by fermentation. Some generagain energy by respiration using O2 or nitrate as electron accep-

tors. Three genera are described: Pyrodictium, Hyperthermus andPyrolobus.

Type genus: Pyrodictium Stetter, Konig and Stackebrandt 1984,270, emend. Pley and Stetter in Pley, Schipka, Gambacorta, Jan-nasch, Fricke, Rachel and Stetter 1991, 251 (Effective publica-tion: Stetter, Konig and Stackebrandt 1983, 549).

FIGURE A1.12. Platinum-shadowed cell aggregate of Thermosphaera ag-gregans.

Key to the genera of the family Pyrodictiaceae

1. Cells are discs within a network of cannulae. Obligately anaerobic; H2/S0 autotrophy and sulfurrespiration with complex organic substrates. Temperature optimum: 105�C; temperature maxi-mum: 110�C.

Genus I. Pyrodictium.

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<cultural-characteristics>

<para><species>T. aggregans</species> grows optimally under anaerobic

conditions at 85°C, pH 6.5, and in the absence of exogenous sodium

chloride. The optimal doubling time at 85°C is 110 min. The apparent

activation energy for growth is about 149

kJ<superscript>−1</superscript>. No growth on meat extract, bovine heart

infusion, peptone, amylose, glycogen, cellulose, cellobiose, maltose, raffinose,

pyruvate, and acetate.</para>

</cultural-characteristics>

<ecology>

<para><species>T. aggregans</species> was isolated from Obsidian Pool, a

terrestrial hot spring in Yellowstone National Park, WY, USA.</para>

</ecology></fdi>

<enrichment>

<title></title>

<para><species>T. aggregans</species> was originally enriched and obtained in

pure culture by a newly developed procedure, which allowed the isolation of a

16S rDNA sequence-predicted, hyperthermophilic archaeum from a natural

environment for the first time. This procedure is a combination of <emphasis

display="italic">in situ</emphasis> 16S rDNA sequence analysis, specific cell

hybridization within enrichment cultures, and “selected cell

cultivation” by the use of a laser microscope (“optical

tweezers”; <pub-cite cite-ref="phy1a.0047">Barns et al., 1994</pub-cite>;

<pub-cite cite-ref="phy2.491">Huber et al., 1995a</pub-cite>; <pub-cite cite-

ref="phy2.486">Beck and Huber, 1997</pub-cite>).</para>

</enrichment>

<maintenance>

<title></title>

<para><species>T. aggregans</species> can be stored in liquid nitrogen at

−140°C in the presence of 5% DMSO.</para>

</maintenance>

<differentiation><title><genus>Thermosphaera</genus></title>

<para>Based on 16S rDNA sequence data, <species>T. aggregans</species>

can be distinguished from the genera <genus>Staphylothermus</genus>,

<genus>Desulfurococcus</genus>, and <genus>Sulfophobococcus</genus>.

<species>T. aggregans</species> can be further distinguished from

<genus>Sulfophobococcus</genus> on the basis of different conserved bases in

the 16S rDNA sequence. <species>T. aggregans</species> differs from

<genus>Desulfurococcus</genus> and <genus>Staphylothermus</genus> by

the lack of significant DNA similarity, the presence of cyclic tetraether lipids in its

membrane and the absence of a regular cell surface lattice.</para>

</differentiation>

<reading>

<bibcite biblio-id="phy2.491"><article>

<author><wholename>Huber, R.</wholename></author>

<author><wholename>S. Burggraf</wholename></author>

<author><wholename>T. Mayer</wholename></author>

<author><wholename>S.M. Barns</wholename></author>

<author><wholename>P. Rossnagel</wholename></author>

<author><wholename>K.O. Stetter</wholename></author>

<year>1995</year><pubtitle>Isolation of a hyperthermophilic archaeum

predicted by <emphasis display="italic">in situ</emphasis> RNA

analysis</pubtitle>

<journalabbrev>Nature (Lond.)</journalabbrev><volume>376</volume>

<pages>57–58</pages></article></bibcite>

<bibcite><chapter>

<author><wholename>Stetter, K.O.</wholename></author>

<year>2000</year><pubtitle>Volcanoes, hydrothermal venting, and the origin of

life</pubtitle>

<editor><wholename>Marit</wholename></editor>

<editor><wholename>Ernst</wholename></editor><parenttitle>Volcanoes and

the Environment</parenttitle>

<publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><pub-city>Cambridge</pub-

city>

<pages>in press</pages></chapter></bibcite>

</reading>

<species-structure><title><genus>Thermosphaera</genus></title>

<species-list><species-desc>

<species-valid>

<def-pub><taxon-id><species>Thermosphaera aggregans</species></taxon-id>

<def-pub-cite cite-ref="phy1a.0050" validator="vp"><authoringgroup>Huber,

Dyba, Huber, Burggraf and Rachel</authoringgroup><date>1998b,

</date><desc-page>36</desc-page>.</def-pub-cite></def-pub>

<etymology><phonetic>ag′gre.gans. </phonetic><morpheme><lang>L.

</lang><grammar>v. </grammar><source>aggregare </source><trans>referring

to the ability of the cells to form grapelike

aggregates.</trans></morpheme></etymology>

<feature-para>Description is the same as for the genus.</feature-para>

<dnabase-ratio>46 (<emphasis

display="italic">T<subscript>m</subscript></emphasis>).</dnabase-ratio>

<strain-ref><cc-combo><cc-num>M11TL, DSMZ 11486.</cc-num>

<genbank> X99556.</genbank>

</cc-combo></strain-ref></species-valid></species-desc></species-list>

</species-structure></genus-chapter></family-structure>

<family-structure name="pyrodictiaceae"><chap-head><title></title>

<def-pub>

<taxon-id><family>Pyrodictiaceae</family></taxon-id> <def-pub-cite cite-

ref="phy2.874" validator="vp"><authoringgroup>Burggraf, Huber and

Stetter</authoringgroup><date>1997b, </date><desc-page>659</desc-

page></def-pub-cite></def-pub>

<author><name>Harald </name><lname>Huber </lname></author>

<author><name>Karl </name><initial>O.

</initial><lname>Stetter</lname></author>

<etymology>

<phonetic>Pyr.o.dic′ti.a.ce.ae. </phonetic><morpheme><lang>M.L.

</lang><grammar>neut. n. </grammar><source>Pyrodictium

</source><trans>type genus of the family; </trans><source>-aceae

</source><trans>ending to denote a family; </trans><lang>M.L.

</lang><grammar>fem. pl. n. </grammar><source>Pyrodictiaceae

</source><trans>the <?Pub _font Posture="italic">Pyrodictium<?Pub /_font>

family.</trans></morpheme>

</etymology>

</chap-head>

<definition><feature-para><salient-pt>Coccoid to disc-shaped cells,

<genus>Pyrodictium</genus> species form a network of cannulae</salient-pt>.

<salient-pt>Hyperthermophilic</salient-pt>, maximal growth temperature

between 108 and 113°C. <salient-pt>Grows either chemolithoautotrophically

by gaining energy from the reduction of S<superscript>0</superscript></salient-

pt> <salient-pt>or thiosulfate to H<subscript>2</subscript>S</salient-pt> using

CO<subscript>2</subscript> as sole carbon source <salient-pt>or by

fermentation</salient-pt>. Some genera gain energy by respiration using

O<subscript>2</subscript> or nitrate as electron acceptors. Three genera are

described: <genus>Pyrodictium</genus>, <genus>Hyperthermus</genus> and

<genus>Pyrolobus</genus>.</feature-para>

<type-taxon rank="genus"><def-pub><taxon-

id><genus>Pyrodictium</genus></taxon-id> <def-pub-cite cite-

ref="phy1a.0015"><authoringgroup>Stetter, König and

Stackebrandt</authoringgroup><date>1984, </date><desc-page>270,</desc-

page></def-pub-cite> emend. <def-pub-cite cite-

ref="phy1a.0007"><authoringgroup>Pley and Stetter <emphasis

display="italic">in</emphasis> Pley, Schipka, Gambacorta, Jannasch, Fricke,

Rachel and Stetter</authoringgroup><date>1991, </date><desc-page>251

</desc-page></def-pub-cite>(Effective publication: <def-pub-cite cite-

ref="phy1a.0003"><authoringgroup>Stetter, König and

Stackebrandt</authoringgroup><date>1983, </date><desc-page>549</desc-

page></def-pub-cite>).</def-pub></type-taxon></definition>

<key>

<list list-type="ordered" numbering="arabic"><head>Key to the genera of the

family <family>Pyrodictiaceae</family></head>

<item>

<para>Cells are discs within a network of cannulae. Obligately anaerobic;

H<subscript>2</subscript>/S<superscript>0</superscript> autotrophy and sulfur

respiration with complex organic substrates. Temperature optimum: 105°C;

temperature maximum: 110°C.</para>

<para>Genus I. <genus>Pyrodictium</genus>.</para>


➤Workflow 4c: Working with XML createdfor a purpose other than publishing


Rich, ValidXMLfiles

XML files forresearchers

HTMLfile

PDFfile

Compositionin XML-based

system

Scripts

Edit in XMLediting syst

“I don’t want to think aboutcodes—automate everything.”

Workflow #5


➤Using a Content Management System• Custom designed or customized:

don’t expect to “plug ’n’ play”!• CMS manages “XML-esque” database:

—Incorporates data from various sources—Provides tools and/or functionality—Manages metadata, resources, links

• Can output files (e.g., XML, HTML, OeB)• Can manage access, delivery, e-commerce


➤Workflow 5: Using a Content Mgmt. Syst.

ContentManagement

SystemSpreadsheets

Word files

Legacy data

© Copyright 2003, ImpressionsBook and Journal Services, Inc.

Interface to DB

Image files

Licensed dataCompositionin XML-based

system

PDFproof

UpdatedValid XML

PDF forPrint

HTML forOnline


Time to getXML: ZERO!


ContentManagement

SystemSpreadsheets

Word files

Legacy data


Interface to DB

Image files


system

PDFproof

UpdatedValid XML

PDF forPrint

HTML forOnline

�

(And the comp can be LIGHTNING fast!)



ContentManagement

SystemSpreadsheets

Word files

Legacy data


Interface to DB

Image files


system

PDFproof

UpdatedValid XML

PDF forPrint

HTML forOnline

�S O M E T O O L S :

• XyEnterpriseContent@

• EmpolisSigmaLink

• Vasont (wasTarget2000)

• Custom systems


➤Case Study: Using a Content Mgmt. Syst.• Reference work: long life, ongoing updates• Simultaneous print and online versions• CMS manages content and delivery:

—Initial writing and editing in Word—Revisions done directly in CMS via Web—Dynamic metadata, structure, links

• Rapid comp automated from XML output• CMS generates HTML, controls access

65

3Markup: XML & RelatedTechnologieswilliam e. kasdorfPresident, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.

Markup enables the various parts and features of a given set of content to bedistinguished and named. It provides a way to label, describe, and delimit these ina publication so that processing systems can tell them apart and know how theyrelate to each other. Markup languages are used to define specific markupschemes. In the past, markup languages were typically proprietary and used onlyby specialists. The Web gave rise to one of the simplest and most widely usedmarkup languages ever devised, HTML, and also to one of the most flexible andpowerful: XML, the Extensible Markup Language. After a brief overview of earliermarkup languages, this chapter focuses on the technologies in the XML family—XML itself, and related standards for defining, styling, linking, transforming, andannotating—that provide the foundation for digital publishing today.

3.1 overview

(i) what is markup?

At the most basic level, markup can be thought of as the tags and codes em-bedded in a given set of content that delineate and describe the componentparts of that content. An editor marks up a paper manuscript by labeling achapter number “CN,” a chapter title, “CT,” a first-level subhead “H1” or “A,”an extracted block quote “EX” or “BQ.” Traditionally, this markup has providedthe instructions for a typesetter, who inserts a different set of markup (oftenproprietary markup [3.1.1.2]) that controls the composition of that contentin a particular format using a particular composition system. (In such a system,the code for a chapter title might be “/CT/” or “@CT:” or “[j2].”) That samecontent, when published on the Web, would be marked up with a differentset of tags, most likely using HyperText Markup Language (HTML); in thatcase, the chapter title might be marked as “�H2�.” In each of these examples,the markup is not the content to be published, but a guide to how somesubsequent person or system should process or present it. (The electronicversion of the Guide provides examples of various types of markup applied tothe portion of text you are reading.)

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the instructions for a typesetter, who proprietary markup [3.1.1.2]) that in a particular format using a particular

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3.1 overview (i) what is markup? At the most basic level, markup embedded in a given set of content

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3.1 overview

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(i) what is markup?

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3Markup: Technologies william President,

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up with a different (HTML); of these examples,

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[3.1.1.2])

3Markup—XML and Related Technologies

William E. Kasdorf

President, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.

Markup enables the various parts and features of a given set of content to be

distinguished and named. It provides a way to label, describe, and delimit the parts of a

publication (such as chapters or articles, authors and titles, subheads and lists and

notes) so that processing systems—word processors or web browsers or typesetting

software or the human brain—can tell them apart and know how they relate to each

other. Markup languages are used to define specific markup schemes. In the past,

markup languages were typically proprietary and used only by specialists. The Web

gave rise to one of the simplest and most widely used markup languages ever devised,

HTML, and also to one of the most flexible and powerful: XML, the Extensible

Markup Language. After an overview of the nature and history of markup languages,

including SGML (the Standard Generalized Markup Language), the parent of HTML

and the predecessor to XML, this chapter focuses on the features and functionality of

the markup languages in the XML family. These technologies—XML itself, and

related standards for defining, styling, linking, transforming, and annotating—provide

the foundation for digital publishing today.

Overview

What is markup?

[markup, tags, SGML, XML, codes, coding]At the most basic level, markup can be thought of as the

tags and codes embedded in a given set of content that delineate and describe the component

parts of that content. An editor marks up a paper manuscript[3.1] by labeling a chapter number

“CN,” a chapter title “CT,” a first-level subhead “H1” or “A,” an extracted block quote “EX” or

“BQ.” Traditionally, this markup has provided the instructions for a typesetter, who inserts a

different set of markup (often proprietary markup[3.01.i.3]) that controls the composition of that

content in a particular format using a particular composition system. (In such a system, the code

for a chapter title might be “\CT\” or “@CT:” or “[j2].”) That same content, when published on

the Web, would be marked up with a different set of tags, most likely using HTML; in that case,

the chapter title might be marked as “<H2>.” In each of these examples, the markup is not the

content to be published, but a guide to how some subsequent person or system should process or

present it. (The electronic version of this Guide provides examples of various types of

markup[3.1-3.20] applied to the portion of text you are reading.)

In a sense, even punctuation can be thought of as a form of markup. Spaces help us tell

words apart; periods and capital letters organize those words into sentences; commas, colons,

semicolons, dashes, and parentheses help us distinguish the parts of sentences, tell which are

subordinate to others, and signal what they mean and how they relate. (We think of those marks

as universal, but they’re not; they’re specific to certain languages or even certain contexts. What

looks like a period in the expression “$2.98” is not a period, but a decimal point, actually part of

the language of mathematics; in Europe a comma might be used instead, e.g., “2,98.” More on

ambiguous markup[3.01.i.4] below.) In a strict sense, though, punctuation is part of the character

set by which a given set of content is expressed; markup typically uses that same character set, or

a subset of it, but exists apart from the content itself. In the chapter title “Welcome Home, Our

Sophie Mol” the comma is part of the title, whereas a tag like <CT>, which might be attached to

it, is markup.

Visual cues

[markup, tags, layout, typography, punctuation]Markup is often thought to be “invisible” because the

ultimate reader or viewer of the content typically does not see the markup itself, but only the

result of the markup. Just as we take punctuation for granted (except when it’s incorrect or

ambiguous, or when we don’t speak the language), we also take for granted the visual cues that

guide us to the structure and meaning of what we read. When reading a book, we don’t need to

see a <CT> tag to know that the words following the chapter number at the beginning of a new

page, set in a larger size and perhaps in a special font, are a chapter title. We can usually tell that

a second level subhead is subordinate to a first level subhead because it is formatted in a less

prominent way. We can tell that an extract is a quotation from some other work because it is

indented and separated from the text above and below it; and if it is followed by a name set flush

<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE DOCUMENT PUBLIC "-//CUP//DTD CGDP-IMPORT-XML DTD-v1.0//EN"><DOCUMENT number="3"><CT>Markup: XML & Related Technologies</CT><AU>William E. Kasdorf</AU><AFF>President, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.</AFF><INTRO>Markup enables the various parts and features of a given set of content to be distinguished andnamed. It provides a way to label, describe, and delimit these in a publication so that processing systemscan tell them apart and know how they relate to each other. Markup languages are used to define specificmarkup schemes. In the past, markup languages were typically proprietary and used only by specialists.The Web gave rise to one of the simplest and most widely used markup languages ever devised, HTML,and also to one of the most flexible and powerful: XML, the Extensible Markup Language. After a briefoverview of earlier markup languages, this chapter focuses on the technologies in the XMLfamily—XML itself, and related standards for defining, styling, linking, transforming, andannotating—that provide the foundation for digital publishing today.</INTRO><H1>Overview</H1><H2>What is markup?</H2><TX>At the most basic level, markup can be thought of as the tags and codes embedded in a given set ofcontent that delineate and describe the component parts of that content. An editor marks up a<LINKXMPL>paper manuscript</LINKXMPL> by labeling a chapter number “CN,” achapter title, “CT,” a first-level subhead “H1” or “A,” anextracted block quote “EX” or “BQ.” Traditionally, this markup hasprovided the instructions for a typesetter, who inserts a different set of markup (often <CROSSREFtarget="3.1.1.2.0">proprietary markup</CROSSREF>) that controls the composition of that contentin a particular format using a particular composition system. (In such a system, the code for a chapter titlemight be “/CT/” or “&commat;CT:” or“[j2].”) That same content, when published on the Web, would be marked upwith a different set of tags, most likely using HyperText Markup Language(<GLOSSREF>HTML</GLOSSREF>); in that case, the chapter title might be marked as“<H2>.” In each of these examples, the markup is not the content to be published, buta guide to how some subsequent person or system should process or present it. (The electronic version ofthe Guide provides <LINKXMPL>examples of various types of markup</LINKXMPL> applied to theportion of text you are reading.)</TX></DOCUMENT>

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DTD CGDP-IMPORT-XML DTD-v1.0//EN"> CT>

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annotating—that provide <H1>Overview</H1> <H2>What is markup?</H2> <TX>At the most basic level, markup content that delineate and describe

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<LINKXMPL>paper manuscript</LINKXMPL>

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number="3"> XML & Related Kasdorf</AU>

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<DOCUMENT number="3">

<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE DOCUMENT PUBLIC "-//CUP//DTD CGDP-COMP-XML DTD-v1.0//EN"><DOCUMENT number="3"><CT>Markup: XML & Related Technologies</CT><AU>William E. Kasdorf</AU><AFF>President, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.</AFF><INTRO>Markup enables the various parts and features of a given set of content to be distinguished andnamed. It provides a way to label, describe, and delimit these in a publication so that processing systemscan tell them apart and know how they relate to each other. Markup languages are used to define specificmarkup schemes. In the past, markup languages were typically proprietary and used only by specialists.The Web gave rise to one of the simplest and most widely used markup languages ever devised, HTML,and also to one of the most flexible and powerful: XML, the Extensible Markup Language. After a briefoverview of earlier markup languages, this chapter focuses on the technologies in the XMLfamily—XML itself, and related standards for defining, styling, linking, transforming, andannotating—that provide the foundation for digital publishing today.</INTRO><H1 label="3.1.0.0.0">Overview</H1><H2 label="3.1.1.0.0">What is markup?</H2><TX>At the most basic level, markup can be thought of as the tags and codes embedded in a given set ofcontent that delineate and describe the component parts of that content. An editor marks up apaper manuscript by labeling a chapter number “CN,” achapter title, “CT,” a first-level subhead “H1” or “A,” anextracted block quote “EX” or “BQ.” Traditionally, this markup hasprovided the instructions for a typesetter, who inserts a different set of markup (often <CROSSREFtarget="3.1.1.2.0">proprietary markup</CROSSREF>) that controls the composition of that contentin a particular format using a particular composition system. (In such a system, the code for a chapter titlemight be “/CT/” or “&commat;CT:” or“[j2].”) That same content, when published on the Web, would be marked upwith a different set of tags, most likely using HyperText Markup Language (<GLOSSREFtarget="1327">HTML</GLOSSREF>); in that case, the chapter title might be marked as“<H2>.” In each of these examples, the markup is not the content to be published, buta guide to how some subsequent person or system should process or present it. (The electronic version ofthe Guide provides examples of various types of markup applied to theportion of text you are reading.)</TX></DOCUMENT>

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annotating—that provide the foundation for digital <H1 label="3.1.0.0.0">Overview</H1> <H2 label="3.1.1.0.0">What is markup?</H2> <TX>At the most basic level, markup can be thought content that delineate and describe the component parts

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label="3.1.0.0.0">

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label="3.1.1.0.0">

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DTD CGDP-COMP-XML DTD-v1.0//EN">

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provided the instructions target="3.1.1.2.0">proprietary in a particular format using

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<CROSSREF target="3.1.1.2.0">proprietary markup</CROSSREF>)

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<DOCUMENT number="3">

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paper manuscript

<!DOCTYPE document SYSTEM "CGDP_archival.dtd"><unit type="chapter" id="15"><metadata><DistinctiveTitle>Markup: XML & Related Technologies</DistinctiveTitle><Contributor id="au.1"><ContributorRole>A01</ContributorRole><PrefixToKey>William E.</PrefixToKey><KeyNames>Kasdorf</KeyNames><PersonName>William E. Kasdorf</PersonName><PersonNameInverted>Kasdorf, William E.</PersonNameInverted><BiographicalNote>Bill Kasdorf is president of Impressions Book and Journal Services—acomposition and publishing services firm that designs, edits, and produces books and journals in print andelectronic forms, with special expertise in XML workflows—and vice president of IoFlex, Inc., asoftware development firm that specializes in image processing and workflow tools. He is Past Presidentof the Society for Scholarly Publishing, and lives in Ann Arbor, MI.</BiographicalNote><Affiliation>President, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.</Affiliation></Contributor><MainDescription id="1">Markup enables the various parts and features of a given set of content tobe distinguished and named. It provides a way to label, describe, and delimit these in a publication so thatprocessing systems can tell them apart and know how they relate to each other. Markup languages areused to define specific markup schemes. In the past, markup languages were typically proprietary andused only by specialists. The Web gave rise to one of the simplest and most widely used markuplanguages ever devised, HTML, and also to one of the most flexible and powerful: XML, the ExtensibleMarkup Language. After a brief overview of earlier markup languages, this chapter focuses on thetechnologies in the XML family—XML itself, and related standards for defining, styling, linking,transforming, and annotating—that provide the foundation for digital publishingtoday.</MainDescription></metadata><div><head id="2">Overview</head><div><head id="3">What is markup?</head><p id="1364">Here is an example of a paragraph of text added later. Note that its identifier is notnumbered sequentially with those that surround it. These identifiers are unique numbers assigned wheneach chunk of text is created, and they are always associated with the chunk they were originally assignedto, no matter where that chunk might be moved within the chapter.</p><p id="4">At the most basic level, markup can be thought of as the tags and codes embedded in a givenset of content that delineate and describe the component parts of that content. An editor marks up a <reftype="example" rid="15.723">paper manuscript</ref> by labeling a chapter number“CN,” a chapter title, “CT,” a first-level subhead“H1” or “A,” an extracted block quote “EX” or“BQ.” Traditionally, this markup has provided the instructions for a typesetter, whoinserts a different set of markup (often <ref type="cross" rid="15.8">proprietary markup</ref>) thatcontrols the composition of that content in a particular format using a particular composition system. (Insuch a system, the code for a chapter title might be “/CT/” or“@CT:” or “[j2].”) That same content,when published on the Web, would be marked up with a different set of tags, most likely using HyperTextMarkup Language (<ref type="gloss" rid="1327">HTML</ref>); in that case, the chaptertitle might be marked as “<H2>.” In each of these examples, the markup is notthe content to be published, but a guide to how some subsequent person or system should process orpresent it. (The electronic version of the Guide provides <ref type="example"rid="15.717">examples of various types of markup</ref> applied to the portion of text you arereading.)</p></div></div></unit>

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<metadata><DistinctiveTitle>Markup: XML & Related Technologies</DistinctiveTitle> <Contributor id="au.1"> <ContributorRole>A01</ContributorRole> <PrefixToKey>William E.</PrefixToKey><KeyNames>Kasdorf</KeyNames> <PersonName>William E. Kasdorf</PersonName> <PersonNameInverted>Kasdorf, William E.</PersonNameInverted> <BiographicalNote>Bill Kasdorf is president of Impressions Book and Journal Services—a composition and publishing services firm that designs, edits, and produces books and journals in print and electronic forms, with special expertise in XML workflows—and vice president of IoFlex, Inc., a software development firm that specializes in image processing and workflow tools. He is Past President of the Society for Scholarly Publishing, and lives in Ann Arbor, MI.</BiographicalNote> <Affiliation>President, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.</Affiliation></Contributor> <MainDescription id="1">Markup enables the various parts and features of a given set of content to be distinguished and named. It provides a way to label, describe, and delimit these in a publication so that processing systems can tell them apart and know how they relate to each other. Markup languages are used to define specific markup schemes. In the past, markup languages were typically proprietary and used only by specialists. The Web gave rise to one of the simplest and most widely used markup languages ever devised, HTML, and also to one of the most flexible and powerful: XML, the Extensible Markup Language. After a brief overview of earlier markup languages, this chapter focuses on the technologies in the XML family—XML itself, and related standards for defining, styling, linking, transforming, and annotating—that provide the foundation for digital publishing today.</MainDescription></metadata>

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<PersonNameInverted>Kasdorf, William E.</PersonNameInverted>

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today.</MainDescription></ <div><head id="2">Overview</ <div><head id="3">What <p id="1364">Here is an example numbered sequentially with

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a paragraph of text added later.

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15.717">examples of various types p></div></div></unit>

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Services—a journals in print and

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