10th Science Tamil-1

8/6/2019 10th Science Tamil-1

1/144

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13/144

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1. Frame work of Science - Paddy Gannon, Oxform UniversityPress, New Delhi

izajsf

http://www.kidastronomy.com

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/phys/html

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Mnuhakhd cl eyJlToa kj uj rfiums, czF Kd 80 - 120 ../ 100 .. vw ms UF.czF d mf msFSnfh uj caUnghJit fiuahj isnfh#dhf

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bklvWbga.nj nghW, lago o,

janehf,WufbraH,cauj mGj, cl gUk, mkneh, _isia jhF gfthjnehf nghwit tsijkhwbraghL Fiwth njhWnehfshF.

nkTagzhkfisbfhL,cftFnjhHf/RwjhUilaeyjikiagbra.

ey cl eyJl cstf, wUl ey cwit ngQgtf,nehwtf,tfistifgLj,ceglcs,cdFojFzfistirgLj

bra 2.1

kua

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20/144

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18

gl.2.3xUmndh gl.2.5kuhRk

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O khwkilj dh njhWwJ.mr vgJ gugiu nehahF.J njh, nuhk, ff bkyhvw w yhjjh njhWwJ.JOkhwkiljxLFfshVgLwJ.

j mFfshf, gh nghwbtikahd njh w, Na xJ mf cz bfhljh VgLxfh (nghnlh nghah) iy,nkhah vD uj ciwahikneh, br mah vD fmthujnrhifneh,jhyah,l FiwghL. F Wt nehmF nghwit gugiuahffljgLkuanehfshF.

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kWFthnahfvDnehfSFfhuahwJ.

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tW nghF, vYJ njhnghjglJ nghw clyiklFHijffhzgLt.

Fthnahf nehdhFHijfSFcatW,KfkWfhfffhzgL.


21/144

19

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22/144

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20

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23/144

21

myF-2

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3.jiyt,fhr.

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Milf, ghuf, nkYfgiw rhjdf _ykhfguwJ.

nehfLghL, neh tuhk

jLjY

ey rJs cz, nehahlbjhlid jj, rahd MilcLJj nghwit _y nehiajf aYnk ju, ntW jkhdweilKiwfVJiy.

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cyvyhgFfY,Fghf1970 cyif Mogilj xUbfhLikahdneh.

nehfhu

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neh guj: nehwt eh,thUJ bjF tiyf_ykhf mLjt RthrFH


24/144

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22

gl.2.10ogFnshghOah

tahf guwJ. nkY nehwtclikbghUf_ykhfgu.

nehfLghL

1.nehah ghfgltfSlbjhlgUj.

2.Tlijjj.

2.3.2.ghOahnehfghOahf nuhnfaho

cfMF.ytifghOahfkjf xLahf UJfhyuh, ilghL, jng nghwnehfSFfhuahwJ.

fhr neh: fhrneh vgJ fhgu neh tifia rhjJ.Eiupuiy cl w ghffshdvYf, _Lf, z Ruf,brkhd cWf, fu kWWufijghwJ.

neh fhu: iknfhghOaogFnshr (TB), vw F totghOahfshcUthwJ.

mFf1.ghOahdh ghfgl

gF W fofSl Toa cUthFtjh, nehFog Fnshr (fhr neh) vWbgalglJ.

2.bjhlahdUk.3.clvilFiwj.

neh guj: fhr neh fh

_y guwJ. nehwt bjFtiyf_yKguwJ.tiy,nehwtczcQnghJ,r tahf, ngRj, j _y

btnawgL, l neu fhfyJcUlUJnehgu.

fhrneh,ghOahbrRtfhzgLxUj tGtGghd xLjikah fhnyna mf neuUJ, jid RthF kjEiuutahfguwJ.

nehfLghL

1. ey Mnuhakhd iyiamRjkhd Niyia jjY,mfkfTLlijjjY,fhnwhlkhd miw UjY,nehgujiyjF.

2. ey Na x, ikahdfhW Uf beUflhkjLFtKiwfMF.

3. nehahia jikgLJj,nehah gagLJ bghUfisUehbfhLikgLJj.

4. nehah r nghwtiwnrfJvj_yK.

ghOahtsKiw

y uh khr JLfiseF bgho brJ Jl 15l bfhf itfglnfu, cUis HFf nrJ,eFfyiutofoacsfyitia (uh) xU RjkhdM FHh vLJbfhsntL.Rkh25oCbtgiyRjkhd gdh _o y kneufitfntL.ghOahtsUtjF Vw fyit,ghOahtsUtijfhzyh.

bra 2.2


25/144

23

myF-2

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5. fhr neh jL CahdBCG jLia, FHij wjlnghLtj_yK.

6. nehah Uk nghJ, JK

nghJ ifFilah _if,thia_obfhSj,nghwt_y j neh jhFj UJjLJbfhsyh.

2.3.2.2.ilghL

nehfhu: F tot vzwfir iHfSl Toa, rhybkdyhil vw ghOah _y nehguwJ.

mFf

1.bjhlahdfhr.

2. Fl gF fK fSnjhWj.

3. ku f, FljftfmotnjhWj.

nehguj

1. ilghL nehahdJ khrilj kWcz_ykhf,

2. ilghL nehah ghfgltxU jhahf bragL tf_ykhf,

3.


26/144

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24

gl.2.12knyahxLthifRH

gut: knyah bg mdhgbfhRtahfguwJ.

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2.mofoknyahthjhfglh,ku gGjiljY fu RmjYVgLwJ.

nehjLfLghL

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2.bfhR tsia jLf,

njUF lij _LjY,rhfilnjfhkghJbfhSjYKakhdjhF.

3.bfhR tiyfis gagLJj,bfhR uLth _y bfhRfoia jJ knyah nehtuhkjLfyh.

knyahxLthifRH

shnkhoa:- shnkhoa gh dbgUf mdh bg

bfhRY, ghyh dbgUf kjY eilbgWwJ. nehw kjiumdhbgbfhRfoFbghGJshnkhoabfhRclYFbrWghdbgUfdh bgU nghnuhRthLfshf cUth bfhR cRu nrfukhwJ. bg bfhR nehaw kjid foFnghJ jnghnuhRthLfkjclEiHJfubrfbgU,dujtgQit jh btof brwJ. j fhuzkhf nkhnrh vDeRbghU btgL Fiu, fL fhriy VgLJwJ. fhr3Kj4ehfofyh.

nghnuhnrhLf

cUthj

fubr

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27/144

25

myF-2

nehjilfhkly

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iffGtMWiyf

gl.2.14gljhkiu

rnuhdhLuhr nuhdhL uh

(1857-1932)mnkhuhwj OZ-a

kUJt.tjDilag goig,kUJt goigyh gwh.

ffjh khy bghJkUJtkid gjh. 1882 -1899MMLfuhknyahitg Muhjh. bgfSgnghJ, bfhR thifRH,dbgUfKa

gfgij knyahit gubjhlfis Muhjh. brfjuhgh gnghJ,knya xLf bgmdh bfhR Ugijfljh. knyah neh, vthWbfhR fodh knyah nehsxUtlUJ wUF guwJvgijbtgLdh.khbgUgfhf1902rnuhdhLuh[&F

nehggRtHfglJ.

2.3.3.2.mjng(mah)nehfhu

vlgh liyofh vDnuhnlhnrhth EQ bgUFl gu m jngiacUthFwJ.

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cghijf

3.r nghw nfhiHl ToaujJfSlfhzgLky.

nehguj

1.m jng kW cz_y gu nehahF. nehw

kj kyUFnehUf,


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ca

26

gl2.15neuoahfnehflJj

2.3.4.irf_ygu

nehf

kjf ytif irf

xLfshf thJ nehfisclhFwd.

2.3.4.1.gljhkiu

neh fhu: irf _WbtntW ngdf csd. mitvblnkhiglh, iknuhnghu,oiunfhiglh MaitgljhkiuFfhuahfcsJ.

mFf: gl jhkiu nehFfhuzkhd irf kj njhwj brfis jh, njh, nuhk,ef nghwt mig VgLnehbjhiwguwJ.

neh guj: nehah ghfgltlUJ neuoahf mtfgagLJ, ,JthisftahfguwJ.

nehfLghL:nehwtlUJ,jFjghJfhbgwmtgagLJclik bghUfis gagLjhikMF.

2.4.nehgutf

nehw kjlUJ,eykhd kjDF neuoahfnth,nehflf _ykhfnth Ufgujiynehgujvnwh.

nehguj fhQ tKiw feilbgWwJ.

1. neuoahf nehguj: nehwkjlUJ, eykhd kjDFnehgujiy neuo nehgujvnwh. v.fh. oah (fFthUk), nkhah, fhyuh, ilghL,r(kzthmik)lhyik.

nehf, r, Uk, ngRj_ykhfbjFtiyf_ykwtf th, _F gFfSFfhtahfgu,nehVgLwJ.

fUw bg bjhbfhotahf, t tsU FHijFJnghw neuo neh jhFjVgLwJ.

2 . k i w K f k h f n e h g u j : clYF btna cUl cs,y nehUf nehahfclikbghUfshdcilf,gLif

f, ifFil, ftiwrhjdf, ghuf, Ftisfnghw Ufsh khRw bghUf,tahf nehgujiy, kiwKfnehgujvnwh.

3. yFf _y nehguj:cf, o vdgL uFcf, gwitf, f kW


29/144

27

myF-2

nehjilfhkly

ghof_ykhf,knyah,fhyuh,nu (btehfo) nghw nehfguwd.

2.5.jLlnehjLghw:nehjLghw

vgJ kj cl nehfSFvuhf bragL f fyhdbraKiwahF. xU Fltif neh Uf myJ, mjbghUfSF vuhf bragLKiwahF.

clYF Fj neh U,mJ cg br eR kWnehfSF fhuzkhd bt ujMaitMob#vdgL.

nehjil mik, uj

nehjilfh

aifahdmyJanehjLghw.(wUnjbgwgLtJ)

braFbgwglnehjilfh(vnjh

Lj_yvbghUcUthfgLjyhbgwgLtJ.

bgwglnehjilfh(wj

bgwgLtJ)

nehjLghwtiff

kjkhdbgwglnehjilfh.KdnubgwglvbghUtahfbgwglJ.

aifahdnehfhuzkhfbgwgLtJ.

braifahdnehjL_y

bgwgLwJ.

aifahdjhgh_yFHijF

vbghUbrtjhbgwgLwJ.

braifahfwcflUJ

bgwglvbghUbrYbgwgLtJ.

shkh, z, nghigirLfnghwit Mob#fSF vuhdbraKiwfis mj ntajikl MuhJ mjF vuhd

jFj uj bghUshd vbghUis(Antibody) cg br. itmob#fis bfhnwh myJeR jikia nah, nehjilfhigVgLJwJ.

nehjLghwtiff

aifahd neh jLghwmyJ aghd nehjLghw.Fl tif neh myJ nehUfSF vuhd, aifahfbgwgljLKiwfshF.

v.fh. jhtu tif nehf, yFtifnehfisjhfhJ.


30/144

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28

gl.2.16nghnahjLkUJmj

bgwglnehjLghw

j th eh nehW mj _y mj nehF vuhf bgwgl jLKiwahF. tif jLghw, braF bgwgl jLghw, kjkhdbgwgljLghwvdUtiffcsd.

braFbgwglnehjLghwtifjLghwcFKjKiwahfnehfhuahnehclhF

nghJVgLjLghwMF.MoghovdgLnehvbghUujlfhyFUJtifnehUfSFvuhfbragLwJ.

aifahfnttifjLghw,mikjh, tif jLghwiyaifahd braF bgwgljLghwvd,

Mogho cg jLKiwnyh myJ kj ntWKiwnyh bragLjglh it

braifahd braF bgwglnehjLghwvdgL.v.fh.nehjL l nghnah jL,KjLLj.

kjkhdbgwgljLghw

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cbrYjgLwJ.

jh ujUJ bgwglMogho, fUF brYjgLneh jL w VgLjgLwJ.tif, aifahd kjkhdbgwglnehjLghwvdgL.

Mogho braifahf wtif yFfUJ bgwgLbrYjglhtif,braifahdkjkhdbgwgljLghwvdgL.tifjLghwiyahdjy.jL_ybgwgLjLghw.nehjLl

neh jLl vgJ,nehfSF vuhd jLfis


31/144

29

myF-2

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ahbragLjgLnehjLl

t. v taJ jL ms

1. wjFHijF BCG Kjjtiz

2. 15ehf nghnahbrhLkUJ Kjjtiz

3. 6tJthu bjhil milgh,fFthUk,blld(KjL)

Kjjtiz

4. 10tJthu KjLkWnghnah 2tJjtiz

5. 14tJthu KjLkWnghnah 3tJjtiz

6. 9-12khj r Kjjtiz

7. 18-24khj KjLkWnghnah KjCFjtiz

8. 15khj-2tUl MMR Kjjtiz

9. 2-3tUl ilghL 1khjilbtUjtizf

10. 4-6tUl D.T.kWnghnah ulhtJCFjtiz

11. 10tJtUl T.T.kWilghL Kjjtiz

12. 16tJtUl T.T.kWilghL ulhtJCFjtiz

jL kUJfis FHijfSFmJ, nehflUJ ghJfhmFKiwahF.

nehjLfisvjta,vj

nehF, vjtizf mfglntLvwmltizjugLsJ.

ah bragLjgLnehjLl

BCG-fhrnehjL

DPT- bjhil milgh,

fFthUk,blldKjL

MMR-lhyik,[,Ubgyh

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milgh)blld(UjL)

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32/144

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30

nkYma

jhghtahfFHijvjtifahdnehjLghwiybgWwJ?

jhghkfJt

wj FHijF jhghYF


33/144

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myF-2

nehjilfhkly

bgwglnehjLghwFiw(AIDS Acquired Immuno DefciencySyndrome)vDneh,ghdbjhlmyJ ujbghUf tahfgu xU bfhoa tif nehahF.

kUJtJiw cbjhEggaghLFJKjbjhFthffWzuglJ.

c bjhEg thyhfR braif Kiw cgbragL, nehahfSFR cg FiwghoFkhwhf kUJtJiwgagLjgLwJ.

nehjL Kiwf: nehjhFUfUJ ghJfhJ bfhsToa Kiw nehjL KiwfvdgL. nehjL Kiwf U

tifgL1. bghJthd nehfhdJ: neh

U bjhWfUJ, nehjL kUJf tahf nehiajfyh.ikahdthifKiw,Tlij jj, ikahdfhW,ghJfhghdFokWwghdfgiwRfhjhuKiwfisguhkjtahf nehgu UfisjJ, nehflUJ ghJfh

bgwyh.2. Fl nehfhdJ: y

FlnehFvuhfnehvjikia VgLJtJ, mFlnehUfis vF nehjilfhig VgLJtJ MF.vLJfhlhf,nehjLl.

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mbkf Ia eho cs njaey M ika uhg nfnyhkW gh eho Y khlaMnahAIDSnehfhdHIVitui[bjLjd.

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neh mFf: FljfvilFiw, fL ng bjhlahdfhr,nfoah,bAgNlvDitujhfkWT.B.nghwHIVfhdthsnehfcUthj.

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M.

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2.ghJfhghdghYwKiwf.

3. HIV M bragl ujbrYJj

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5.Ko Ujf f / nsLnghwtiw xUtUF xUKiwkLnkgagLJtJ.

6.xnu Cid gagLgirFJjiyjj.


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kLgF-m

1.rahdeygdhkvJbtdnjbjLJvGJ.

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U ZfkdmGjcsh.

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2.rKfRKfkwgkhdijnjbjLJvGJ.

xUt,wjehHhklgnfwh.

rhjhuzbrafYfLikahfelJbfhwh.

NiyfSFxgrbrJbragLwh.

jcleykwjhiakUJtkidbrWftJbfhwh.

3.fltWvJghOahthclhFneh?

_isfhr,btehfo,uz#,bgaik

4.fltWfh_ygunehidfLo.

fhrneh,_isfhr,ilghL,fhyuh.

5.ffLikahdknyahfhriycUthFU.(shnkhoaXntny,shnkhoaknyah,shnkhoaghghu,shnkhoaitth).

6.ekJ cz Fl gF neh clhF EQ. ________________shnkhoa itth, vlgh liyofh, onghndhnrhkh nfna, Oahnrha.

7.kiwKfkhfnehguKiw,(rJj,thtahfbjj,jhnrizR,nehahgagLJclikf)

8.w cflUJ bjLfgl v bghUf, kjUF neh jLahfnghlgLwJ.JvtifjLKiw.

braifahdbraFnehjLKiw.

braifahdkjkhdnehjLKiw.

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aifahdkjkhdnehjLKiw.

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(thtnghnah,DPT, DPT kWnghnah,BCG)

10.fltiwvnjh(Mob#)yhjJvJ?

(nehU,nehUeR,Jtifahduj,jhgh)


35/144

33

myF-2

nehjilfhkly

gF-M

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ntL.

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jfhdfhuf________________MF.

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KiwnagUjtWKffMF. TWrah, jtwhfUjh U

vGJf.

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flJ vGJf. (wFUL, nkhah, khiyf, mr, f mth

ujnrhifneh)

15.uah


36/144

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34

gF-

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(F,eLfkWfLfhr,ng).

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m)cegDFiffGjeikfisTWf.

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nkYma

f

1. Biology - Raven, Johnson WCB Mc Graw - Hill

2. Biology - A Modern Introduction, B.S. Beckett, Second Edition

Oxform University Press.


37/144

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36

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u L m y J m j F mfkhndh xwhf TLnghJ,xbthUtU jj ehl, w f b g h U a t u h f ,mtut t jf gfisbrayhWgtuhf mikwd.mtfilna mtfbraghilxUizf, xGFgLjxU ir jikia clhfahnuhxUtmtakhwh.

m i j n g h y n t c W f braf kW cW bjhFfgf jj t brayhfhJ.mt gf xUizgLj iy fh j b ra g h il ngQtjhfmikantL.

xUizj vgJ uLmyJmfkhdcWfilidj kW xW kbwhF

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ehsyh Ru klyK, ekJ clcWf midJ brafisxUizF gia brwJ.vdnt midJ brafSxirthfbrayhwVJthwJ.

f iuthd xUizfhf,eu kly mLjLj Kidfis

izF tiyd miklmikJsJ.

e hs y h R u k l y ,A h n k h f _ y k h f n t xUizKiwiamwJ.

j bjhF eu kWehsyhRuklyfmik

kW brayhW j g bjJ

bfhnthkhf.

3.kjclmikbraghLfS-cWbjhFf

3.1.euklyxU y eu kly

mikJsit

1.ntWgllfisflj,bgWj, flJJ nghw brafisbrwtifbrfnsuhfmyJeubrfMF.

2.euiHvgJeubrfahd fiwfis bfhl iHmikghF.

bloiuLf

irnlh

shr

gl.3.1uhfmik,tiffS

uh

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nuafQ

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37

myF-3


3.1.1.eubrf

eubrfmyJuhfns,euklymikkWbramyFfMF._isnfhofzfhdeubrfshMdJ.

E mikghd eu br, _WgFfis bfhlJ. mit brcly,bloiuLfkWM[hMF.

brcly

brcly,xGfwtotmyJrkgf uik mw mik MF.J irlh vd miHf bgW.

aghd brEQWf kW Jff nghw Jf rhjclyfisbgWsirnlhshrbfhlmikghF.

bloiuLf

br clyUJobfhoUF, mLjLJisjYFshd Fil iHfnsbloiuLf myJ blouh

MF. bloiuLf br cliynehlfisflJwJ.

M[h

br clyUJ cUthFiHfxWfLfhzgL.KoJisJfhzgL.ijM[h vd miHgL. isj, Kid F nghw mikKowd.iteubrilbtFfvdmiHfgL.iteuflJ bghU vw nt bghUshuggLsd. M[hfMn[hshr vw bghUisbgWsd. nkY mit bykhvwnghitdhnghjgLsd.M[h isj Ko gFfisju kw gFfis bykhnghagocsJ.

bykh J ika ciwbjhlahf iy. M[h Jika ciwah clhfgLilbtf u fQf

vdgL.RthbrfvdgLybrf

ikaciwJfhzgLwd.

eubrtiff

m)ikDiwmyJbkLnylmyJ btik uhf,btikahd bfhG ikadhMrh _lgoUFnkahdh mJika ciw myJ bkLnyl

myJ btik uhf vdgL._iswiaJcUthFwJ.

M) ika ciw mw myJbkLnyl mwit myJ rhguhf.

it ika ciwdh_lgliy vdnt it rhgwkhf csJ. bykh kWRth brfsh M[hnghjgLsJ.tifuhf

bgU_is btik gFfhzgLwJ.

)xUKiduhf

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cf gF cskUJtkidF brW, mWitir nghJ cztWtF braKiw vthWmfgLwJ vgij nfL

mJbfhf.bfhG fiu


41/144

39

myF-3


3.1.3.1.1._is

kj, ydij rhjxU KJbfY kW ghoahth. MdhY mt j

jik bgwtdhf cr iyiamilJsh. cUyf mtmilJs criy mtdJ_isflikugwJ.

_isna brfis MjikacWMF.nkYmJfliskW fLghL mikghfbragLwJ.

kw KJbfYf csijnghynt,kj_is_WghffshffgLsJ.

1.K_is.

2.eL_is.

3._is.

K_is:

bgU_is, jyhk kW iAnghjyhk Ma mikfisbfhLsJ.

bgU_is:

_is bgUgFahf, bgU_ismikJsJ.(_is_uLgFahfbgU_iscsJ)

MHkhd eLs bgU_isiabeLFthltyJ,lJvdU

gFahfwJ.jbgU_ismiunfhsf mogF fhgfnyh[ vD eu R gilahizfgLsJ.

bgU_is btwgFFrhg bghU myJ bgU_isw vW bga. cwgFFbtikbghUvWbga.

bgU_isw

Jeubrclyfisbfhlgy mLF rhg w eu brfshMdJ.JrhgwbgUgjdhJrhgbghUvdgL.kjbgU_is w mfgoahdwgukofSW,gyRUffisbfhL fhzgL. j RUffnkLgsfisbfhLsJ.gl.3.2kjeukly

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fGJeuf

kheuf

Leuf

bjhileuf

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gl3.3kj_isKagFf

rf

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eL_is

blnghufJ

ghKFs W_is

bgU_iswmikJsit.

m.afgFf.

M.czgFf.

.iz gFf (cz,afgFmyhjit).

afgFf

af gFf vgit bgU_is flis kW xGFgLJ gF MF. e clgntW cWf brafisfLgLj flisf UJ jh

njhWwd. ir brafSUnjJtFwd.

czgF

J, cz cWf bgWczlfis, cz eutnabgwgLlkhF.

izgF

gntW czjYF ilnaahd

bjhl idthw, jft gkhwnghw fyhd gfSFbghWngF gF izgFahF.

bgU_isbtikgF

bgU_is w mogFfhzgLcwgFbtikbghUMF. J ik ciw bgw eu

ehiHfsh bragL btikwij mwJ. t y euehiHfiwf,bgU_isgntWghffis izwJ. Mdh y

ehiHf, bgU_isia vs_islD jLtl gFfSlDizwJ.

bgU_is miunfhsfSFcsFfSFbtfvWbga. j Ff, _is jLtlut vD xU tif ClutjhuggLsd.

bgU_isgf

bgU_is, cz, mTik,idthw, fgidw,fhuzfhaMjjnghwtUlkhffwJ. J clgntW gFfUJ czlfis bgW irbrfisJtitwJ.

bgU_is Fl gFfFl gfis brtnjhL,

bjhlig VgLJwd. thWnfl, ghj, Ritaj, Efj,ngRj nghwtbfd jjnaikaf csd. bgU_isFl gF VgL nrj mjJiwfhdgfisbrayhwhiyVgL.

jyhk

jyhk vw mikig R bgU

_is NJsJ. cz kWaFcztiyfisflJKagiabrwJ.

iAnghjyhk

J jyhk mowmikJsJ. J tUbrafis fLgLJwJ. mitclbtgiy,cQj,gUFj


43/144

41

myF-3


gl3.4_isbraghLgFf

nghw tfhd cJj, ghYw

elijia xGFgLJj, s,nfhg, ga (RfhDgt), Ljnghw kdbtG (a mDgt)btghLfis fLgLJbrafisbrwJ.

eL_is

jyhkF_isFileL_is mikJsJ. bgU_isFH vw fhth eL_isCnl brwJ. eL_is KJFgf ehF miutl nfhsffhzgLwd. mit fhnghuhFthb#dh MF. J gntWghj mir brafis,ghit rh afijfLgLJj, xGFgLJjbrafisbrwJ.

eL_is, _is uilnrJ_isjLvdmiHfgL.

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gh, W_is, KFs Mait_isfhzgLwJ.

W_is

J bgU_isF wkhfmikJsJ. W_is eLikagF kW uL gfthL

fJfS fhzgLwd. W_is,elj,XLjnghwaFjirfaffisxGFgLJwJ.

gh

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KFs

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fil gF KFs MF. nknyWkW wF eu ghijfisxUizF tjlkhfKFs brayhWwJ. jaJo,ujFHf RUf, _R Ljnghw brafis xGFgLJgntW mir braf ikakhfKFsbragLwJ.

KFs bt bgU_is miunfhs btofSl

izJsJ.

3.1.3.1.2.jLtl

_isbjhlahdFHnghwmikghd jLtl, KJFjoeuFHYFmikJsJ.

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ngR

Efj

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Ritnfl

bkhwgoFw

ghit


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42

s fhzgLwJ. khgf ikagF mfw gskhd kh gfsfhzgLwJ.

jLtlikagFbeLY,

_is jLtl utjh uggl

ikaFHguUwJ.J_isbtf bjhlahF.jLtl, wgF bkLyhciws btik uhfshYcgF bkLyh ciwaw rhguhfshYMfgLsJ.

jLtl_isFS,btnaeu lfis flJtjhf,

mir bra ikakhfbrayhWwJ.

wmikeukly(PNS)

_isjLtlUJcUthFeuf w mik eu klyijnjhWwd.

m.fghyeuf/ _iseuf

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euf cUthwd. y fghyeuf cz eufshf brawd. [ cz cWfUJeu lfis _isF vLJbrwd. v.fh. fUJnjhW ghit euf ], y fghyeuf aF eufshf brayh_isUJbrayhWcWfSFeulfisvLJbrwd.v.fh. janjhL izUF

ntf eu. y tif fghy euffy euf MF. it czkWafeughfbragLwd.

v.fh.Kfeuf

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nt bfhLsd. thWmidJjLtl eufS fy eufnsMF.

3.1.3.3jhaFeukly[ ANS ]jhaF eu kly

cs g kW vg eufxWbfhW vuhf bragL ecl midJ Ka cWfbraghilfLgLJwJ.

3.2.ehsyhRuklyclbraaffisnta

Kiwgo xUizJ jiy

fhjiyguhkgnjehsyhRuklyntiyMF.

gl3.5ehsyhRukly

iAnghjyhk

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ijuhLkW

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43

myF-3


jiym)lRuM)aRu

fGJ

m)ijuhLRu

M)ghuhijuhLRu

kh

m)ijkRu

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n t a m o g i l A h n k h f u j f s h f n t h

myJ mndh myfshfnthmyJ OuhLfshfnth csd.Ahnkhf fFiwj msntRujhY bra wDsitahf

csd.lRu

glh msnt cs lRu _is iAnghjyhkn[hLizJsJ.yehsyhRufisl Ru xGFgLJtjh,ehsyh FG elJd vd ijmiHfyh.

ehsyh Ru kly, ts,dbgUf, thit bjhlJngQj nghw abrafisfLgLj, xUizf

brwJ.ehsyh Ru kly

ehsyh Rufis mtAhnkhfiscslaJMF.

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uj _y cgahFlfUJbrayhWlfSFvLJbrygLwd.

kj ehsyh RufxWbfhW bjhl gntWlfgufhzgLwd.

kj ehsyh RuffhzgL gFf tUkhWmikJsd.

l Ru f myJ

fJfl Ru K fJghf,

mondhiAnghig kW fJghf nuhiAnghigmikJsJ.

mondhiAnghig

J tU AhnkhfisRuwJ.

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mondhiAnghig(Kl)

goy

nuhiAnghig(l)


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mondhiAnghigAhnkhf

brafkWnfhshWf

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( STH / GH )

bghJthftsiafLgLJwJ.atf- Fsjik,FiwRu

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ifahdtsbgatf- mnuhbkf-ifRu(l

iffhf,ljhil)

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ijuhLRutsiaoijuhcgiaL.

mndhfhonfhonuhAhnkh/mdwia

LAhnkh(ACTH)

MnlhOnuhkWfhon[hcgbramdwiaL.

ghbrfisLAhnkh(FSH)

bgfuha~ghmlRuKtiljiy

omlcgFtnfhYwJ.MfJcUthjiyoLwJ.

bgfoidAhnkh(LH) myJMfilpLbrfis

LAhnkh(ICSH)

uha~ghUJmlLgLjvwmlbtpLfiaLH brwJ.


47/144

45

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ijuhL Ru : fGJ gFFutis UwK gfF

xwhfUfJfiscilamikngijuhLRuMF.Jijuhvw Ahnkhid RuwJ. ilnuhmndhmyK,mnahofyjujKcsJ.

ijuhgf

f tsij khw jijcaJwJ.

f clbtgijmfwJ.f R ts kW khWghL

miljiyCFwJ.f cl tsia kiwKfkhf

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f ujmnahokWrfiumsitxGFgLJwJ.

f Wuf braghil, WnghiffLgLJwJ.

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j mFf Fsjik,Fa kdts, FiwghLilagf, JUa ehF, jsthd njhKjadMF.

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Futis

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lahgObkl

R Fiwthf RugjhlahgObklnjhWwJ.uj fhzgL mfgoahd,gagLjhj FSnfh WbtnawgLwJ.

FSnfhfh

J uj rfiu msFiwnghJRufgLwJ.

isnfh#id FSnfh[hf

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isnfh#id, FSnfh[hfijtila brjiy ouj rfiu msit caJwJ.nkY J mH jL idfis

gF yhfAh Lf MF. Mgh, lh vw Utif

brf fhzgLwd. Mghbrf FSnfhfh AhnkhidlhbrfRkWmikMatiwRuwd.

R

f RRMfuzfhf,brf FSnfhi[ vLJbfhtijCFwJ.

f J FSnfhi[ isnfh#dhf

kh fu kW jirfnrfgLtij mffbrwJ.

f uj, bfhG bghUfUJFSnfhcUthjiyjLwJ.

f aghd uj rfiu msthd80 120 .. / 100 .. ujvwiyiaguhkwJ.

khwkiltijoujrfiumsitcaJwJ.

mdRu

xbthUWufJmdRu mikJsJ. J fhblvDwgFia,mdbkLyhvDcwgFiabfhLsJ.

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fizaehs

yhfAhLf(vnlhiugF)

fiza

iuig

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49/144

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vbfhs VJthFwd myJmijLybrybrwd.

jf:

it brfis njhWF

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gfshd Kf cnuhk ts,fufughd Fu, gujnjhfnghwtiw blnlhOnuhkhwJ.

mlRu

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48

A h n k h f f h n l h ,ghuhjhnkhMF.jAhnkhfjhJ cf tsij khwijguhkwd.

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aRu:J,_isfhgfnyhr mo fhzgLwJ.J bkynlh vw bghUiscgbrwJ.bkynlh,kh

fh, KfL tl, ijig nghwgFf wf mlFfhuzkhwJ.

1.3brj

xU Kj br U nrfshftil. xU br yFahdmgh nghwit, Urk sWjYFcshwJ. mjhtJ Fnuhnkotiyd vj khwKfhzglhjbrjyhdViklh

MF.vyhjkhd jhtu, yFfclbrfnkbfhSbrj,iklh(neKfbrj)MF.jifa br gF Fnuhnkhnrhmik khWghL VgL MdhFnuhnkhnrh vif vjkhwUF.

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br j eilbgWwJ. br,tjh Fnuhnkhnrh mikY,vifYkhwfVgLwJ.

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ah(FwgF)

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a h I F n u h n k h n r h vifghahfFiwfgLtjhij Fw vd miHg.ahII iklhnghwnjMF.

ahI

ah-I gntW ffehF Jiz iyf mJbfhsgLwJ. mit nuhiy-I,bklhiy-I, mdhiy-I, Onyhiy-I.

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totf mogil bynlhO,irnfhO, ghO, onshO,ilahifd vw Jiz iyfJbfhsgLwJ.

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ju Vda gFf sthswd.

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x ir th d F nu hn kh nr h fbeU tJ iz nrUwd.(xirthd Fnuhnkhnrh izvgJ xnu khahd fisbgWsjh,jijFnuhnkhnrhfizMF).izWjvgJEmyJeLgFJtsthizahfiztJMF.jiznrji dh vdgL. jizwFnuhnkhnrhfuilfvdgL.

ghO

FnuhnkhnrhfnkYRUjoJ

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wd. xirthd Fnuhnkhnrhizf fahnklh vw yfizJfhzgLwd.xirthd Fnuhnkhnrhfrnfhj myhj FnuhnkoLfJLf fahnklh fg k h b f h s g L w d .xirthd Fnuhnkhnrhf FnuhnkhoLfSF ilna jifagkhw VgLtij FWnf fyj

vwiHfgL.onshO

FWnffyjKGikmiljx ir th d F nu hn kh nr h f wd.jjEmiljvd miHfgL. j E miljvgJ fahnklh JtFnuhnkhnrhEtiumil.

ilahifd

j iycfU r, cfU

k kiwwd. f mikirnlhshrnjhWwJ.

bklhiy-1

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j

gl3.11ahbrjiyf


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miHfbgW.nrFnuhnkhnrhfvbuJUtijnehefwd.

OnyhiyII

uL JUtf cs xU

bjhF Fnuhnkhnrhf RUsilJFnuhnko tiyd mikghfkhWwd. cfU r, cfUkLnjhWwd.thWuLnrcfUfcUthfgLwd.

irnlhifd

cfUF neFjhfirnlhshr j eilbgW ehFdbrfcUthfgLwJ.

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2. FWnf fyj nrf kuTWf ntWghLf njhWjiyVgLJwJ.

3. ntWghLf gzhkF_ybghUfshfmikwd.

1.4 ghugabgnwhiu xJ kf, kf

miktJ aif fhzgLxU Mrakhd cikahF. kutahf bgnwhflUJ gfnrfSFfljgLtJcWahwJ.jiyKiw jiyKiwahf gffljgLjYF ghuga myJkughj vW bga. gf

fljgLj vgJ wnjhwmyJclbraa myJ csikamyJ dbgUf gghfnthUfyh. it g TWfshfUfyh.xUnrF,rkmskubghUfis jh kW jijtHFwhf.vdntxbthUgjh,jijkubghUsh(o.v.V)CFfgLwJvdyh.

vifYs Fnuhnkhnrhfbfhl U Fnuhnkhnrh FGffhzgLwd.

Onyhiy1

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knah 1 Ko, cfUnenfhzF ilklkhfirnlhshr RUf VgL brgFgilwJ.irnlhshrjYF

irnlhifdvWbga.knahII

iklh nghwnj knah IIMF.vdntJknahoiklhvdmiHfgLwJ.

knah II ff ehFiyfmagLwJ.mitahtd

nuhiy II, bklhiy II,mdhiyII,OnyhiyII

nuhiyIIFnuhnkhnrh uilf

FWfyilwd. brnahf,Ml iHfis clhJUtFefJwd.cfUk,cfUrkiwwd.

bklhiyII

uilf FnuhnkoLfisjhoFbrnuhabgWsFnuhnkhnrhf f iHf eLika gF mikfgLwd.brnuha f iHfSlizfgLsJ.

mdhiyII

brnuha ulhf tjhuL FnuhnkoLf wd.it jbghGJ nr FnuhnkhnrhfmyJ a Fnuhnkhnrhf vd


53/144

51

myF-3


kLgF-m

1.rahdilianjbjLJvGJ.

1.xiwKiduhffhzgLl_______________________.

m)_isM)jLtl)fUthfeuR


54/144

ca

52

13.brafmogilnHbfhLfgLsitfrahdTiwnjbjL

m)RuAhnkhfis,behfisRuwJ.

M)ijuhLRuijuhkWRidRuwJ.

)jffJfis,Mnuh#Ahnkhidcgbrwd.


55/144

jhtufdbgUf

myF

4ca


56/144

ca

54

jiyuil

fU

Kilf

4.jhtufdbgUf

m i d J c d f S (jhtuf kW yFf) dbgUf brwd vgijmUfsh?

dbgUf vgJ, mnjdij nrj a cfisnjhFxUwjikthjcabrayhF.czl,RthrkW f f nghW JcaffxwhF.

cf dbgUf iybavdfG?

cdfeilbgWydbgUfKiwfshtd:

yFfdbgUfKiwf jhtufdbgUfKiwf

sjnuhnlhnrhtf sjghOah

mUjFclf mUj-


57/144

55

myF-4

jhtufdbgUf

dhf:

1.dbgUfvwhvd?

2. jhtuf kW yFf

eilbgW y dbgUf KiwfisFLf.

f


58/144

56

f,gof,dmf.

VgntWtifdbgUfKiwffhzgLwd?

gzhkvgJVfdntnjhscfgogoahftsmilJ

fyhd mikila cf njhd vgjhF. dbgUfmogil va cfshd mgh kW ghOaf va Kiwfshd,sj,JlhjnghwKiwf_ydbgUfbrwd.cfclfyhdmikmfkhf,mfkhf,mtdbgUfKiwfYuLcdfnrifKiwfclhd.(MkWbg)

TLEnzhghOah

xU eGtij itJ cWft.mnjnghWghOahsj Kiwia fhFkbwhUeGtijcWnehF.

jbghGJ uL (eGtfY) cW neh ftjijxL.

bra 4.2

cf, clyik mogilgntWtifahddbgUfKiwffhzgLwd.

1.clydbgUf 2.ghyhdbgUf 3.ghddbgUf

gybrcfdbgUfKiwf

Jlhj bkhLWj(mUj)

nghf fUWjkfujnrif

clydbgUf

cly dbgUf vgJ ghdbgUfyhkjhtufVfdntcs cl cWfUJ ajhtufis njhWF dbgUfKiwahF.

Jlhjgybr,vaclmikigcila

cf, vikahd dbgUfKiwfmagLsd.

vLJfhlhf, ignuhifuhgh,jhtucly,WWJLfshfcilJ,ciljxbthUJLaignuhifuhitcUthFwd.

gl.4.3xUbrcfdbgUf

sjKiw

ghOamgh o.v.V.uoghj

jLRtcUthj

brj

ca


59/144

57

myF-4

jhtufdbgUf

VmyJFsUJ,iHnghw mikfis bfhlfUgiridnrf.

xW myJ uL iHfis fzho eGt Jit.

mj J xU y srJfisL,fzhobkjfLitJ_L.

jbghGJeGtijEnzhitJft.

bra 4.3

mUj(m)bkhLWj

iAouh, brf bjhlJgFgiltj fhuzkhf, Fllf bkhlhdJ wtsfshfnjhWwd. bkhLf Kail bghGJ, jh clyUJJjhfW,WiAouhfshftsmilwd.

mnjnghW,iunah~y(fonghlh FonghL) jhtuiy f bkhLf njhd mit k GJ a

jhtufshftsmilwd.4.1.3ghyhdbgUf

iy jhtuf, dbgUfkhdJnghf_yeilbgWwJ.nghf joj Rtid VgLbfhL, jFj


60/144

ca

58

kW ghOaf jf dbgUffhfcUthFwd.

VifLf

ghf rhjfkw Niy,cly brf jfis RYmfgoahd Rt mLFfisRuwd. brD czbghUf nrfJ itfgLwd.J VifLf vdgL.rhjfkhd Niy cUthaJ jVifLfKisJaiHfisclhFwd.

bfhoah

bga nghw irfcUthF xU bryhyhd, efUjikaw, ghyh dbgUfnghfMF.

dhf

1)cly dbgUf, ghyhdbgUf-ntWgLJf.

2)ghyh dbgUf nghf

ytiwFLf.

4.1.4jhtufghdbgUfghd dbgUf vgJ,

uL cf


61/144

59

myF-4

jhtufdbgUf

kfujjh tl ky MghfkhF.

NyftlkybgghfMF.

kfujjhtlkfujjhtlvgJgykfuj

jhf bjhFghF. xbthUkfujjhS xU fhid mjE ig nghw mikfisbgWsJ. fh gF kfuj fvW, ig nghw gF kfuj igvW miHfgLwJ. kfujig klfSF kfuj fcsd.

Nyftl

NyfbgdbgUfcWghF.J Niyfsh MdJ. NyfkhdJNyfig,NyfjL,NyfKovd

_whf ntWgLjgLsJ. Nyfig Nf csd. xbthUNY fUig fhzgLwJ.

brgUjhtuUJxUkyiuvL.

mkyfhzgLkyghffshdtl,mtl,kfujjhtl,Nyftlidft.

kfujjhfis,NyfijjJJmjghffisft

kfujfiseGtJbjJEnzhitJft.

bra 4.4

jFmlfbr(m)bgnffhzgLwJ

4.2kfujnrifF jhtuf ghd

dbgUfvthWeilbgWwJ?

F jhtuf ghdbgUfuLffeilbgW

wd.1.kfujnrif,2.fUWj.1.kfujnrif

kfujigUJkfujfNyf Koia brwil branykfujnrifvWbga.kfujf, fhW, kW fshvLJbrygLwJ.itkfujnrif


62/144

ca

60

KafkfujnrifahF.

kfuj nrifia bjhlJfUWjeilbgWwJ.

kfujnriftiffkfujnrifuLtifgL.

j kfuj nrif, 2. makfujnrif.

4.2.1jkfujnrif(Mnlhnf)

j kfuj nrif vgJMnlhnf vdgL. xU kykfuj mnj ky cs NyfKoia brwiltjnfh myJ mnjjhtuijnrjkbwhUkyNyfKoia brwil fF jkfujnrifvWbga.

jkfujnrifeikf

1.UghkyfkfujnrifflhakhfeilbgW.

2.j kfuj nrif wfhufisrhUfmtaiy.

3.kfujfzhtiy.

jkfujnrifikf

1.Fiwj vif ijfcUthF.

2.fUfEajhfUF.vdnt ijf f etiljjhtufisnacUthF.

3.atif jhtuf cUthfhJ.mj fhuzkhf jhtufgogoahfkiwaneL.

4.2.2makfujnrif(mnyhnf)

xU ky kfuj kbwhUjhtu ky cs NyfKoia brwiltnjh myJ mnjdij nrj kbwhU jhtuij

brwiltnjh ma kfuj nrifmyJmnyhnfvdgL.

makfujnrifeikf

1.makfujnrifisthfcUthF ijf, KisJlkhd jhtufshf tsUjikia bgUF. mjhtJma kfuj nrif _yauffcUthF.

2.eF KisF wDilaijfcUthF.

makfujnriffhdfhuf

kfuj shdJ xU kyUJkbwhU kyUF vLJ brtJvthWrhakhwJ?

ma kfuj nrif eilbgwntLbk, xU ky kfujshdJkbwhUjhtukyUFvLJ brygl ntL. wfhufshd yFf, f,fhW kW Mat _yma kfuj nrif eilbgWwJ.

gwitf t kfuj nrif(Mnjh~)f(vlnkh)

f cdFmUfhikcsnjhlcskyfisnrf.

f vbjj jhtu vjifaf, gwitf kfujnrif


63/144

61

myF-4

jhtufdbgUf

kyf gy tz w mfsh


64/144

ca

62

kfuj f, kfujigUJ Nyf Koia miltJkfuj nrif vdgL. xbthUkfujS,vir,ilvd

U ghJfh ciwfis bgWsJ.btiw (vir) joJ, gya tsJisfis bfhLsJ.cSiw(il)bkajikcilaJ.

kfujKisj

kfuj , jFj Nyf KoGjJ Kisf MuJL .KjkfujuLbrfisbfhlJ.bgabrclybrvW,

a br cg br (b#dnuobr) vW miHfgLwJ. clybryhdJ KisJ tsJis_yJbfhLbttUwJ.J Nyf jL tahf xU lFHhnghtswJ.JntkfujFHyhF.cgbrkfujFHh

gFW uL M nfLfshfkhWwd(Jf).

4.3.1fUWjf

kfuj FH fUigFtsJis tahf EiHwJ.j iy kfuj FH btoJ,nfLf kfuj FH UJfUigFbrwd.mlJlxU M nfL, ulh iyclfUl kbwhU M nfLizwd. j izFfUWjvWbga.

KGikailj fUw KilF

irnfh vW bga. J fUthftswJ.

4.3.2uilfUWj

ulhtJ M nf ulhiycfUlizwJ.ulhiycfUuilkajikilaJ.jUkacfUlkbwhUMnf iztJ _iz vdgL._iz _y cUthF cfU

fUcfUvdgL.VbdJfUizclhFwJ.fUxUczlRthF.JfUtstjFcjwJ. uL M nfLfxW mlJlD, kbwhWulhiycfUlDiztJuilfUWjvdgLwJ.

gl.4.16uilfUWj

gl.4.14kfujKisj

gl.4.15fUWj

kfuj

kfujFH

J

FHcfU

kfujFH

kfuj

NjL

N fUig


65/144

63

myF-4

jhtufdbgUf

4.3.3fUWjYFVgLkhwf

fUWjYFd,

1.NyhdJijahfkhWwJ.2.NYiwf ij ciwfshf

khWwd.

3.NyfigtsJbgjhfahfkhWwJ.

4.4fcUthjcfmidtUFffvgJ

bjj xwhF. it e mwhl

thelUJfayhjjhfcsJ.ffitlrJmfbfhLekFMwiyjUwd.

jbghGJ eh ff tsmjtiffisgfhngh.

ff fUWj isthfcUthwd vgij eh Kijaghlnyna gWnsh. fUwKj Nig f vdgL. uLghffcsd.

1.fnjh(bgfh)2.ijf.

fUWj eilbgwhknyna yjhtuf ff cUthwd.mjifaffSFfUwhff(m) ghndhfh ff vWbga.

v.fh. ijyh uhir, bfhah,Kjad.

4.4.1fftifghLff flthW tifgLj

gLsd.

jf, wf, TLf vd_WtifgL.

j f , r i j g W sjf vW, cyf vWtifgLjgLsJ.

4.4.2.rijgWsjf

rij gWs j ff,KW bghGJ rijgWsjhf, rhW iwjjhfcsd. it btoah jikbfhlit. f njhyhdJ, fbtnjh (vfh) f eLnjh(nrfh)fcnjh(vnlhfh)vd_WgFfshfntWgLjgLsJ.

rij gWs f uLtifgL 1. gnf, (KG rijf)2.%(cXLrijf).

gnf tif ff L, bg,

bAbgoa, ngh, bggngh vdtifgLjgLsd.

4.4.3 cyjf : ffbtnjh cyJ fhzgL.mit btogj mogil_W tiffshf fgLwJ.1. cybtof, 2. cybtoahf,3.sf

cybtof: f Kj

btoJijfisbtnaW.

cybtoahf: f KjhYbtogiy.fbtwnjhmGaijfbtnawgL.

4.4.4 sf : f KjxUij bfhl gy ghffshf. j ghffSF bkfhvW bga. ijfis bfhlbkfh btogiy. vdnt s

fahdJcybtokWcybtoahjvdUgfisbfhLsJ.

gytifahdffisnrff.mit vtif f vd mJmtiwgFvGJf.

bra4.7


66/144


67/144

65

myF-4

jhtufdbgUf

rijgWsff

t.v. tif gl sf

1. bg jfh J xW myJ gy ijf bfhl

f.fbtnjhfbkaJ.feLnjhrhWrijgWsjhfhzgLwJ. ijf ijJsJ gF cQgFahF.v.fh.jfh.

2. bAbgoa MuR f mR N xL Kiw bfhlgy Nyf iyf izJ nk klNigUJ ts milwJ.

j f njh, f bt njhjoJ, gy vbz RufisbfhLfhzgLwJ.feLnjh

btkahd gR nghUF. Jf bt njhYl izJsJ.f cnjh cw RtfUJgy rij gWs rhWs fnjhWfgLwd.JntfcQgFahF.v.fh.MuR

3 ngh M f gyijf bfhlit. IJizjNyfiyfbfhlklN igUJ njhWwJ. cz Toa gF rij gWs

jskhF. cikahd fcns gyijf fhzgL. v.fh.M,ng.

4 bgngh bts J_WNyfiyfizJRtN xL Kiwia bfhl klNigUJnjhWwJ.NxLR gy ijf fhzgLwd.f eLnjhY N xL RcQgFahwJ.v.fh.Fflh(r),bts

5 %

cxLrijf

kh J X miw, xU ij bfhl

rijf. f xU Nyf iyNyfUJclhwJ.jfnjh,fbtnjh,njhnghW,f eLnjh rijgWsjhf,f cnjh f nghW fodjikbfhL fhzgL. rijgWsf eLnjh cQ gFahF.f cnjh f nghw fodkhf

Ugdh, f f nghw fvWmiHfgLwJ.


68/144

ca

66

t.v.

tif gl sf

1 Uwbto

f

(byT)

mtiu f xU Nyf iydh Md

XmiwkWNxLKiw

bfhl nkgl NigUJ

clhwJ. f K miljJ,

fnjh UwfY

cs f btoJ ijis

btnaWwd.v.f.mtiu,glh

2. xUw

btof

vUF f, Uw btofia

nghwnj. Mdh, f njh xU

kL btoJ ijfis

btnaWwd.

v.fh.vUF.

3. fhN

m)miw

btof

M)miw

jLRt

btof

gU

btil

gy ijf bfhl f, gy Nyf

iyf izj nk kl myJ

kl NigUJ tsmiljfahF.ffgntW

Kiwfbtowd.

v.fh.gU,btil

cybtoff:ffcyjfnjhiybfLsJ.cyff,btoJijfisbtnaWwd.mitbtoFjmogilcybtoff,cybtoahff,sffvdfgLwd.

cybtoahf

fffnjhcyJijfisbtnawfciwstiltiy.fnjhmGajhijfbtnawgLwd.

1. btoahcy

Wf

(m)

kho,

mkjhiu

f xUij bfhlJ. xU

Nyfiy,xUNyfmiw,nkkl

NigUJ clhaJ.

f njh cyJ r nghW

ijiwl izahk

jUF.

v.fh.kho,mkjhiu


69/144

67

myF-4

jhtufdbgUf

2. btoahcyjha

(fhah)

be xUij bfhl f. xU Nyfiy, xU Nyf miw, nk klNigUJ njha Wf. fnjh ijiwl

izUF.v.fh.be,nfhJik,nrhs.

3. bryh oiulh J kl NigUJnjhaUNyfiyizjXuiw, xUij bfhl f.

j fnjh ijiwlizahk jUF. v.fh.iulh,Nafh.

4. bfhil K JcybtoahxUijbfhlf. j fnjh twLfodjikbfhoUF.J

uL myJ gy Nyf iybfhl nkkl N igUJnjhaJ.v.fh.K.

4.4.4.sff

f, gy xUij bfhl W gFfshf wJ. W gFf

xbthW bkfh vdgL. j bkfhf ijf btoJbtnawhkcnsnafhzgL.vdnt,sff,btof,btoahfMaUffgfisbfhLsJ.

1 byhbkl

fUnty f,UwbtofiaxJsJ.fijfSilna FWa gF fhzgLwJ.

gF f xU ij bfl W gFahfwJ.v.fh.fUnty.

2. bunkhfh

bfhJk JUNyfiyfizj,Umiwfisbfhl kl NigUJ clha

fahF. J th sW uL xUijs btoah W ffshwd. jFbkfhvWbga.v.fh.bfhJk

3. bukh

MkzF J _W Nyf iyf izj nkklNigUJ tsailjf. Kj fbtoJ xU ijs W fahwJ. wFxbthU W f kWgo sth sJijfisbtnaW.Jxiwijbfhl_WfhffshfwJ.v.fh.MkzF


70/144

ca

68

4.4.6TLf

krYsvyhkyfSrijgWsjhfkh,fbeUfkhfmikJTL fia cUthFwJ. TLff U tifgL. 1. nrhnuh,2.irnfhd

1. nrhnuh gyh f kr ika jL, kl,fkrkyfmidJizJ

TL fia njhWwd.

gyh f ika mR joJ rij

gWilaJ.jojrijgWlfhzgL

jf cQ gFahF. f

njh ignghW xU ijl UF.

l, btikahd, jilahd cQ

jfSF ilna fhzgl Toamikf kyL kyfshF. f

nkw fhzgL Kf N

_ofshF.

2. irnfhd m J iAgnjhoa vw w tif

krUJ njha kbwhU

tifTLfahF.mf

js rijgWlUJ f

cQ gFahwJ. bgUmsyhd Ea xUgh kyf

fhzgLwd.v.fh.M,m.

4.4.7.ijcUthjfUw N ij vdgL.

ij, fU, cz bghUfbsdijiwdhNHgLsJ.rhjfkhd Niy ij KisJ asjhtufshftsmilwJ.

ijf, ms, tot, tzkW nkgu Mat bgUmsntWgL fhzgLwd.ML jhtuf vzwEa ijf Jf nghWfhzgLwd.bjid,msbgaxnuxUijcsJ.ijxUKGjhtukhftsmilwJ.

i j ( f U ) f h z g L i j i yf vifmogil F jhtufisUiy, xUiy jhtufvdUtiffshffyh.

1.Uiyjhtuf:ijf uL iyfis

bfhLsd. v.fh. glh, mtiukWMkzF.

2.xUiyjhtuf:

ijf xU iyiabfhLsd. v.fh. kfh nrhs,be,nfhJikkWbtfha.


71/144

69

myF-4

jhtufdbgUf

Uiyijmik(mtiu)

ijahdJ joj, Kil totbfhL, bkjhf xU w tisJfhzgL.jgF,tlmikjbtikahdrWjoju~ngvw mik csJ. j u~ngxUEaJiscsJ.jFtsJis myJ iknuhig vWbga.

Cw itfgl ijiabkJthf mGJnghJ, J,fhW FfS j tsJistahfbttUwd.

fU, ijiwah NHgLsJ.

fUxUikamRcsJ.jDlrijgWs UijiyfizJsd. ika m xUKid KisntU kbwhUKid Kis FUJ csd.Kis nt EahdJ tsJismU mikJsJ. KisFUjhdJ, uL iyfSF

il csJ. Kis FUa Filahd ika jL, fa bkhL, Fj uL aiyfScsd.

xUiyijmik(be)

be, jhtu ij vd

miHfglhY mJ cikxU fahF. J btoah xUijila jf MF. jFfhah vW bga. be ijciw f bkajhF. fiwbkaJ kW J ijiwlizJsJ. fahdJ bghJthfkr w to br kWfh brfsh _lgLsJ.tF bghJthf c vW bga.fUthdJ Tly vdgL xUiyia, FWa mirbfhLsJ. FWa mDilamoEKisntU,EKidKisFUJcsd.KisntuhdJnfhnahiurh vdgL Kisntciwdh _lgLsJ. njnghW Kis FUJ nfhahil

gl.4.20xUiyjhtuij(be)gl.4.19Uiyjhtuij(mtiu)

ijciw

fU

fU

ijciw

iyf

Kisnt


72/144

ca

70

vdgL ciwdh _lgLsJ .be fia


73/144

71

myF-4

jhtufdbgUf

f y bfhil fliyCuitj ijfis


74/144

ca

72

wFfisbfhlfkWijfisnrf

oiulh jhtu fiaftJ gl tiu. ghgiagh.

VbjidfeLnjhehuhfcsJ?

c mUfhik cs yjhtufis nrf. mitftlhu bgaf ahit?mitfjhtuabgafisfLofaYkh?

bra 4.10

_y guwd. mjnfg, yfffbtciwfKf,bfhf,tsfnghwmikfbgWsd. jifa ffis

bfhl jhtufis cu brYbghGJffnkflwtsfcjah yFf cl xobfhwd. d gy lfyFf brYbghGJ ffguwd.

rha jhtu ff Tabfhf nghw mikf _ykhf, ehU jhtu ffiyUF jf ETikahf UgdhY ffvjhf yFf cl xobfhwd.

gyrijgWsff,yFfkW kjfsh czgL,mitf ff _y ijfbtF uF guwd. jfhkW bfhah ff ijfnshLczgL,ijfff_y

btnawgLwd. Jnghwijf jf ij ciwf_ybrkhdrhWfUJ(DigestiveJuice) vjj gh VglhkghJfhfgLwd.

kj, ff kW ijf

gl.4.25yFfdhijguj(ehU)

gl.4.24yFfdhijguj(rha)

gujYF fhuzkhf csh.gntW bghUshjhu KaJtthj, nfhdh, ug, flnghw jhtufis bjhiy csw ehLfUJ bfhL tJ

a Niyf btfukhfmKfgLbtfLsh.


75/144

73

myF-4

jhtufdbgUf

kLgFm

1.xU br cfshd mgh kW ghOaf eilbgW d bgUf tiff xW.

(Jlhj;ulhfsj;mUj;nghclhj).

2.FjhtufghdbgUfKiweilbgWKjf.

(fUWj;Kisj;LcUthj;kfujnrif)

3.fltrahdTWvJ?

(efUwdw,bkaRtiuilaitNnghf;

yMfhf,ghOafkWirfclhFefUjikilaghyhnghf,

VifbdLf;

irfclhFXcfUbfhlefUwdwghyhnghf,bfhoah;

(rhjfkwNiyfMfhfclhFjojRtiuilaclybrfvgshndh

nghf.)

4.fUwNigfMF.xUkygyizahjNyfiyfbfhlnkklNigUJ

cUthFf.(wf;TLf;jf;gyf)

5. Cwitj ijia mGJbghGJ j tahf fwJ. (iyJis; byobr;

iknuhig;Kisnt)

6.khf, fnghw f vwiHfgLwJ. Vbd j (f btnjh, njh nghwJ;

feLnjhfnghwJ;fcnjhrijgWsJ;fcnjhfodkhdJ.)

7.jtwhdTiwnjbjL.(Uiy jhtu ij fhzgL Filahd brFjhd btikahd gFF u~ng

vWbga;

UiyjhtuijfhzgLfEaJisFiknuhigvWbga;

(fUjLcUthFgFFKisntvWbga;

fUntcUthFgFFKisntvWbga.)

8.flTWf,fh_yfgujYfhdrahdTiwnjbjL.

(ffkWijfObuWbtoJguwJ;

oiulhjhtu,tl,ghghfshfkhfgujYFcjwJ;

rhajhtufffTaKf_yguwJ;

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85/144

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87/144

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91/144

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gl6.1khWgliyf

gl6.2f-xLjhtuxLf:

ycdfjkFnjitahdcz bghUfis w cUsjhtuf myJ yFfUJbgWwd. mit xLjhtuf vdgL. vj xUjhtu myJ yFfUJ,

x nrifF gira mta vgij %f xU Midnkbfhnth.


97/144

95

myF-6

thifafbraf

gl.6.4kjbrjkly

xLf cz bghUfisbgWwdnth, mj jhtu myJyFXvdgL.xLjhtuf y wghd ntfisbfhLsd. mntf Xjhtufis JisJ cbrWiryUJ iu, fkcfiskW~nshaUJcz bghUfis cRwd,ntf Ahnlhaf vdgL.v.fh.fFlhkWf.

kFf:

yjhtufjhnkczjahfKoahjjh wJnghd jhtu, yFclf fk bghUfUJj czit bgWwd. itkF jhtuf vdgL.gy irfS ghOafSkFfshfcsd.khndhnuhghnghw y MnahbgfgiramWfhzgLwd.itiknfhiurhntfisbfhLsd.jhtuf wjt mGakF bghUfUJ cz

bghUfisiknfhiurhntf_ycRwd.

dhf:

1.jrh ClKiw, w ClKiwntWgLJf.

2.x nrifF njitahd_ybghUf vUJbgwgLwd?

6.2.kjbrkhdkly

brYFbrj

KJbfYf uj btis

mQf (nfhirLf) clghJfhjgiabrJ,nehjUUfUJghJfhmwJ.it clD F Ufis jbghfhf_yGbrwJ.braKiwF ngnfhirnlh

(brGFj)vWbga.

mgh nghw xU br cf,t cz bghUshdilahlfis jdJ bghfhf

_y GFwd. kbwhU xUbrcahd ghunka jDilaFnghw irnlhgh tahf cs EQfis GbrYFbrkhdbrwJ.

tif brj, brYFbrj vdgL. gzhk,Mugfhy cdf fhzgl

th

gf

ehF

Futis

jig

fiza

bgUFl

WFl

FlthkyFl

kyth

czFH

iuig

cRubjhilgF

gl6.3fFlh-xLjhtu


98/144

ca

96

tif brjYF, vj klymikngh, Flnghw miknghnjitgliy.

flgR, Flf tif

brj feljhY, FlnghwF mikid cUthbfhoUjd.

brYFbtnabrj.

yFf gzhk khwbgW tsu, tsu, itf brjklyK tsJ czit brfbrjd.

ca yFf kW kj

brj klyK, brjRufS, wgilJ brjbehfisRujd.

czFHtnabrwfyhdcz, th, tW kW onahodvD, K WFl gFf RuFbehf brayh, W cz_yTWfshf khwgL brkhdmilwJ.

thW brYF btna FlgF k (Lumen) gF,brYF btna brj ftjhjifa brkhd ffisbrYFbtnabrjvnwh.J xU brj Kj wghdbrafthF.

kjbrkhdbraKiw

kjfSFnjitahd,gy,r_yTWfis cz bfhLsJ.it cliy tsgjF, gGJglRfis rbrtjF, gy jnjitahd nta ffSFmtakhwJ.

czgl cz, W_yTWfshf khwglhjh,mUF KGgaid cl milaKo. fodkhd czbghUis,

1 .. (1%) lh utijMFHhf A kW BvLJbfh.

1 .. c A MFHhL 20 - 30 l mgonaitU.

, yJf mnahoutij U MFHhfYL eF fyF. v wkhwijfhwh.

j M _y lh vcsJ vgij flwh.c lh J bragLjijfzL.

bra 6.2

vikahd ntbghUshf kh,mjid cuJ, jkakhffnabrjvdgL.

cz kly mik,

braghL, iuig kW czFHnjhWnehfisflj,nehirKiwfisgmtJnfona vahy (iuigFla)vdgL.

brj klyij Ufshffyh.

1.iuig,FlFHf

2.JizbrkhdRuf

brj vgJ gogoahfbehfis gagL eilbgWfthF. beh vgJ c ahCfvdgL.

iuig,FlFHf(czFH)bgajirahyhd9lsKilaigkWFHnghwgFahF.JthKjkythtiuLcsJ.jgFf th, thF, bjhil,

czFH, iuig, WFl,bgUFl,kyFl,kythahfcsJ.


99/144

97

myF-6

thifafbraf

6.3jhtufRthr

VehczntL?

V jhtuf czit jahf

ntL?midJcdfSFmjhtJ

Ea ghOahUJ jhtuf,ahidf, kjf tiu, ts,mir kW d bgUf MaffSFMwnjitgLwJ.

Mw vUJ bgwgLwJ?jhtufclhFlhjhehcQ cz, zjh eh

bgWMwYFMjhukhfmikwJ.cik,czbghUfjh

MwyhdJ ijJsJ. RthjfnghJczbghUfshdJMfuz milwd.id bghGJ, czUJMw LfgL, j jikthj nt (m) c bghUshdATP (mondh oiughng)

nrJitfgLwJ.jATP

cs Mwjh brf gntWbrafSF gagLjgLwJ.Rthr bghGJ ATP kLkyhkkw uL bghUfshd, CO

2kW

Uclhwd.

RthjfiaflthWxUvikahdntrkgho_ymayh.

C6

H12

O6

+ 6O2

CO2

+ 6H2

O + 2900KJMw

(FSnfh)(ATP)

RthrF Mjhukhf gagLbghU Rthr jsbghU vdgL.Rthr js bghUf _WtifgL.mitfhnghiAonuLf,bfhGfkWujfMF.

Rthrtiff

M# gagLjgLwjhmyJ gagLjgliyah vwmogilRthjUtifgL.

1.fhWsRthr,2.fhyhRthr.

fhWsRthr

bgUghyhdcdfRthjnghJM#gagLjgLwJ.M# gagLjgL RthrfhWsRthrvdgL.

fhWs Rthr ehF goffwJ.

1.isfh2.igU my M#ndwfhgf

3.buRH

4.vyuhflJr

isfh nghJ FSnfhuLigUmy_yTWfshfsWwJ. J irnlhshrtirahfeilbgWkWidf_yclhwJ. gy tifahd behfS


100/144

ca

98

gl6.5FSnfhijtilgntWtKiwf

fhyhRthr

y cdf Rthj nghJ M# gagLj gLtiy.jifa Rthj fhyh Rthr vdgL. J behj vWmiHfgLwJ.

v.fh.ghjuhFf

f gHrhW (myJ) rfiufiuriyvLJbfh.mjs


101/144

99

myF-6

thifafbraf

nkYmaATP

ATP vgJ bgUkghyhd br eilbgW idfSF njitahdMwehza.RthnghJcUthFMwiygagLADPUJATPcUthwJ.

Mw

ADP + pi ATP

xUfyvthbwyhgagLwJvgijnahJgh.UJvuMw,xMw,MwMaitbgwgLgaggLjgLwJ.mnjnghy,ATPahdJ,jirRUf.ujnrif,euUJczfisflJjkWgntWbrafSFgagLjgLwJ.

6.3.yFfRthrKiwmgh, iAuh, flgR nghwit

thG cfshF. tifcfRthrjclnkgu_y eilbgWwJ. fiuJsM#id, j nkgughd brr tahf CLU, brDit gagl cUthd, fhg-il-Mi[L, aghd Kiw,njnghW D btnawgL

fiuJLwJ.

f Rthrgu mj brgFahF. yth cahdjtisjnknjhY,EiupuYMF.ythcfEiupuRthrcWghfmikJsJ.

fhcsM#msitl, cs M# ms Fiw.vdnt, y cfisl, th

cf ntfkhf Rthwd.f j th tahf iu vLJ,br tahf btnaWnghJ,br gFYs ujFHfM#idbgWwJ.

yth cf, thklyYs M#id jRthrFgagLbrhwJ.

btntW tifahd cf,btntWtifahdRthrcWifisbgWsd. Wf midJM#id bgW msF, bgaguid bgWsJ. gu _ynk,M#kWfhg-il-Mi[Lkhw eilbgWwJ. RthrguclDghJfhghfitfgLsJ.Rthr braKiwfhf j

Rthr braKiw ffisbfhLsJ.

kjf Rthr fhW,ehJis _y cGfgLwJ.cRthrfhwhdJ,ehgFYsnuhk kW ehFHf csnfhiHgly_ykhftoflgLRjkhdfhWEiuuiymilwJ.

ehgs

wehJisbjhil

Futis_RFH

ulhiy_RisFH

_Rwiwcjujhd

gl.6.7kjRthrkly


102/144

ca

100

fhWFHhtahffhWFHhRtFUbjYtisaffhzgLwJ.it fhW FHh wJ, ijJlhkYghJfhwJ.

EiupuYF fhWFHh,gyKiw W, W FHfshffgL, Ko _R wiwfvdgL Rthr EigfshfkhWwJ. ujjJsh NHglit Rthrgughf bragL,fhWgkhwijfJwJ.

fhaf cs

fis ft. it jthiawJ _Ltij ft.ffSF w cs,br_o wJ _Ltijft. th kW br _owJ_Ltij,xUFlneuXGFghLcsjyth.

xUlFvjidKiwfthWwJ_LwJvgij

fzL.tiw xU lF

RthF vifnahLxL.

bra 6.4

6.4jhtuf , jhJffljgLj

jhtuf,,CO2,NaxkW

gira Ma _y bghUfis

gagL x nrif _yvthW cz jahfgLwJ.vgijKijaghlgWnsh.

iyfjh gira csJvgij eh Vfdnt mJnsh.vdnt iyjh xnrifeilbgW lkhF. iycgahF czthdJ jhtu

kwvyhghffSFfljggLjmtakhwJ.

ijnghynt, jhtufeilbgWxnrifkWgntWcaffSFmtakhwJ.vdnt, jhtufSF kW kwfkbghUfshdieu#,ghgunghwitfkUJfvilwd.

vthW crgl kW fkbghUf,jhtuxUgFUJkwgFfSFfljgLwd?

jhtu vgF knzhLbjhlilaJ?

nkfldhfSfhdiliacfSila tFfnynabgUf.

ntf : jhtuf cR

cWfshF.vdnt,jhtufiyfUJ

cz bghUfS, nthfUJ kW fk bghUfSfljgLwd. j uLbrafS jj uL flJFHhf_yeilbgWwd.

1)iry thyhf kW

KgF

ntgF

gF

MFRgF

gl.6.8ntgFf


103/144

101

myF-6

thifafbraf

fk bghUf kUJcrgLfljgLwd.

2)~nsha thyhfiyUJ xnrif

_y jahfgl czthdJfljgLwJ.

flJj

ntf,jLfkWiyf,iryRfhzgLiryFHhfkW ouLf flJ TWfshfbragLwd. iry FHhfS,ouLfS xWl xW izJjhtu vyh gFfSF iu

flJ xU bjhlahd fhthahfmikwd. ntf, nt brf f v kbjhlbfhL kW fkmafis bgWwd. J ntkW kF ilna mafbr ntWghil njhWwJ.br ntWghil f uhdJkUJ ntUF brwJ.vdntbjhlJntiryFbrtjh, uhdJ jhtu nkghffSFcjgLwJ.

iry cUthF mGj, fcaukhd kuf fljgLtjFnghJkhdjh?

jhtuffcaukhdgffSFiryUJnknyWtjFkbwhUKiwahd uh nghF cjwJ.J jhtuf nghJkhd ms ilfbgWbghGJrhakhwJ.

iy Jisf thyhf MahbtnawgLwJ. liyf iry FHhf _ybgwgluh


104/144

ca

102

vdgL. vdnt uh nghfhdJntUJkWfkbghUfiscRtjFmtidiyftiunkneh flJtjF cjwJ.nkY, J jhtu btgiyiauhFtjFcjwJ.

u neuf flJtjFntuGj f KakhdjhffUjgLwJ.gfneuf,iyJisf wUgdh, uhnghdh clhF Gir,iry flJtjF xU cJrahfmikwJ.

czkWjubghUfflJj

xnrifdh clhF cz

bghUf vthW iyfUJjhtuf kw gFfSFfljgLwd?

x nrifdh clhFfiu cz bghUf fljgLf l bgaj vdgL.f, thFyh Rthd~nshaeilbgWwJ.

x nrifdh clhFczbghUfkLkyhkmndhmyf nghw kw bghUfS,~nshatahffljgLwd.

bghUf Fghf nrcWfshd nt, ff, ijfkW tsU cWfSF bfhLbrygLwJ.

cz kW ju bghUf,l bgaj, nsha ryilFHhf tahf, (ryil FHhfvgJ iyf Kj w ghfftiu FHhf nghW bragL~nsha gFahF) Jizbrf cjnahL, nknehakW neha Ma uLirfY eilbgWwJ. MwiygagLlbgajeilbgWwJ.RnuhnghwbghUfATP UJMwiy gagL nshaFbrwd. J Rf rLgut mGjij mffbrJ id flj brwJ.

tGjkhdJ nsha cscz bghUfis mGj FiwjRfSFflJwJ.Kiwjhtuf njitfSF Vgcz bghUf fljgLwd.vLJfhlhf iy fhyf,ntkWjLfnrfgLsrfiu bghUfshdJ tstjfhdMw njitgL bkhLfSFfljgLwJ.

dhf

1. nkghL milj jhtufflJj


105/144

103

myF-6

thifafbraf

6.4.yFfRnwhlyF EQfshd mgh,

ghuhnkanghwtclmikfaitahfUgjdh,tFnjitahd bghUf CLUt_y bgwgLwd. vLJfhlhfmgh M#, mj nkgutahf vLJbfhsgL, mnjmsclDguwJ.njnghWclD cUthF, fhg-il-Mi[LbtnawgLwJ.

bga gybr cf mjclyik bga ms Ugjh

tif CLUt f bkJthf,M#, cz ff mfWKiwf, mt clyikFrWbghUjhjKiwUwJ.

gybr cf, clDfhzgL beUfkhd brfSF,CLUtgLM#ikagFcs brfSF njitahd msilgJfod.vdnt,jahdbjhUkly M#, cz kWf bghUfis vLJbrygagLwJ.

kj Rnwhl kly vgJ,ujij, ujFHfUJcjs ja xU c jSfUahf (g) bragLwJ. u j , u j FH f U Jb r Y n g h J, E iu p u U JM#id bgW cl midJ

ghffSF mwJ. mnjnghf bghUfis fhg-il-Mi[L kW jkf, cfnghw wtif bghUfisbgW, ff cWf tahfbtnaWwJ.

z

uj nghynt knwhU kly

khd z klyK clDbrfgL, cufgl,bfhG nghw bghUfisbgW, brilgFf tJ

tHa L ujijmilwJ.

z Fiwj ms ujijbfhLskbghUshF.JujmQf, uj shkhitxJsJ.MdhwkwJ.

1.cf gFYs ey ikabrW, mF uj csbrf vifia,nkhFnsh msitianflJbfhf.

2.M,bgkWFHijfSFxnu ms nkhFnshcsjh? ntWgo, ntWghofhuzijfl.

bra 6.6

6.5.jhtufffffvgJvd?

jhtuf vthW f feilbgWwJ?

jhtufffvgJ,jhtuclUJ tsij khwdhclhF f bghUfisbtnawgLf.

jhtuf f f eilbgWKiwf.

1.jhtu ff brf thFnthfshnrfgLwd.

2.jhtuffcUiyfnrfglyh.

3.kw jhtu ff FghfKj iry Rf,fshf bufshfnrfgLwd.


106/144

ca

104

4.jhtufyfbghUfisntf thyhf jfisNJs knyna btnaWwJ.

6.5.yFfffxU br cfshd, nuhnlh

nrhthf, cUthF fbghUfis,iuRUFFf_ybtnaWwJ.

lnulh vD Flff bghUf, br r tahfCLUwd.

jil G kW cUilGfffFHftahf,tisjirGfwffcWghd beoahf, clFDcs f bghUfis nrfJbtnaWwd.

KJbfYf eF tsmiljffcWghdffFHfS, WuffS csd.KJbfYf Wuffcs beuhf, ujYs

mfgoahd , cfis tofoWuhfbtnaWwJ.

fmfkhdmnkhahitf bgUshf btnaWtjhtiw mnkhahbl cfvW.

gwitf myijbtnaWtjh nfhblyFfvWmiHfgLwJ.

ghof ah Kaf bghUshf Ugjh itnahblyFfshF.

beuh

beuh uj cs fbghUfis, Fnshk%y _ytofo, W EFHf tahfbtnaWwJ. W EFHfclYF ntoa kWwbghUfis L cabtnawglntoa mfgoahd kW ieu# fbghUfis

WuhfbtnaWwJ.

braifWuf(nkhlah)

Wuf,cthHfmtakhdcWf xW. neh bjhW,taJ, fhagLj, WufFbrY uj ms Fiwjnghwit,WufbraghilFiwF. j isthf cleRfbghUfmfkhF.Jkuznf t tFF. WufbraHjh,braifWufcfhf gagL. braif WufvgJ lah vD Kiwuj cs f bghUfisFfUahF.

jkUJbraifWufFbrYFH

njbjLJmDkFgly

FHf

braifWufUJiuFbrYFH

gagLjgllahiyut(mfgoahdahkWcfSl)

alahiyutlahiy

ut


107/144

105

myF-6

thifafbraf

braif Wuf, xU wkLnk CLU brY glybfhl WFHfis bfhljhF.ij lany ut vD

ut izfgL. ut,uj cs mnj ms tkly mGjij bfhoUF.nehah uj FHftahf brYjgLnghJ, bragho uj f bghUfCLUtKiwbtnawgL.ffbraglujLnehahclbrYjgL.

6.6.euxUizklyyFfgyafzfhd

brfS, RfS jjahfafhk, xGfhd KiwxUizfgL brayhWwd.mjhtJ itf xwhfbragL

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10th Science Tamil-1