t " •"..""'. ~.

,".""1

,!:::,..,;'

•

Scientific Excellence • Resource Protection & Conservation • Benefits for canadians Excellence scientifique • Protection et conservation des ressources • Benefices aux Canadiens

1. • I

TEMPERATURE, SALINITY AND DENSITY ALONG THE STANDARD BONAVISTA TRANSECT

E. Colbourne and D. Senciall

Science Branch Department of Fisheries and Oceans P.O. Box 5667 St. John's, Newfoundland A 1C 5X1

1993

Canadian Technical Report of Hydrography and Ocean Sciences No. 150

Fisheries Peches and Oceans et Oceans1+1 Canada

...

Canadian Technica l Repor' of

Hydrography and Ocean Sciences

Technica l reports COl taincient ifil and techn ica l informatlol that co ntributes to eX I ting kn owledge but hich I not normall y approp ria te for prima ry litera ture. The subj ect matter is related ge nerally to program and in terest · of the Ocean Science and Surveys (OSS) sector of the De partment of Fishe ries a nd Oceans.

Technical reports rna be ci ted a fu ll publications. The correct citation appears above th abst ract of ea h report . aeh repo rt is abstrac ted in A qua/ic Sciences and Fisheries Ahsfracfs and indexed in the Department's ann ual index to sci entific a nd tec hni cal publica tions

Technical re port~ are produced regiona ll y but are numbe red nationally . Requests for ind ividual reports wi ll b filled by the iss uing es ta blish ment lis ted on the front cover and tit le page Out of stock reports wi ll be upplied for a f by commercial age nts .

Regional and headq uarters e tab lis hments of Ocean Science and Surveys ceased publica ti n . f their variou report erie a. of Decem ber 1981. A complete lis t ing of the e publications is publi hed in the Canadian Journal 0/ F isheries and A quat ic Scien('es . Volume 39. Index to P ubI ications 1982 The cu rrent ~e r ies, which begi ns with rep rt num ber I was in itiated in January 1982

Rapport technique canadien sur )'hydrographie e. les sciences oceaniques

Les rapports techniques conliennent des renseignements scientifiq ues et techniques qui eont iluent une ~ontr i b ul ion ' ux -.;on naissance actuel le , mai qu i ne son t pas normalemenl appropne ' pour la publ ica tion dan. un journal scientifique. Le sUJ et e t genera lement lie aux programme~ et inte ret du service des Sci ences et leves ocean iq u s (SLO) du mini ten: des Peches e! de Oceans .

Les rapports techn iques peuvent eire Ci leS comme de publications completes . Le lilre exact parail au-de sus du re ume de chaque rapport. Les rapports techniques sont re umes dans la revue Resumes de.1 sciences aqLlaf iques et halieutiques, et ils sont lasses dan. I' index annuel des publications scient ifique e! techniques du Mi nistere.

Le!> rapports lcchnique~ sonl produ ilS a I'echelon regiona l. mais numerates a I'echelon nat ional Les demande~ de rapportS scronl at isfa ites par I'et ablissement a ut ur dollt Ie nom figure 'ur la l: uverture et la page du t itre Les rapports epuises seron! foumi con tre relrihution par de agents commerciaux.

Le etab li sement de Sciences l leves oceaniques dans les regions et al'ad l1;lin ist rat ion cenl ra le ant ces~e de publ ier leurs diverses ~eries de rapports en decem bre 198 J. LIne liste comp lete de ces pub licatiom fIgure dan~ Ie olume 39.1 ndex des publica tion 1982 d u Journal canadien de \l ience!J halielll iqul!s e/ aquat iques . La serie actuelle a commence a',ec la publicuti 1I1 tlu rapport numero I en janv ier 1982.

i

Canadian Technical Report of Hydrography

and Ocean Sciences No. 150

October 1993

TEMPERATURE, SALINITY AND DENSITY ALONG THE

STANDARD BONAVISTA TRANSECT

by

E. B. Colbourne and D. R. Senciall

Science Branch

Department of Fisheries and Oceans

P.O. Box 5667

st. John's, Newfoundland

Canada A1C 5X1

ii

•

.

© Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1993

Cat. No. Fs 97-18jOOOE ISSN 0711-6764

Correct citation for this pUblication:

Colbourne, E., and D. R. Senciall. 1993. Temperature, salinity and density along the standard Bonavista transect. Can. Tech. Rep. Hydrogr. Ocean Sci. 150: v + 331 p.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract/Resume ................................................ i v• Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 organization of the Report .................................... 2

The study Area ...........................•.................... 2

Data Sources and Analysis ........•.....•........•...•....••... 3

Temperature, Salinity and Density Time Series .•............... 5

Temperature, Salinity And Density Transects .•.....•..........• 6

Temperature and salinity Anomalies .....•••....•........•...•.. 8

Acknowledgements ..............................•............... 9

Re f erences ................................................... . 9

Table 1. The standard oceanographic stations along the Bonavista transect. The figures in () represent old station numbers with position and depths same or very similar to the standard lCNAF stations (from Anom. 1978). ................................... 11

Table 2. Summary of the total number of oceanographic profiles available along and near the Bonavista transect from 1930 to 1992 .......................................... 12

Table 3. Summary of selected Bonavista transect summer ClL indices .............................................. 13

Fig. 1. Location map showing the position of the standard stations along the Bonavista transect. The bathymetry lines are 300 and 1000 m............................. 14

Fig. 2a. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of January .•..•.•.•.•.•....•...... 15

Fig. 2b. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of February .....•........•.....•.. 16

Fig. 2c. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of March .....••....•.........•..•. 17

Fig. 2d. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of April. . .....................•.. 18

iv

•

Fig. 2e. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of May ............................ 19 •

Fig. 2f. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of June ........................... 20

Fig. 2g. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of July ..........................• 21

Fig. 2h. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of August ........••......••......• 22

Fig. 2i. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of September ...•....•.•••.•..•.... 23

Fig. 2j. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of October ......................•• 24

Fig. 2k. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since t 1930 for the month of November. . ..........•........•• 25

Fig. 21. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of December ....................... 26

Fig. 3. (a) The total number of stations by year and (b) by month occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 ........................................... 27

Fig. 4. (a) Time series of Bonavista transect elL area less than 1.0 °e and (b) less than 0.0 °e in km2 • • ••••••••• 28

Fig. 4. (c) Time series of Bonavista transect elL area less than -1.0 °c in km2 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 29

v

Fig. 5. (a) The shape and extent of the CIL area less than

O.O°C along the Bonavista transect for 1984 and 1986

and (b) for 1991 and 1992. The mean is shown as the

dashed 1 ine. ....................................... 30

Fig. 6. (a) Offshore distance from Cape Bonavista of the bottom location of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0°C isotherms and (b) the CIL thickness and offshore extent. ............................................ 31

Fig. 7. Time Series of the CIL intensities or minimum coref.. temperatures. ...................................... 32

APPENDIX A. Time series of monthly mean temperature,

salinity and density versus depth for the

inshore, mid-shelf and shelf-edge areas off

Cape Bonavista. ................................ 33

APPENDIX B. The monthly average vertical distributions of temperature. ................................... 43'

APPENDIX C. The monthly average vertical distributions of salinity. ...................................... 56

APPENDIX D. The monthly average vertical distributions of density . ....................................... 69

~ APPENDIX E. Cape Bonavista Temperature ..................... 82

APPENDIX F. Cape Bonavista Salinity ........................ 160

APPENDIX G. Cape Bonavista Density. 236

APPENDIX H. The 1984 to 1992 summer temperature anomalies ...................................... 312

APPENDIX I. The 1984 to 1992 summer anomalies .............. 322

•

vi

ABSTRACT

Colbourne, E., and D. R. Senciall. 1993. Temperature, salinity and density along the standard Bonavista transect. Can. Tech. Rep. Hydrogr. Ocean Sci. 150: v + 331 p.

Synoptic, monthly average and annual time-series of temperature, salinity and density (sigma-t) are presented for the NAFO Cape Bonavista standard transect based on all data available from 1930 to 1992. A review of the spatial and temporal distribution of the data in the Cape Bonavista area is also presented. A brief descriptive analysis of various indices describing the temperature and salinity field along the transect is presented, including a discussion of the 1948 to 1992 time series of the cross-sectional area of the Cold Intermediate Layer (CIL). Finally, summer temperature and salinity anomalies (referenced to a July-August average for 1948 to 1992) are presented for 1984 to 1992.

REsmd:

Colbourne, E., and D. R. Senciall. 1993. Temperature, salinity and density along the standard Bonavista transect. Can. Tech. Rep. Hydroqr. Ocean Sci. 150: v + 331 p.

Des donnnees synoptiques, des moyennes mensuelles et des series chronologiques annuelles de temperature, de salinite et de densite (sigma-t) pour Ie transct standard de l'OPANO de la zone du cap Bonavista ont ete rassemblees a partir de l' ensemble des donnees recueillies entre 1930 et 1992. Un examen de la repartition spatiaIe et temporelle des donnees de la zone du cap Bonavista est egalement presentee Une breve analyse descriptive des divers indices caracterisant les champs de temperature et de salinite Ie long du transect est presentee, de memo qu'une analyse de la serie chronologique de 1948 a 1992 de l'aire transversale de la couche intermediaire fro ide (CIF). Enfin, les anomalies estivales de temperature et de salinite (par rapport aux moyennes de juillet et d'aout entre 1948 et 1992) sont presentees pour la periode de 1984 a 1992.

•

..

..'

•

1

1. INTRODUCTION ..

The trough between the northern Grand Bank and the Funk Island » Bank (Fig. 1) has recently been identified as a likely corridor

along which a significant biomass of northern cod migrate to the inshore areas along the east coast of Newfoundland during late spring and early summer (Rose, 1993). As a result there is an immediate need for increased knowledge of the physical oceanography of this area. A first step in this process is to make available all historical data in the region in a form where it can be easily referenced and used by the scientific community.

In 1976 the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF) adopted a suite of standard oceanographic stations along transects in the Northwest Atlantic ocean from Cape Cod (USA) to Egedesminde (West Greenland) (Anon. 1978) . One of these standards was the Bonavista transect which lies along the center· of the cod migration corridor (Fig. 1). A considerable amount of oceanographic data dating back to the early 1930s is available for this particular area.

Previous studies of the oceanography off the east coast of Newfoundland have included analyses of temperature and salinity data at Station 27 located about 4.0 km east of St. John's Newfoundland ( Keeley, 1981a, Bailey, 1966, Huyer and Verney, 1975) and along the ICNAF standard Flemish Cap transect ( Keeley, 1981b). The International Ice Patrol of the U. S. Coast Guard have also conducted studies concentrated mainly in the offshore branch of the Labrador current along the southeast slopes of the Grand Bank (Kollmeyer et. al., 1965). Additional studies have included" extensive analysis of temperature and salinity variability along the east and northeast Newfoundland shelves ( Petrie et. al. 1991, Petrie et. al., 1992, Petrie et. al. 1986, Templeman, 1975). Drinkwater and Trites (1986) have compiled monthly averaged temperature and salinity for standard areas over the entire Grand Bank and most of the northeast Newfoundland shelf up to 1982.

Most of the above studies describing the physical oceanography on the Newfoundland and Labrador shelves are becoming dated and there is now a need for a complete and up-to-date data set, particularly in the Cape Bonavista area where the oceanography is not generally represented by data from other regionsj for example, along the Flemish Cap transect cold water extends from below the seasonal mixed layer to the ocean bottom for up to 300 to 400 km offshore throughout most of the year. This report complements these earlier studies by providing the first detailed presentation of data from a deep shelf transect off Newfoundland.

2

2. ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

The results presented here are based on an analyses of all available bottle, mechanical bathythermograph (MBT) , expendable bathythermograph (XBT) and conductivity-temperature-depth recorder (CTD) data collected along the standard Bonavista transect from 1930 to 1992. The report includes a brief summary of the data sources, the spatial and temporal distribution of the data, analysis, and a brief discussion of the temperature, salinity and density (sigma-t) fields off Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland. Time series of the monthly average temperature, salinity and density are discussed first as functions of depth and time for selected positions along the transect (Appendix A). Appendices B to D contain monthly averaged vertical distributions of temperature, salinity and density along the transect derived from all data available for the month. Appendices E to G contain all completed transects since 1948. A discussion of various indices calculated from the horizontal transects ( ego cross-sectional area at various temperatures; maximum thickness, offshore extent of the cold intermediate layer (CIL); minimum core temperatures or CIL intensities; offshore bottom positions of various isotherms) is included. Finally, summer anomalies of temperature and salinity are presented in Appendices H and I, based on a July-August average (from 1930 to 1992) for the years 1984 to 1992. Due to the seasonal bias in the available data, anomalies were calculated only for the summer months.

3. THE STUDY AREA

This report includes all available data within a box with boundaries at ± 25 minutes of latitude of a line connecting 48 44.0 N, 52 58.0 Wand 50 0.0 N, 49 0.0 W (the end points of the standard Bonavista transect) . The positions and water depths of the standard oceanographic stations along the transect are listed in Table 1 and shown in Fig. 1. The standard transect consists of 12 stations beginning about 10 km NE of Cape Bonavista at depths of 70 m and ending 330 km offshore near the shelf slope at depths of 2000 m. Most of the temperature and salinity observations utilized in this report are scattered around these positions within the boundaries of the box defined above.

3

•

It is apparent from Fig. 1 that the Bonavista transect bisects the trough between the Northern Grand Bank and the Southern Funk Island Bank indicated by the 300 meter isobath. The trough runs from the edge of the continental shelf indicated by the 1000 m isobath, to within 50 km of Cape Bonavista Newfoundland.

\

4. DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS

Most of the data contained in this report were obtained from the Marine Environmental Data Service (MEDS) in Ottawa, Canada. Data after the early 1980s were available from archives at the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center (NAFC) in St. John's Newfoundland. About 34 % of the data, mainly before the late 1970s were collected at standard oceanographic depths (0,10,20,30,50, 75,100,125,150,200,250,300 and 400 m) using water sampling bottles fitted with reversing thermometers. Since the 196'Os and up to the present a considerable amount of data were also collected using mechanical and electronic bathythermographs and since the late 1970s conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) recorders have become common place. The historical data set consists of data collected by all of these instruments and have expected accuracies ranging from ± 0.2 °C in temperature for bathythermographs to ± 0.02 for reversing thermometers and ± 0.005 °c for CTDs. Accuracies in salinities range from ± 0.02 from bottle titrations to ± 0.005 from CTD measurements. Densities are reported as sigma-t values calculated using the UNESCO equation of state for seawater (Millero, et. al. 1980).

The earliest complete occupation of the Bonavista transect occurred in July 1948, after 1950 the transect has been occupied on a regular basis in July or August except for the period 1965 to 1968. Observations along the transect during other months, particularly the winter months (December to March) were irregular. The total number of profiles measured along the transect in the selected corridor from all sources for the years 1948 to 1992 are shown in Table 2 by month. The transect has been occupied 43 times in the July-August period between 1948 and 1992 comprising a total of 1169 profiles.

The spatial distribution of all observations within ± ' 25 minutes of latitude of the standard transect over all years for each month are shown in Fig 2a to 21. The symbols on these maps indicate a station occupation, as either a standard bottle cast, BT or CTD; both temperature and salinity may not be available for each

4

station. These results indicate a reasonably well distributed data set along the transect for all months except January and February, when it can be considered marginal for the calculation of mean conditions.

The distribution of data collected among years is multi modal with 4 % collected from 1930 to 1950, 25 % from 1950 to 1970, 41 % from 1970 to 1990 and 30 % from 1990 to 1992 (Fig. 3a). Noticeable gaps in the historical record are apparent during 1936 to 1946 and 1966 to 1968. There has been an exponential increase in data collection in the Bonavista area since 1975. As a result the means calculated here will be biased towards later years. A strong seasonal bias in the historical data is apparent with 59 % of the data collected in the summer (June, July and August), 15 % in the spring (April, May), 16 % in the fall (September, October and November) and 10 % in the winter (December, January, February and March) (Fig. 3b).

Temporal biasing in the calculation of monthly averages is likely when there are variations in the amount of data collected from year to year and when the data for a particular month are not distributed evenly throughout the month. No attempts were made to adjust the data for possible temporal biasing arising from the · sample distribution . Spatial biasing of the monthly averages may also occur when there is a significant amount of data confined to a particular area of the region under consideration, however as mention above Figure 2 indicates that there are ample data along the complete transect for most months. In addition, the N-S variations in the bathymetry within the selected box are small which indicates that alongshore gradients in temperature and salinity are probably weak.

The station positions of all observations in the corridor along the transect, for the purposes of the analysis, were assumed to lie along a straight line with offshore distance calculated from Cape Bonavista. The data were then quality controlled for obvious spikes, range restricted and linearly interpolated or decimated if necessary to 5.0 m depth intervals. The profiles were not extrapolated beyond their depth range. In cases where a particular cast was repeated on the same station on the same day the duplicate data were discarded keeping CTD and Bottle data over BTs. The data were then projected onto a 5.0 km horizontal by 5.0 m vertical grid and a simple arithmetic mean computed. In general there was a sufficient amount of data collected during each month to approximate the monthly means along the transect throughout the year. The analysis makes no attempt to estimate any error in the calculated means.

•

I

5

5. TEMPERATURE, SALINITY AND DENSITY TIME SERIES

Time series of the monthly mean temperature, salinity and density versus depth are shown in Appendix A for the inshore (50 km offshore), mid-shelf (100 km offshore) and shelf edge (250 km offshore) areas off Cape Bonavista. The time series were formed by averaging all data for each month in a 5 km horizontal bin along the transect (centered at 50,100 and 250 km offshore) over all years (from 1930 to 1992). These plots shows the seasonal variations in the CIL; its winter formation, spring capping, gradual decay over the summer and rapid erosion during the autumn.

In the inshore areas the whole water column is below 0.0 °C from January until the end of April. The seasonal warming in the upper layer commences in mid May and continues to warm at a rate of about 0.1 °C per day until late August to early September when it reaches its maximum of about 10.0 °C. The thickness of the mixed layer reaches a maximum of about 50 m by mid October by which time the surface layer is already cooling down. The temperature from mid depths to the bottom remain below 0.0 °c throughout the year.

The salinities in the inshore areas range from 32.75 in the upper water column to 33.75 near the bottom from January to April after which the upper layers experience a gradual freshening with salinities reaching a minimum of 31.5 by late August to September. In the deeper water (below 100 m) the salinities remain above 33.0 over the entire year. At cold water temperatures the density field

\ is mainly determined by salinity and so the isopycnals generally follow isohalines.

At mid shelf about 100 km offshore, the temperature structure is very similar to near shore values except near the bottom at depths of 300 m where the warmer shelf-slope water starts to flood the deep troughs between the banks. Temperatures here range from 1.0 to 2.0 °c throughout the year. Salinities are generally higher (up to 1.0) than the inshore values over most of the water column with minimum values of 32.0 in the upper layers in September, to 34.5 near the bottom throughout the year.

At the edge of the continental shelf (about 250 km offshore) in a water depth of about 500 m the temperature structure is quite different from that at mid shelf and inshore. A thin surface layer of water with temperatures ranging from 0.0 to -1.0 °c and from 0.0 to 2.0 °c in water depths down to 150 m exist during the winter months. Below 200 m depth the temperature remains between 3.0 to 4.0 °C. By early April the upper layer warms to a maximum of about 8.0 °c by August while at depths of 50 m to the bottom the

6

temperature remains between 3.0 and 4.0 °C. Salinities range from 33.50 near the surface during the winter and summer periods to about 34.75 near the bottom throughout the year. Again the density field generally follows salinity.

6. TEMPERATURE, SALINITY AND DENSITY TRANSECTS

Presented .in Appendices B to D are the monthly average vertical distributions of temperature, salinity and density versus horizontal distance from Cape Bonavista based on all available data, followed by specific occupations of the transect by month beginning in 1948 (Appendices E to G) .

A dominant feature of the temperature structure along the east coast of Newfoundland on the continental shelves is the cold intermediate layer (CIL) ( Petrie et. al., 1988). The CIL is most apparent in summer when spring ice melt and seasonal heating has increased the stratification in the upper layers to a point when heat transfer to the lower layers is inhibited. The result is a cold layer of water confined to the continental shelf with temperatures ranging from 0.0 to -1.8 °c sandwiched between the warm seasonal upper layer and warmer slope water near the bottom.

In the winter months the intermediate layer effectively disappears as the upper layers cool down to between -1.0 and 0.0 °c from January to March due to winter cooling and strong surface mixing. By late April and early May the warming of the surface layer commences and the cross-sectional area of :s; 0.0 °c water decreases from the winter maximum to a minimum in the fall due to summer heating.

Figure 4a to 4c shows time series of the CIL cross-sectional area of water less than 1.0, 0.0, and -1.0 °c from 1948 to 1992 for July and August together with. the mean (dashed line). In general the time series shows for all temperatures presented a gradual warming trend starting in 1950 and lasting until the mid 1960s. During this period the cross-sectional area of the CIL decreased at a rate of approximately 1.0 km2 per year. A gap exists in the data from 1966 to 1968. Since the early 1970s the time series is characterized by three major cold periods with peaks in 1972, 1984 and in 1990/91. The area anomaly during these cold periods range from 60 % to 88 % above the mean with 1984 showing the greatest areal extent of sub-zero water. The warmest years were the mid 1960s, mid 1970s and the late 1980s when the cross-sectional areas were from 30 % to 50 % below the mean. The average cross-sectional area for water less than -1.0, 0.0 and 1.0 °c are 12.4, 26.4 and 37.7 km2 with standard deviations of 7.1, 8.7 and 9.4 km2 respectively.

,

7

'\

The areal extent and shape of the elL bounded by the 0.0 °e isotherm for 1984, a cold year, and for 1986 a relatively warm year together with the July-August mean is shown in Fig. 5a. In 1984 the offshore extent of the elL reached about 325 km off Cape Bonavista with a cross-sectional area of near 50 km2 , more than 80 % above normal. The thickness of the elL during cold years is also above normal with 0.0 °e water reaching close to the bottom at mid-shelf. The elL shape and area during 1991 and 1992 is shown in Fig. 5b. In 1991 the cross-sectional area was about 44 km2 close to the maximum while in 1992 it was close to the mean with an area of 28 km2 . The main difference between 1984 and 1991 was in the offshore extent of the cold water.

The temperature along the bottom across the northeast Newfoundland shelf ranges from -1.0 °e near the coast to 2.0 to 4.0 °e in water depths greater than 200 m to the shelf edge throughout the year. The average bottom position (Fig. 6a) of the 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 °e isotherm in July and August is located about 42, 70 and 160 km offshore respectively. The bottom positions of the 2.0 and 3.0 °e isotherms are in general highly variable from one year to the next and even from one month to the next within the same year, for example in July 1991 the 3.0 °e isotherm was about 125 km offshore where as in July 1992 it was about 225 km offshore. The position of the 1.0 °e isotherm has remained relatively constant during the summer months with only a 15 km standard deviation from the mean. Warmer slope water is further offshore during the cold periods of the early 1970s, mid 1980s and early 1990s corresponding to high elL areas. The mean offshore extent (Fig. 6b) of the ~IL is about 220 km with a standard deviation of 44 km, centered at approximately 100 m depth and a mean thickness about 200 m with a standard deviation of 35 m, occurring at approximately 50 km offshore.

Minimum temperatures at the core of the elL (Fig. 7) range from -1.84 °e in a cold year (1984 and 1991) to -1.4 °e in a warm year (1986). The average core temperature from 1948 to 1992 is -1.64 °e centered at about 70 km offshore at approximately 80 to 100 m depth. The freezing point of seawater at salinities typically found on the continental shelf along this trans~ct (ie. between 32.50 to 34.25) ranges from -1.78 to -1.88 °e.

For convenience a summary of the various elL summer indices discussed above for the Bonavista transect, are presented in Table 3.

8

7. TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY ANOMALIES

Presented in Appendices H and I are the summer temperature and salinity anomalies for the years 1984 to 1992 based on the average for the July-August period (from 1948 TO 1992). These anomalies were calculated by projecting the transect data for each year on a 5 km horizontal by 5.0 m vertical grid and subtracting the temperature and salinity values from the corresponding values of the summer averaged grid. The results were then smoothed and contoured at 1.0 °c intervals. Thus the results presented here show only significant anomalies along the transect over the entire water column.

The results show significant negative temperature anomalies ranging from -1.0 to -3.0 °c in July of 1984 over most of the water column with the most intense anomalies in the upper layer. The strong negative anomalies near the surface in 1984 had moderated by August of 1985. From 1986 to 1989 the anomalies were generally positive with amplitudes ranging from 1.0 to 4.0 °c above average, again the most significant anomalies occurred in the upper mixed layer. From 1990 to 1992 the temperature anomalies were again negative with amplitudes ranging from -1.0 to -3.0 °c below average. During 1992 the negative anomalies were restricted entirely to a thin upper layer of about 25 m thick, whereas in 1991 significant negative anomalies were observed over the entire water column of the northeast Newfoundland shelf.

The corresponding salinity anomalies from 1984 to 1985 show slightly fresher than normal conditions with anomalies ranging from -0.25 to -0.50 over most of the water column. From 1986 to 1989 the anomalies range from about normal in 1986 to generally positive ( saltier than normal) in other years. In 1990 the salinity anomalies remained above average in the upper layer but had reversed to slightly fresher in deeper water and over the entire water column by 1991. ·

t

9

Acknowledgements

This work has been supported through the Government of Canada's Atlantic Fisheri~s Adjustment Program (Northern Cod Science Program). We thank Drs. G. Mertz and C. Taggart for their helpful reviews and comments. We would also like to thank the many scientists who have contributed to the national data base (MEDS) over the years. We would like to thank D. Foote for data processing and technical assistance in the preparation of this report.

REFERENCES

, Anon. 1978. List of ICNAF standard oceanographic sections and stations. ICNAF Selected Papers #3.

Bailey, W. B. 1961. Annual variations of the temperature and salinity in the Grand Banks region. Fish. Re s . Board Canada, Manuscript Rep. Ser. No. 74: 30 pp.

Drinkwater, K. F., and R. W. Trites. 1986. Monthly means of temperature and salinity in the Grand Banks region. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1450:iv+111 p.

~ Drinkwater, K. F., B. Petrie and S. Narayanan. 1992. Overview of Environmental Conditions in the Northwest Atlantic in 1991. NAFO

~ SCR Doc. 92/73, 36p.

Drinkwater, K. F. 1993. Overview of Environmental Conditions in the Northwest Atlantic in 1992. FOS Working paper. 93/45, 48p.

Huyer, A., and A. Verney. 1975. Temperature, salinity and sigma-t at Station 27, 1950-1959. Mar. Environ. Data Servo Tech. Rep. No. 3: 45 pp

Keeley, J. R. 1981a. Temperature, salinity and sigma-t at Station 27. An analysis of historical data. Mar. Environ. Data Servo Tech. Rep. No.8: 56 pp.

Keeley, J . R. 1981b. Mean conditions of potential temperature and salinity along the Flemish Cap section. Mar. Environ. Data Servo Tech. Rep. No.9: 148 pp.

Kollmeyer, R . C., R. M. O'Hagan, R. M. Morse, D. A. McGill, and N. Corwin. 1965. Oceanography of the Grand Banks region and the

10

Labrador Sea in 1964. U. S. Coast Guard Oceanography Rep. No. 10, CG 373-10: 285 pp.

Millero, F.J., Chen, C.T., Bradshaw, A. and Schleicher, K. A High Pressure Equation of State for Seawater, Deep Sea Res., 27A 255265, 1980.

Narayanan, S., S. Prinsenberg, and E. B. Colbourne. Overview of Environmental Conditions in 2J3KL NAFO subareas in 1991. NAFO SCR Doc. 92/6, 25p.

Petrie, B., S. Akenhead, J. Lazier and J. Loder. 1988. The Cold Intermediate Layer on the .Labrador and Northeast Newfoundland Shelves, 1978-1986. NAFO Sci. Coun. Stu. 12: 57-69.

Petrie, B., J. Loder, J. Lazier and S. Akenhead. 1992. Temperature and salinity variability on the eastern Newfoundland shelf: the residual field. Atmos.- Ocean 30: 120-157.

Petrie, B., J. Loder, S. Akenhead. and J. Lazier. 1991. Temperature and salinity variability on the eastern Newfoundland shelf: the annual harmonic. Atmos.- Ocean 29: 14-36.

Rose, G. A., 1993. Acoustic Observations of Cod Spawning on Migration Highway in the NW Atlantic. (Submitted to Nature) .

Templeman, W. 1975. Comparison of temperatures in July-August hydrographic sections of the eastern Newfoundland areas in 1972 and 1973 with those from 1951 to 1971,· ICNAF Spec. Publ., 10:17-39.

11

ICNAF # Latitude Longitude Depth (M) 62 5000.0 49 00.0 2,047 63 4951.0 4930.0 1,618 64 4941.0 5001.0 570 65 49 31.0 5032.0 331 66 4922.0 51 01.0 314 67 49 11.4 51 32.5 284 68 49 06.0 51 49.8 307 69 (46) 49 01.5 5204.0 294 70 4855.0 5224.0 342 71 (45) 48 50.0 5239.0 79 72 (44) 4848.0 5245.0 72 73 (43) 4844.0 5258.0 68

Table 1. The standard oceanographic stations along the Bonavista transect. The figures in () represent old station numbers with position and depths same or very similar to the standard ICNAF stations (from Anom. 1978).

12

YEAR MONTH J F M A M J J A S 0 N D

1930 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1931 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0

1932 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1933 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 1934 0 0 0 0 0 I 2 0 I 0 0 0 1935 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 I 0 0 0 1936 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1937 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1938 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1939 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1940 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1941 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1942 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1943 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1944 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1945 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1946 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 1947 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1948 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 1949 0 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 1950 0 0 0 0 14 0 36 2 I 0 0 0 19.51 0 0 0 5 10 0 21 0 0 0 0 0

1952 0 0 0 15 0 0 23 I 0 0 0 0 1953 4 2 3 0 14 I 23 0 8 0 0 0 1954 0 0 0 0 0 15 11 15 0 1 4 0 19.')5 0 0 0 2 0 15 24 0 7 6 0 0 19.56 0 0 0 0 0 14 13 0 8 0 0 0 1957 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 9 0 0 0 0

19.')8 0 0 13 15 0 28 0 9 I 0 20 0 1959 0 0 0 0 0 15 3 37 I 0 0 0

1960 0 0 I 0 0 15 27 7 0 0 0 0

1961 0 0 0 0 2 15 35 4 0 0 0 0

1962 0 0 0 0 15 15 27 0 0 12 1 0

1963 1 0 0 15 15 4 15 16 0 0 0 0

1964 0 0 0 10 14 0 29 0 0 0 0 0

1965 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 0 0 0 0

1966 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0

1967 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

1968 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

1969 0 5 0 12 2 0 0 17 1 I 0 0

1970 0 12 0 11 11 0 11 11 0 4 0 0

1971 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 20 0 0 I 0 1972 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 1 0 0 0

1973 0 0 0 0 2 14 20 13 0 0 0 0 1974 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 1 0 1975 0 0 0 0 1 16 15 0 1 0 0 0 1976 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 15 1 0 0 0 1977 0 1 0 0 7 0 0 20 1 0 0 0

1978 0 0 0 0 2 3 13 27 1 0 0 0

1979 0 0 7 0 14 0 8 15 14 I 0 8

1980 0 0 7 0 28 9 3 1 8 25 7 8

1981 3 0 11 32 3 11 4 16 27 3 13 3

1982 0 0 25 .5 7 3 0 0 0 0 9 0

1983 5 0 0 0 20 0 21 0 0 13 15 0

1984 9 0 0 0 0 37 26 0 7 0 17 5

1985 11 0 1 0 10 85 3 31 0 13 41 0 1986 11 0 0 0 22 18 0 24 0 0 18 1 1987 0 0 0 0 24 31 1 30 1 3 12 10

1988 0 4 0 9 18 9 0 30 15 15 12 6

1989 0 I 0 2 16 25 13 :2 0 14 20 II

1990 8 33 10 0 17 105 17 16 0 10 0 33

1991 0 18 I 6 15 134 17 17 I 4 32 0

1992 7 ;) 4 0 63 142 186 0 43 7 17 36

,

r

Table 2. Summary of the total number of oceanographic profiles available along and near the Bonavista transect from 1930 to 1992.

13

•

Cape Bonavista CIL Indices YEAR Cross Sectional Area. (K M)'J. Min. Temp.

(OC) Thickness

(M) Extent (J(M)1.0°C O.O°C -1.0°C -1.5°C

1948 27.6 17.5 7.6 0.0 -1.548 210 153 1950 42.3 28.7 16.0 5.9 -1. 768 217 233 1951 38.0 23.9 6.2 0.0 -1.818 189 256 1952 43.3 32.0 11.5 0.4 -1.630 203 254 1953 35.4 21.9 10.4 1.2 -1.648 168 228 1954 37.8 28.1 16.1 4.3 -1.665 213 207 1955 44.1 28.8 11.3 0.0 -1.660 192 249 1956 28.4 19.1 9.8 0.0 -1.620 192 165 1957 33.0 16.3 4.4 0.0 -1.620 192 151 1958 31.9 20.4 8.6 1.8 -1.620 168 218 1959 36.4 25.1 12.0 0.0 -1.660 185 228 1960 32.5 22.8 10.6 0.7 -1.618 178 216 1961 29.3 18.7 9.1 0.0 -1.564 175 158 1962 27.5 15.8 7.2 0.0 -1.573 157 155 1963 28.1 18.0 6.8 0.0 -1.467 206 209 1964 28.7 20.9 11.8 4.0 -1.669 224 164 1965 19.5 12.7 2.7 0.0 -1.430 147 136 1969 41.3 27.7 7.0 0.0 -1.510 203 251 1970 44.1 28.7 13.4 2.1 -1.840 175 279 1971 40.8 27.2 4.3 0.0 -1.630 203 266 1972 55.1 43.2 17.5 3.0 -1.720 224 287 1973 47.4 36.0 20.7 1.0 -1.760 248 246 1974 31.9 18.8 6.4 0.0 -1.600 175 212 1975 35.7 27.1 17.9 4.0 -1.798 227 204 1976 34.0 27.8 16.9 4.5 -1.840 231 169 1977 33.5 21.1 11.6 2.0 -1.710 227 207 1978 23.9 15.3 6.8 0.0 -1.520 133 151 1979 36.6 23.7 6.4 0.0 -1.470 175 270 1981 34.4 23.5 8.8 0.0 -1.400 182 195 1983 47.0 37.6 22.1 0.0 -1.840 227 286 1984 63.8 49.6 29.0 10.6 -1.798 255 322 1985 52.7 36.3 21.2 8.4 -1.700 210 239 1986 30.8 20.5 9.9 0.0 -1.500 178 212 1987 31.8 19.3 1.0 0.0 -1.500 122 225 1988 41.9 29.1 12.0 0.0 -1.494 192 249 1989 36.4 28.7 17.4 7.3 -1.716 210 199 1990 53.7 43.3 26.9 11.9 -1.701 280 244 1991 52.3 44.4 31.7 18.3 -1. 745 266 247 1992 38.7 28.4 13.0 3.8 -.1.682 220 226

Table 3. Summary of selected Bonavista transect summer elL indices.

14

ICNAF STANDARD CAPE BONAVISTA TRANSECT

~~~--------~--~-:------------~~~~~~--------------------~------------------------~

-.~.~~"----------~:~--------~---~-----~------------\--------~---------------------

-~! f~ '... i'_~ ... __"' ____""'_"'( ttl" ._ ...._.J. '\, " :" '.' _ ..it \. ': I ...,1.... :. ~~, " r--' : ,- l'" ,-, !" \'"

f ,"'---~ 1 ........-1... -·-.. '\'. .,\, ' ..~-- ... (" ,4' ..... I 1'\

~ I" , ...#1:,)', ... ...... '" :1''''- "

,,' .r'· l'~ \,: ... ,., ..........._...' ' ......' , I ...",' }.~:I' I" I ,

,... I '" ..., • I 1

,... ',_, '''1 I.' - \,: "\ i,i"'1 ; " ,',!... \.:t ,'-'III',I"

... ' ..., • "" , ___, I'...' " •I

o ,a' ...... , ... , t,~ I ....~ ,,'".: \ : L/)

, ...,..... ), \ ... ' .....;..l " + " \.t" :~ ~

t " I, + Itt ' ..~ ,-. ~ ...........-: + :

.., ,,' I ,"'i!"", ...... _' 1 t l ~:, ,,".I ' ...... ~.., ,--____ + : ,,: ",~ -,-,-' I l' I

,/'11 ~ .L. T"'..... I ......,... • • , II "" , .... .:-r... ',\ I,"'''' ~ I . ,,;;:! ~.:'-- / !,~~~,'r \ \- ,,-.,.~' ~ .....__ ......... : \ "',

.! I : '\. ""'" : "'.. -''III I ....... ...,

I II " I ... _,),,, " ""

-"-' ...' : "',J ~ Jr.._- I I f"_ -',__ ~----------~:~_ ~_:~~------__ _____________________l _____________________ ________ _

'~' I .............. .., : ~..... I ~

~ \yI , , I ,

,I ,I •I

:

l' ,

I

I I I I I I I , I ,I ,, , I

I ,I

,l h

,, "

I

" UJ __r--------------------1r--------------------1r_------------------~r_----------~~/~.'----~~

55 53 51 119 LCiNGITUDE

Fig. 1. Location map showing the position of the standard stations along the Bonavista transect. The bathymetry lines are 300 and 1000 m.

15

0U~________~~~~________~-r~~__~____________~____________~

•

'"

...

Lf)

0 If)

w 0 ~ r .-. r-a: -.J

en :::1'

_~! ' "' ... ,"'_' ", ____ '''' __ ( .. -:;~ ~'":{- :,' : ~.;t~~,. I ..,. ,

f ' .... _ .. J-, , .......... _-.......,' ,~' ",

~ ,", , " , : ,-.-;-'

,, ~~ ,, .. " 'f, ,

I 1"-' ;''':i'' ,. I t .. " -- I I I.. I': .. .. -}, ~

,t.-' . : .. '-..... ,: ...~ \ ' \

,,'. ... ", :.~ ,

..' ,......... ......:: .... _J - :~) ,

.. " ':- I " .. I , I

.. " ,," t,.... !~... (I " J.: + I::,-- ~:_-.......- - --- ..... - ... -- co.:~ ... -- ..... - ..... r"'''' -'.,.':...~:: ... ~1--.. -- ......_..."'-.i.:\ --- ..... -...... L_ ... - -- -- .. _ ..... _ ...... - -- ---

" J, .....-l ..... +".' ' .. ~ :{-+;

La " ~ .... ~

.... I...... .. I

~.. ..... I : , I,! '\ .........- , ...,+ I

:,~,:~, 11;--..... .,.... +~-t\+ .I I I ,... ... -""-r. 1:..Jr.... ''''' I,'" ~ - ... '*_....__ ", l1;,.,,=+'"

.. " & ....... , ... t'~ . .' ,', ~... of'· .. "',' 'I

~ ../.c"": '\.. + 1;'''+,1 ..... " : " •. ~I~"": +........ __......* -': ...

~ I +.... : " , , ' : ..... ~ ... ,,

..,l.... '" .

.. ' I

I ,

,, ;, , , I,,

U)~r----------------------T----------------------;-----------------------:r-------------~,-'~'-'--~~ 55 53 51 49 47

LI)NGITUDE

Fig. 2a. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of January.

0 Lf)

en ::!'

".". '

'Ilt.. '" ,

,

,,,:. ,,,,,,,,

16

,

•

w 0 ::J I- .........

I- IT -.J

,,,, ,,', , ;~

U) ...r----------------------;-----------------------r----------------------~------------~~/-'~.-.--~ ::::T 55 53 51

LCJNGITUOE

49 47

Fig. 2b. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of February.

17

0 Lf')

, "

'..

, ; ._'_,1' ,,

I, I , I

,

~l"".,

0.

;, I 0,,,. I

,

•

w 0 :::J

r-

t--t

r-IT

--.J

U) __~____________________-;______________________~______________________+-____________ =r

55 53 51 49 LONGITUDE

,,, , )~

, ~,_,~,_,_.__~

Fig. 2c. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of March.

18

w 0 ~ r ,........ r a: ~

0 l[)

CO :::1'

,.. I

" :

" .. -""....' ,, ·· .· .. . . '

f.""" "'--(' , ..... :'i \ '\ :

,f .. ''': ..... , ... I

__,' , ... !\.. \.. .:0:" !( ~ '.., : ," ... ,' 'J-, f .... \ :," ... - :... '\ :

-,1.,,' -, I i (I , I ::~_::-~-----------~=i--------T---'~~~::~-~1------------~~~-----~------------ - -------_,,, \0 ~ , "' ....-~.. + ++++ "*' : .. t I~ I I

~ " ..;..:+ +'* +', ~:: ...... ,__ : +...;++ + I ~, .4.t ti! '\ ........ -~. ...,; I I, ...... '... !......' , , I ... "" , - - ......-IfI!Ir .... I ' IA: " '~ ~-.......T'·... •....-t ,+ ,

.''' : I '&'''' "t*: ............. ~ "'"~..!- ~' ~ ~ 4" ,; ~ :~!.... 1".,. ..... r '" ~ ,'e." I +, , ~ ... " I ,,'\

.. O' ;/~ ••J 1f -:+_~-"'.': " " 'f I~"'" I ,,"~ 1'If'!'""........ I '\ "'",

;.. .. ........... " ..... : ~ .......,

.... I -",_", ..... I I

: ..~--... .- ........... -------.. ,,--~ -- -- -- ... .... -- -- -- i- -- -- -- -- -- -- --~- .~:_~__...-- -- -- -- -- I. .-..........,

, ~t.I," ..

. I I I

I,,

I,,:..

)~

U)-1----------------------r_------------------~r_--------------------~------------~,~I~-~__4:::r

,

55 53 51 49 LClNGITUOE

Fig. 2d. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of April.

19

ru~________,~__~~________~~~-'__~__________~r-____________-' Lf) -~! t'" ..... , .... I ... __ ..... , .. _-( .. ";~ ,,

~-:,,-- :,' ~:;i . ,

0 Lf')

w 0 :::J

I 1'-1

I eI: ...-J

• en :::I'

'"

I "",,- . .' J, ".,

.. ,-" ,'-.,,

,. (, I . I ..

,

J_- ....... 1

'''' .. , ..., " - I

,, I,

I

,,,

, " ,

,,, ... - "'_4(

I I I

:...

I I

:. I, I I J I I, ,

J

,I ,, )") , ,

UO~~---------------------T----------------------~--------------------~r-------------~:~,-'-·--,::r 5S S3 Sl 49 l!7

LONGITUDE

Fig. 2e. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of May.

20

,, ,

, ,

,,. ... - ......' , , .... , ,

I"-I , , ,I I ,. -- ,, I, ,, ,,

I ' ,:.' I "" .. ,

0 If)

-,.

w , , . I0 I

I

::) I I I

I I I I

l-I

t--< , I I, , I , , II 0: " I

'."', \,10' :---.J ........ -:~\... , :

... ..r ..'..... _... .........t t ___ ,.~ _______ •__ .

....... 1co :::!' ---------------------~----------------------r--:-~-~:- ------------,, ,,,,-.

: : ............

I I , I I '

: : ',tt.. I I ... »

: I " I I , I ,

.'. I

,·,, · · . ,.: ,,

,

UD __~--------------------_T----------------------;_----------------------T_------------~,~/~·-,--~::r 55 53 51 49 47

LONGITUDE

Fig. 2f. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of June.

21

•

\

'\.

\U~~______~~~~________~-r~__~~____________r-____________--' If) -,' l ~

... ! " '''~'''-~--~''----''''-- t~ '\ I ~ ,f ::.;1

I .

, 'I : ._,,"". :- :~... " t'--; s., ,'f , " ,I

'" I.~ ........ ~.-I....·' ..., ,:... ... ......... ,:____ --:;J ,,_' I ,. ,",~ .... '~ , , ~" ..,,~ : -,,'

,

I' - : ,,' ..-' ,." ~~

".t' , ... ....... -"-~(,. .. ' , '" ,,. ,,' :,.:::i ,I , I I ,

I , I , ".-'

,-'-- : " '... '·-r, . ,,f " ~ \ I ..... , .. '

, • I '" .;:0 :"' .. :,••, '

............., : \.... '" .... -_1 :,_, '\

0 __;':J./~::=~ ___ ~~~.!,~=~ ________'~ ___ ~:~.::. ____ ~______ #_+--+-.=F-----------------If) .- --- )' '-, , '~~ ,

./ J~.. ''} A1t.*:r;":;i\ w ':,(,', .,....-~ ~ +-t+ • 0 ~" ..,.--+- +'""S' =:J :,~-~~, :;J.-'!' ++.':+' ~... f I ,'7Li t~'" -~~~ -tr~;t: ;: \ 1--1 ., ,.. ~: +tt. ... ,'+-t,', '\',I- ~ ,'1:',' I ++ !......... , ..

... I~... -tJ~- .. -, I .. ' ...0: ,~' I +++ : ,,'..,...o.....r-..-...-- --- --- --- -- :::::l"

I II ........

I I " ..... I I~ .. I , • I , '

: : ~lt.. I I 'O. ,, , ,

, • I

,: ",, :', ,, ,, ,, ,.,,, I.. I

,I

, " ,1'" U)-;~---------------------T----------------------;_----------------------r_------------~,'~~.-.--~::r

55 53 51 49 47 LCINGITUDE

Fig. 2g. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of July.

__

22

~-'~_:~-!--------~i,~rr--~,~.~,-._-,T,.-~-_-_---.-_-_-.-.----~(~(-;~,~~~~~--._':r,---r.-.-----------------r----------------------' I ~, I , _ 1

, ,: S·;t'!...~.. :. (.:,

~'--' I .,. I \\

:......... _ ,,'- ___ ~;J ,_... , .....1.. -·· ... ·' .., \ '

"\~ , ... ,1 ,_'~:, '... I • I'" I

.' .' : " ...... ,J ... :

, ,'.! ~;.,. ~: : ,"": I "-'.. . / : •,:. :,'" )31,: :

, I ,I I :

,~.-" \........ "·-f" :

, • ":....... ; \ I

,'!.. \.:0 I. :,-... ".. : •,..... ,..'~': ..... , ..,_.--' ,'-' " .t : "',l.) ,." ... J\., I ! j'/: \.,t-:0

LD ::::·::-~·----------~:i--------~---'~~~:~-~:--------~~-.----.~----------.--------,,' .'1 .~~. ..:~ t ', ...* +: ... , ~5+,,~+ -.i +. ',: -. ~ .-:;t:'t-.... -+-t-++ ' ...c.; .... ..(+...,- I + ,f + IW '1:'\ ..,-+ ~ + ",+ ;0 ,,',~, ..::t:+++.+t-+ ' ....... :::::)

I- ~: ... '~.+~~+ .t :+~/+t" : ..':. '& ~ ~ + #"+ - ,~:

I..-. " " :r ..__ -+..."¥;T; • ,. ~!IJI ' ,,!+.,....,.... ~ ... I ,I ~_ ,'e." I + ++; , ......... \',II

.... I "" ... ' ~ ...... _ ... -+ .., I "",IT ,"'. + + I \ ... ~ " ..--1 " ,, ~ "

.............. I ......r..'...... _... .... I Ir:........ t ... ~-- ....... -- ... - .... ----- _ ..... --',

CO =t' -- ---------------------i----------------------r---~-~:------------~: ...... _' ..... , ~. , . , '

: 'Il', '" ,, ,

.' ,:' .,, ,.., ,,,

, )

1'),- ." ,.

~-+---------------r--------------~--------------~--------~~~ 55 53 51 49 47

LClNGITUDE

Fig. 2h. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of August.

23

,

..

,,

0 If)

ro =t'

,, " ,

"~

"\

, . ."...."..,

,

"ll, '" , ,

I, :', ,,,,.,,

~ )...,

~-+------------------T------------------r----------------~----------~~'~~-"~ 49 47

w 0 ::J r ..-. r a: ---l

55 53 51 LCINGITUDE

I . Fig. 2i. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of September.

24

•

•

w 0 =:J f..........

fa: ---1

, ..

,,,, " 1">, , "

~-t---------------+---------------r--------------~--------~'~--4 49

0 If)

ro :::::r

, f,

f,

, "

,, ,#'-- ... ",'

,,, " ,

"..,'.,

+

~"' ... I

---, .-~- ..... -------~--.

............ ., "Ilt .. ' ..,,

,

,,,:.,,,,,.,,

5S S3 Sl L~NGITUOE

Fig. 2j. Location map showing the position of all stations occ~pied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of October.

25

w 0 :::::)

t ..........

t-

a:: -..J

, ow

55 53 51 LONGITUDE

0 Lf)

OJ ::!'

,

~t."" ... :.,

· ·· I I. ,

,. ,i""

" ,'~UO-+--------------~r_--------------r_--------------+_--------~~~::r 49 47

Fig. 2k. Location map showing the position of all stations occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of November.

26

W 0 ::J t t--1

t-a: ---1

0 Ln

en =:l"

, ,

I

-I ,

,,~.- ..-.,' ,, I, I

, ,,

UD~~____________________~______________________-r______________________; ______________~'_/~'_'_'--, ::::r

,

55 53 51 49 LLJNGITUDE

Fig. 21. Location map showing the position of all stations· ·occupied ~. along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930 for the month of December.

27

100

Ul

J1 1! [l.

'0 ci z

10

1

a

30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 YEARS

25 95

0 0

0 b m

0 co

0 r--0

II 0, ID If)

LU , -10 L;:U1 D II:

D..O

.::T

D

Z

0 IT)

0 N

0

JAN FEB MAR APR MAT JUN JUL AUG SEP DCT NDV DEC M~NTH

Fig. 3. (a) The total number of stations by year and (b) by month occupied along and near the Bonavista transect since 1930.

28

~,--------------------------------------------------------------------. CIl 1.0 DEG. C a

Lf)_ r-

--. k 0

I" I::::c CD *I I V I I

W .. " L "0: :'. I ~ r~

I ~ I I I Il I I I I I I X0 ::::t4

X X I .,/'oJ. ~ " \ ~: .. /Ien ',1\ I, ,... A , I I ", !l- --t--K--\(~-\-----i

29

o~______________________________________________________________--; 0')

Lf)_ r

elL -1.0 OEG. e c

* It ," t I , ~ , \ I 1• f -\- / \ '\ t ,'" *'-'-- * it,..., , t "

i"\ I \ : \ ' \ / \ I ~,-~I-~--f-~-~-----~-------;r---------~-~---r'~---~-------:-------~--~-----JP-

I , ....... I ........ I' " I " \ " +'-+ \/ \ '* .... -'" " ': .,! 'IL ,,~ , .. '"_' T" ,.",.". 'J T T+ \ "I T ~" 'J.T

I I I I I

19l!5 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 TIME (YEARS)

1980 1985 1990 1995

Fig. 4. (c) Time -1.0 °e

series of Bonavista transect in km2 •

elL area less than

..

"

•

30

O~------------------------------------------------------------,

:r 0 1-1

31

B,---------------------------------------------------------------~en a (!) 1. 0 DEG C & 2.0 DEG C + 3.0 DEG C

o

U')

C\J t. t l +s:

" II t' , ,:::c ~o ," , ' " 1 f " .It' I'

, , ,I "I I " o I,',,: ,l\./'... I,'I , I "" IWC\J

u I I ' , I I I , 1 I z ".It : , ' ! , I " ~ l!: a:: ",'f'+.... 1'::' ""

+" " ! " ! (~, *', I t. t' '",+... J I~o \: ~ " ....+- , , : ':t- , ' '', of'" II : ~U') \: \/ '+1 " I : :,' \. / ~ ,::0.-4 • ~ I,' , " \ :.. II ~ ,I \. "" " \ T .' , /': I., 4- ,,' A : ',,," W , I ... 4- \" t " ¥ ~ I I I

0:::: 0 "" ," "i:..,' \ : I '''. ~ : + £ I ~' o.,' ~../ ,: \ I t 'II~o , ,r I ¥ , ' , l \ :n I\en.-4

: \' I , ", I,., , , IJ.... J. ,I , I " \ I I. '. I IIJ.... ,I , ~ I~' I ''''''1o \ 1 \ ,fi ", " : \ ! \ I \'l~ \ \ o \" ," " , " I 1"~!U') .t . '.A t. " I ~l _. ' 1/ ....

(9--f).&-eH9~&H.:;~.e.~ ~-----0-~~"(9~ ~~~;.:..--~'G"G.&IS~

I

W

o .. U') o .-4

• o ::f

en of!]en z:::c u ...... ::I: 0 ~ C\J

-I ...... U

19L!5 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 TIME ['(ERAS)

o,-__________________________________________________________________-.-wo

(!)CIl THICKNESS A CIl ~FFSH~AE EXTENTb ~ , I

, I

, I

,. ~ f ' I '.' " t: \" ,,, I \

,~~ + ~ ~ , I , I ... .. , " 1\ / " ; \,! ~ /\ r ',&! lit,) \ f ....~ ,/ ). ; 'o,! ',,~ \:

,, .. I , I 1:' I ",..' I, ....",,, "'" lL & I '" ,\,' \ I, I

" !: \: \ l \/ \ : : .\ : ~J ~ " Jl \: l'l-~~ '1 .. ",' III 1

, \ I \ '" ' ,I , " (9--41 ~ ~ II ,ff " ~-G.. " e

'_AI, " ' f \ ~ I/J \/ \ " I

~ ,.,J!J :

, ' ....'" &-~ 0-_,' " '...' If'e ,,' - Q,.,.l \,-/ '" \!l fIT-- fI IV' ... ~' \ " \ /~ " I!.I ~

en

, , I 19L!5 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

TIME ['(ERAS)

Fig. 6. (a) Offshore distance from Cape Bonavista of the bottom location of the 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 °c isotherms and (b) the CIL thickness and offshore extent

00

32

o

o.,-----------------------------------------------------------------------, I ell INTENSITY OEG. e

o o. -I

(J~ t:) .-:

wI e o

W::::I' cr:. . ~ ,~:::;) 1-1 w T"" ,/ \a:: '\: ""'8) .4' \ ,-e-ffcr:. •o I, " "'" ,

~ J9.e \:: : \ : \~(D , I , , , , I , , ,:::E: .

W -~-----,~---~~¥~~------;t--------~--w----.~-----L-------l_____~-----~-------CI 1 "\ ,"'(t.eJ"--- C!J , , , " '1-1 \ , , ,\ I,' '". , " '. ' I , l.. ,,'" I." I!r~' \

, I' ..... ' I'" I, V ~o :.. I I , ... I I I, l:J "" 00 ""'" ,I ~ J... I , I.- \.1 I' ..... I I J!J

l:J '~C!f -I I I I I I I I

1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 TIME (YEARS)

Fig. 7. Time series of the eIL intensities or minimum core temperatures.

c

33

APPENDIX A. Time series of monthly mean temperature, salinity and density versus depth for the inshore, mid-shelf and shelf-edge areas off Cape Bonavista.

r

•

.....

CAPE BONAVISTA INSHORE MEAN TEMPERATURE DEC

0

0 (I')

0 (l)

0 en

0 C\I....-~

~' ~.

2ij ij8

·o~r " -~ ...

l,,~1\ ~

~.

"-'

·0 (:, d

(S

o.... I

0.0 G.G

~/.O~

o o

o.o~

w0 ~ILn ~ .... c.... IJ.J °0

CD....

0.... C\I

0

:f' C\I

0,.... C\I

0

0 (I')

0 72 96 120 1ijij 168 192 216 2ijO 26ij 288 312 336 360

TIME (OArS)

35

••

JAN °

° en

° CD

~

~ ..... i: :z:O ~~ a... w a

... ~1.(fl

° CD .....

0 ..... (\j

~1 D °,.... (\j

0 0 en

26.25___~

------- i!8.5{]

28.50

.f.i

~,.-----------/~.

......-----.... 1).'tJ

26.75---,

'tl.0Il- \

-e>,-c-. I I

W 0>

CAPE BONAVISTA INSHORE MEAN SIGMA-T

0 211 118 72 96 120 1l!l! 168 192 216 2l!0 26l! 288 312 336 360

TIME mAYS)

CAPE B~NAVISTA MID-SHELF MEAN TEMPERATURE

a

a (I')

a co

a m

a N....

~ a::c If)

1 .... a.... W CIa

CD....

a.... N

a :::f' N

a

" N a a

o ·0

f/'·O\ ."·0

DEC

w ........

(I')

2" "8 72 96 120 1"" 168 192 216 2"0 26" 288 312 336 360

TIME (oAYS)

0

..

CAPE B~NAVISTA MID-SHELF MEAN SALINITY

0

0 tTl

0 (0

0 0)

0 N -'

g 0::elf)

1--' (L W °0

OJ -'

0 -' N

0 ::jI N

0 r-N

0 0

DEC

33.25~S3·?5 c=:::>

~.~ ~~ ~.~

w (X)

tTl 0 21! 1!8 72 96 120 11!1! 168 192 216 21!0 261! 288 312 336 360

TIME mRYS)

CAPE BONAVISTA MID-SHELF MEAN SIGMA-T

0

0 10

0 co

0 Ol

0 C\I....

~ 0:elf)

1 .... a... w 00

CD....

0.... C\I

0 :::2' C\I

0 r-C\I

0 0 10

~2525.50 :::::::--.....~ .&'

~~~~=~~~~ ,--------26.50 .......---..... 2.6.25 26.50

fi -I ~~ --~ :::>

CAPE B~NAVISTA SHELF-EDGE MEAN TEMPERATURE

0

0 (I')

0 CD

0)

0 N .....

~ J::a,.

0 o 1-- ..... Ill)

0.. W 00

CD .....

0 ..... N ...)0 ~ N

0,... N

0 0 (1')0 96 120 1 ijij 168 192 216 2ijO 26ij 288 312 336 360

TIME (oAYS)

oJ~N

~.o

!" o

C)

.("-J"'

2ij ij8 72

0

0 (T)

0 CD

0 m

0 C\I .....

~ 0

:I: In ~ ~

1 ..... !L W °0

CD .....

0 ..... C\I

0 ::I' C\I ~~ 0 "C\I

0 0 (T)

CAPE BONAVISTA SHELF-EDGE MEAN SALINITY

0 2ij ij8 72 96 120 1ijij 168 192 216 2ijO 26ij 288 312 336 360

TIME mAYS)

~

CAPE B~NAVISTA SHELF-EDGE MEAN SIGMA-T JAN MAR APRIL DEC a

a en

a

43

APPENDIX B. The monthly average vertical distributions of temperature.

44

o r-----------------------------------------------------------~~

i l \ \0.o 0. €'

"'"

O. 0

(Y')

o o (Y')

o ~ N

~ N N

~wr--U ..... Z

a:: I

O(fJ ~ ...... .... 0

W 0:: :::J Lf)l- N .....a:: 0:: W 0....

0L 0w I

W (!')

~a:: r-0:: W >a:

0 >- Lf) 0:: a:: :::J Z Lf)a: N-,

0

0 OS 001 OSl 002 OS2 00£ OS£ OOT! OST! OOS (W) Hld:30

45

0 If) en

If) C\J en

~/ 0 0 en _____~.

If) r-C\J

o"€ o. ....

\

\""0·" 0 If) C\J

If) C\J C\J

0_ o~ C\J~ ......,

If)W r-u ...... z

a: I

o(f) If)1--I ...... 0

W cr:: :::J I- If)cr: C\J ......cr:: W !L L

0W 0I ...... W t:)

cr: If)cr:: r> W

a: 0r If)cr:::

cr: :::J cr:::

~~--~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~----_r0

CD If) W C\J IJ....

o 05 001 051 002 052 00£ 05£ 00f! 05f! 005 (W) Hld30

46

47

o. N

\ W a: =>I-a: 0: W (L L W I

W t:)a: 0: W >a: .....J-0: (L

a:

0 I./) ('t')

I./) C\J ('t')

0 0 ('t')

I./) r-C\J

0 I./) C\J

I./) C\J C\J

0 0 C\J

I./) r -

0 I./) ......

I./) C\J ......

0 0 ......

I./) r

0 I./)

I./) C\J

,.......

L y: '--'

W U z a: I (f)-0

~~--~----~----~-----r-----.-----'r-----r-----~----~-----rO

o os DOl OSt 002 052 00£ 05£ DOT! OST! DOS (W) Hld30

48

0 l/) (T)

l/) C\J (T)

o. !'

;;~ o. ~

[\0) o.

0 . (0

\c.) o.

0

O. 0

O. "..

O.

. -. 0 "... \ 0 I0

0 0 (T)

l/) I"C\J

0lJ) C\J

l/) C\J C\J

0,....,. °LC\J~

'-'

lJ)W I"-U -Z

a: I-

OCf) l/)~_0

lJ) C\J

W -cc: ~ l a: ° 0cc: ..... W a... L W l/)l- I"

W t:)a:

0cc: lJ)W >a: >- l/)a: C\JL

° a as DOT OS1 002 OS2 00£ OS£ DOT! OST! DOS

n·n Hld30

O~~. ('

~/\O~0(\0'...: ~

0 o. d c.)

o. 0

0

o. ... 0

000 0. . . N--O -I

0 os 00l OS1 002 OS2 00£ OS£ 001l OSll OOS (W) Hld::lO

49

li..J cr::: :::::l I-a: cr::: w CL :E W l-

W t:)

a: cr::: w >a: w z :::::l J

0 II) (Y')

II) C\I (Y')

0 0 (Y')

II) r-C\I

0 II) C\I

II) C\I C\I

0 0 :EC\I ~ ~

II) W r-U z a:

I(f)

0 .......

~o

II) C\I-

0 0-

II) r

0 II)

II) C\I

0

0

50

lJ) (T')

LO C\J (T)

0 0 (T')

lJ) r-C\J

0 LO C\J

LO C\J C\J

0 --.0 :LC\J :::c::......,

LO Wr--U ..... Z

cr: I

O(f) LOI-o-o4 ..... 0

LOW C\J .....cr: :J I cr:

0cr: 0w ..... CL L W I lJ)

r-W t:) a: cr:

0w > lJ) a: >~ LO:J C\JJ

~~~~----~----~-----r----~----~----~r-----r-----~----+O

05£ OOTI 05T1 005

o. o 0 cO

o .... I

o.

o. o

~

o. ~

\ o. ~

o 05 00l 051 002 052 00£ (W) Hld30

_--- -1.0---

~_\.o

~O.O

_---O.O~ _ ___\.t;;)

/~.t;;)

O~W~~_ 0 ~ n"Aili~=lIf) 0

0-0 If)-0

0

C\I

...-. L -...J

01::r: 0 If) ~J--C\1

a.... w 00

0 (T)

0 If) (T)

0 0 :!'

0 If)

:!'

AUGUST AVERAGE TEMPERATURE0

0

If)

0 25 50 75 . 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350

oISTANCE (KMl

~

52

0 11) en

_Il.a 11) r:::,-- C\J ~. en

0 0 en

11) r-C\JeO

f[::0~ 11)

11)d0o~~o 0

C\J

C\J C\J

0 ,........

0 LC\J ~ .......

11) W r- U ..... z

a: r

olf) 11) ...... w _0

a::: ::J r-a: 11)a::: C\J .....W CL L W

0r 0 . 0 .....CD W ~

O. a: 0 a::: 11)w

0

to .

0 ° > r-a: a::: w 0

11)(D L W r-CL 11)W C\J If)

~~?~ ~ O. ~

o. 0

o.,.

\... \ \ 0 .....

~~--~----~----~------r-----~-----r----~------r-----~-----rO

o OS 001 OSl 002 OS2 00£ oS£ oofT oSfT DOS (W) Hld30

0.0 ~02.0)).OTI·o~

~o.o

,,/

~.

~.o/)~~ ~?J.O

w w -W\J?'\V~(i7 w~~~~~~ W W\J?'\V W W\J?'\V ~ w o 1 6.0

0 --;--IJIJ')

~.O-I0 0-

() () ()

IJ')-0

0

~~//~0

C\J ,.....

:L '-'

0 (JlIIJ') I-C\J w Q... W 00

0 (T)

0 IJ') (T)

0

0

=:JI

0 IJ')

=:JI

0 CJCTCJBER AVERAGE TEMPERATURE

0 IJ')

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 oISTANCE (KMl

54

•

W cr: :::::> l a: cr: w (L L W

I

W ~ a: cr: W >a: cr: W m L w > EJ Z

0 Ln en

Ln C\J en

0 0 en

Ln r-N

0 Ln N

Ln C\J C\J

0,...... °LC\J~-

LnW r-u .... z

a: I

o(f) 1/)1----01 .... 0

I/) C\J....

0 0....

If) r

0 Ln

I/) C\J

~~--~----~----r-----r-----~----~----~----~----T-----+O

a 05 am 051 002 052 00£ 05£ Oaf! 05f! 005 (W) Hld:30

---

55

~~--r-----~----~----~----~----~----'-----'-----~----~O

o OS 001 OSI 002 OS2 00£ OS£ OOTI OSTI ODS (W) Hld30

W a: ::J ~ a: a: W CL :L W ~

W t:)

a: a: W

>a: a: W CD :L W U W 0

0 L/) ('r)

L/) C\I ('r)

0 0 ('I')

L/) r-C\I

0 L/) C\I

L/) C\I C\I

0 0:L C\I~

L/)W r-u .... z

a: ~

oCf) L/) ....... .... 0

L/) C\I....

0 0....

L/) r

0 L/)

L/) C\I

56

APPENDIX C. The monthly average vertical distributions of salinity.

57

1,

~ ~ . m m

\\

~~--~----~----~----~-----r----~----~----~~----r-----~O

>I~

z ~

---l a: ef)

W t:)

a: CC W >a: >CC a: ::) z a: ")

0 U") ('r)

l/) C\J ('r)

0 0 ('r)

l/) r-C\J

0 l/) C\J

U") C\J C\J

0 0 '"""" LC\J ~ ~

l/) Wr-U .... Z

a: I-

Oef) l/)~ .... 0

U") C\J....

0 0....

l/) r

0 l/)

U") C\J

o os 001 OSl 002 OS2 00£ OS£ OOf! OSf! DOS H-Jl Hld30

0, y y T~""Y

0 --------- 33.50-____ Ln

0 0 ...... ~33.75~ 0 -3 ______Ln 1J . ...... 00

0

0

N

----- 31J. 25-___:E '-J

0 IlJ) 0'1

00I-N (L W

31l.50----DO 0 en

0 lJ) en ~ 0 0 :::I'

0 lJ) :::I'

0 0 lJ)

a 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 oI STANCE (KMl

,0

o

0 ll')

0

0 ......

0 ll') ......

0 0 N

L......,

0 Ill')

• y y.,........ Y :3:= ." 'K Y Y .... Y >''K Y Y

~S/'?)'Z,.

~~.,s '?)\\.1'S

_______ 3~·'2.S

~

MRRCH RVERAGE SALINITY

01 I-N

60

~. ~~

«P. ~~

~~~ t>:J~.

4. ~

>I ........ Z ........

~ --.J cr: ~ (/)

\ w t..:)

ce cr: a: w >cr: --.J ........ a: a.... cr:

a U) (T)

U) C\J (T)

0 0 (T)

U) I"C\J

0 U) C\J

U) C\J C\J c

0 a LC\J ~ '-'

Ln W I"- W ...... Z

cr: I-

a(/) U) ........

(:)......

U) C\J ......

0 0 ......

U) l"

0 U)

U) C\J

a as 001 OSl 002 OS2 00£ OS£ 001l OSll OOS n·n Hld30

0

o.~~~~~'WW7 _--32.50-----

0 Ln

0

0 .....

0

Ln .....

0

0

C\J

:::E -....J

:r:~

~-".9J ?>?> .

o. 32.00

32.50 32.15

__ 33.00 0.1~ ~ Lf)

0 0 ...... I ----

'?>'?> .?-~

~~ \ /...... 0 0 C\J

~ ~~ \ ~. ~ ~ ~~~ ~~. £0 '3 • 3~' I-C\J N~ I (J) a... W 00

0 en

\ /

'J~1 \)~,"~ g~::f'

0

Lf)

::2'

0

0

Lf)

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350

DISTANCE (KM)

o~ --31.50

0 lJ')

0 0 ......

0 lJ') ......

0 0 ~ 1~ C\I 33·- ~ 3~SJ~/ / ~~. (.?L......, '?J~. 1'\ 0 ~ 3~'?"~ ~ tit' IlJ') J en f-C\1 w

0W Do

0 (T')

0 II) (T')

0 0 =1'

0 lJ') =1'

0 JULY AVERAGE SALINITY 0 II)

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 DISTANCE (KMl

~ww w~ o ~ 3150 ~ ~. ~32-,~.00•• iEJC:§~32.00__ ..-n

l/)

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350

0 l/)

0 0 .....

0 l/) .....

0 0 N

---L '-'

:r:~ I-N a.. W Do

0 en

0 l/) en

0 a :::f'

a l/) :::f'

0 0

_____33.1S

AUGUST AVERAGE SALINITY

0> ~

oISTANCE (KMl

http:32-,~.00

7CI i ~~ W 'W'W'¥ 'W~ W' ~W'::7¥~..... W7 W ",,-W

CI If)

CI

CI .....

0 If) .....

0

0

N

L ........

::c~ 0> I-N 01 a.... W DO

0 en

0 If)

('f)

0

0

~

0 If)

;:jI

0

0

If)

0 225 250 275 300 325 350

1 ",.~.-- '" ~~ ~~. ~

SEPTEMBER AVERAGE SALINITY

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 oISTANCE (KMl

m

o. Y w JiW~... w W 'WSV 'WSV 'Wf wr "r j w, wy W W>' w

0 IJ')

0 0....

0 IJ')....

0

0

N

:E -....J

0 I IJ') I--N m a.. W 00

0 en

0 IJ') en

0 0 :jf

0 IJ') :jf

0 ~CT~BER AVERAGE SALINITY

0 IJ')

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 oISTANCE (KM)

0 :::t'

0 In :::t'

N~VEMBER AVERAGE SALINITY0 0 InO 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350

DISTANCE (KMl

o "W 'j?W'W ~ w \j1\V\lI\1I ~ '\VW'¥ "'¥, "W ~~ "W W W W., iii

0 lJ')

0

~I ~ f:,"" ~ 1f:,............ / ?,,~~ _ 3~·f:,(J

33'T. _'1 _ ,, I-C\J ---J 0.... ----W 00

0 en

0 In en

0

DECEMBER AVERAGE SALINITY

C). W I W 'f w W\V'0V W _ \!I\Vj'\VW ",W

C) If)

C)

C)

......

C) If) ......

0 C) N

L '-oJ

(J)::r:::~ f-N co (L W 0

C)

C)

en

C) If) en

C)

C)

::t'

C) If) ::t'

C)

C)

If)

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350

D I STANCE (KMl

69

APPENDIX D. The monthly average vertical distributions of density.

--

70

\ ~.

~

\0 r. ~

\ \

y Y ......... XTO •

~ 0 lJ)

0

0 .....

0 lJ) .....

0 0 (\/

L -...oJ

:c~ --...J1-(\/ ...... a.... W DO ------27.50--0

en

0 lJ) en

0

0

::::I'

0 lJ) ::::I'

0 FEBRUARY AVERAGE SIGMA-T

0 lJ)

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 oISTANCE (KMJ

0 II)

0 0 ......

0 II) ......

0 0 C\I ,......

::L -...J

:::c~1--C\1 a... W 0

0 0 en

0 II) en

0 0 :jI

0 II) :jI

0 0 II)

o. Y II"""" ..,.. ->= W' yy Y Y I Y Y Y::::a

~to.-";

__ '21. 00

~Zl.ZS

7,,

73

o.~~~W~~

0 If)

0 0 .....

0 If) .....

0 0 C\J

:L -...J

0I If)

If)

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 275 300 325 350

26.00 __ '2: ----- 2,6. SO G.1S

26.25 ~

~ 26.50 -

~'tI.

~'/.~p SO _____Z1. 5Il

oz.1. ~

~~ ~.

o~~~~~~~~~ 0 In

0 0 ~

0 In ~

,......

0 0 C\J

~

::r::~ ~C\J (L W DO

0 (l')

--,J 0'1

0 In (l')

0 0 ::1'

0 In ::1'

0 0 In

0

JUNE

25

AVERAGE SIGMR-T

50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 oISTANCE (KM)

0 ---- -----25.00,5.50 ~5.75

26.00 26.25 .. -.- S

~26.S0- ~Z1'Z~1'0 0 ,...-. 01 If)...-.

: 0

:~I-N a.... w Do

0 (Y)

0 If) (Y)

0 0 ::1'

0

~

0 0 If)

a

____ 26· • ~ ?,~-~ D· ~

0 lJ)

0 0 ......

0 lJ) ......

0 0 C\J

~

:r:~ I-C\J a.... W DO

0 (T)

0 lJ) (T)

0 0 =f'

0 lJ) =f'

0 0

26.50

~~.-,.;--~21.00

21.00~

~'l.1.'l.S

AUGUST AVERAGE SIGMA-T

~~'

~.

21.0021.25

" "

lJ)

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 oISTANCE (KMl

0J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;;~~~~~~~~~~::~~~--~~m-__ 2~.OO 2~.50 ~8 ~ 26.00:::- 26. 2~ 26.500 lJ)

r'~/~?-tJ.'-

~ ~~-~;.50 0 0 ...-t

0 lJ) ...-t

0 0 N

~ ~~ \ _______ ~1."fo '-I (X)I-N ~ I a.... w

Cl o 0 en

0 lJ) en

0 0 :::2'

0 lJ) :::2'

0 SEPTEMBER AVERAGE SIGMA-T

0 lJ)

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 DISTANCE (KMl

o i WW "WW~ "WW W "WW "WW."WW ~ 'Sf W W;f W W W W

0 lJ1

r ~~2702S g . ', -27.50 --4 ~'. ~26.1S __ ~1.()()

0 Ln ......

0

O

•\ -....J::1 (V ~

~N / /' CD a... W 00

0 en

0

lJ1 en

0 0 ::f

0 Ln ::f

0 OCTOBER AVERAGE SIGMA-T

0 lJ1

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350

DISTANCE (KMl

o 'W \iI'\V\II\V' ~ W ~ \J2'\J2'\j/\j/\

~ .t.g.~=---------'SV'jW w ~ SlIW"iI'¥ \V'\V\V'iI 'W W W Wi .,,- 7 7

115g1 26.25 ~/-=27.00 ______ 26.50 ~

0 0 ..... I -..

, 115-- 7,

81

~~--~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~----~-----r0 o os 001 OSl 002 OS2 00£ OS£ OOft OSft OOS

U·U Hld30

I I

a: L C) 1-4 (/)

W C)

a: cc W >a: cc w (I)

L W

U

W

0

0 lJ) (T)

lJ) C\J (T)

0 0 (T)

lJ) r-C\J

0 lJ) C\J

lJ) C\J C\J

0 0"""C\IL ~ ~

lJ)W r--u -z

a: I-

o(/) lJ)1-4 ..... 0

lJ) C\J .....

0 0 .....

lJ) r-

0 lJ)

lJ) C\J

82

APPENDIX E. Cape Bonavista Temperature.

•

ww w __ W __w W W W WI o. ~'I.O o /lJ') 0

0.... o.o~/

___________ \.0 '2..0

~/

0 0.0 ./' ~ lJ')....

0

0

C\J ,.......

L '-J

_________ \.0 coI~ w ~C\J a... W DO

0 (I')

0 lJ') (I')

0

0

::::I'

0 lJ')

::::I'

MARCH 1958 TEMPERATURE0 0 lJ')

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 oISTANCE (KM)

--

--

--0 0. . 0 ...

~\ \\

84

~~--r-----'------r-----r-----.-----''-----r-----~-----r-----rO

o os oot ost 002 OS2 00£ OS£ OOT! OST! OOS (W) Hld:30

\ /c N

0 l/) (T)

l/) N (T)

0 0 (T)

l/) l""'N

0 l/) N

l/) N N

0 0 '""' LN

:::s:::::

l/) w I""'- U

Z a: J-,if)

0 l/) -- -0 l/) N

W a: :=l J-,

0a: 0a: w Il... L w l/)J-, I""'

...... en 01 0

l/)...... I U a: l/)a: NL

--

--

85

W a::: :::) I-a: a::: w a.. L W I

-If) 0')-.-I ....... a::: a.... a:

~~--r-----r-----r-----r-----r-----r-----r-----~----~----rO

05£ OOn OSn 005o os 001 051 002 052 00£ (W) Hld30

0 U') (I")

U') C\I (I")

0 0 (I")

U') r-C\I

0 U') C\I

U') C\I C\I

00C\IL ~ ~

U')Wr--U --Z

a: I-

Olf) __ 0U') .......

U') C\I

0 0

U') r-

0 U')

U') C\I

86

.,..

/

\

o

o. o

....

\

0 l/') en

l/') N en

0 0 en

l/') r-N

0 l/') N

l/') N N

00 N~ ~-

l/')Wr--U -0 Z

a: r-

O(f) l/')-0O

l/') N

W -0

a: :::::> r

0a:a: 0 -0 W (L L W l/')r- r-

(\j lJ) m 0 ....... l/')

....J-a: l/')(L Na:

~~--~----~----~----~----~----~----~----__----~----~O o os 001 OSl 002 OS2 00£ OS£ 00f! OSf! OOS

(W) Hld::lO

87

O. /'

o.~ o

~~--r-----r-----r-----r-----r-----r-----r-----'-----'-----TO

o os 001 OSl 002 OS2 00£ OS£ 00f! OSf! OOS (W) Hld]O

Wcr:: ::J I-a: cr:: W a.... L W I

eo If') 01 --'

---1 .......

cr:: a.... a:

0 If} en

lJ) C\J ('I")

0 0 ('I")

If} r-C\J

0lJ) C\J

If} C\J C\J

0 0"""" C\JL ~ ......,

lJ)Wr-U .... Z

a: I-

OCf)lJ) ....... .... 0

If} C\J....

0 0....

If} r

0 If}

If} C\J

88

o r------------------------------------------------------------r~(Y')

~ C\J (Y')

o o (Y')

o ~ C\J

~ C\J C\J

~w ..... U -Z

Cl. ~

o C\J

o

~~--r_----r_----r_----~----~----~----~----~----~-----r0

a: ~ en

0 .......

~D

-~ C\J W 0:: => ~ oa: o0:: W -CL :L: W ~

en (D m-.....J .......

0:: ~ CL C\Ja:

o os 001 051 002 052 00£ 05£ OOTI 05T1 DOS u·n Hld30

89

a lO en

lO ('\J en

~

a a en

O. cl

(\\ O.

\ lO I' ('\J

0 lO ('\J

lO ('\J ('\J

a ___ a~ ('\J~

'-'

lOW I'U ..... z

a:

I

90

91

0

92

\VI o.0.

I ...

?

\ ~ , \.

O~\ \

W a:: :::J I-a: a:: w a.... L W l-

C\.J en en ~

---1 1-4

a:::: a.... a:

Ln ('I')

Ln C\I ('I')

0 0 ('I')

Ln I' C\I

0 Ln C\I

Ln C\J C\I

0 0 C\I L

::::s::: ~

Ln W I'-U ...... Z

a: I-

Oen LnI-4 ...... 0

Ln C\I ......

0 0 ......

Ln I'

0 Ln

Ln C\I

0

a as 001 OSl 002 OS2 00£ OS£ 00f! OSf! DOS (W) Hld30

93

~~--~----~----~----~----~----~----~------~----~----+O • o 05 001 051 002 052 00£ 05£ OOfT 05fT 005

(W) Hld::lO

w a: ::J ~ a: a: lLJ a.... L

W

~

0 U1 m .-. >a: L

0 UJ en

UJ C\l en

0 0 en

UJ r-C\l

0 UJ C\l

UJ C\l C\l

0 °LC\l~ ~

IJ) W r- U -' z:

a: ~ en

0 .......

UJ -' Cl

IJ) C\l -'

0 ° -'

UJ r

0 IJ)

IJ) C\l

O

0 If)

0

0

-<

0 If)

-<

0

0

N

L -....J

(0I~ ~I-N

0.... W DO

0 en

0 If) en

0

0

::jI

0 If)

::jI

MAY 1953 TEMPERATURE0

0

If)

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 300 . 325 350 oI STANCE (KMl

wI y WI Y Y Y Y Y W' Y Y Yi (

~._\..0 ~.

~~ 0.0

~ --1.0 c;:, tr)'

225 250 275

a

95

~=---.-----.-----r-----r-----r-----r-----~----~----~----+O

0 l/) (T)

l/) C\J (T)

a a (T)

l/) r-C\J

0 l/) C\J

l/) C\J C\J

0 0""'" C\JL

:::s::: '-'

l/)W r--u ..... z

a: I

olf) l/)~ ..... 0

l/) C\J .....

W a::

0~ 0I .....a: a:: W a... l/)L r-W I-

aC\J l/)

0') «)

--'

>- l/)a: C\JL

o os 001 OSl 002 OS2 00£ OS£ 00f! OSf! DOS (W) Hld30

96

(J·G

0. (.C\

0

0

o. ~

\ o.

0

\0. a: L

e I/) (T')

I/) C\I (T')

e e (T')

I/) I""'C\I

e I/) C\I

I/) C\I C\I

e e~

C\lLy:......,

I/) W I""'-U Z a:

l (f)

e I/)--Cl I/) C\I-

-e e 1/) .

I""'

e I/)

I/) C\I

e

0

97

Wa: ::::J I-a:a: w Il... L W I

=r CD ()') .......

>-a: L

~~~~--~----~-----T----~----~----~----~----~----+O

a as OaT OST 002 OS2 00£ OS£ Oaf! OSf! OOS (W) Hld:30

If) (T)

If) C\I (T)

0 a (T)

If) I""C\I

0 If) C\I

If) C\I C\I

0,....,.a LC\I~ ~

If)W I""-U ..... Z

a: I-

a(/) If) .......

..... 0

If) C\I .....

0 0 .....

If) I""

a If)

If) C\I

98

O. If'I

0. ....

0 0 c:i . -I 0 ..... .

~

\

W a: ::J I-a: a: W a... ~ W I-

a r" OJ .....-4

>a: L

0 I/) (T')

I/) N (T')

0 0 (T')

I/) I""C\I

0 I/) N

I/) C\I N

0 0 LC\I ~

I/) W I""-U .... Z

a: I-

OCf) 1/).... 0

I/) C\I....

0 0....

I/) I""

0 I/)

I/) N

0

0 os 001 051 002 052 00£ 05£ 00f! oSf! 005 (W) Hld30

99

o. to

0 0

0 N

0 W cc o. =>-..: /', II a: a:: w

\\ 0... L W I-

m r-m ...... >a: L

0 os DDt OS1 002 OS2 00£ OS£ OOfT OSfT ODS (l...j) Hld:30

0 Ln (Y')

Ln C\J (Y')

0 0 (Y')

lJ) r-C\J

0 Ln C\J

Ln C\J C\J

0 0 LC\J ~

Ln W r- U ...... z

a: l

oU') Ln...... 0

Ln C\J ......

0 0 ......

Ln r

0 Ln

Ln C\J

a

100

O?l '3.0 o~

0 0 . 0 C\I

o. 0

W 0:: :::>

d "!tn o. t-I • .... cr:.... \ 0::I

W \p. CL

.... L \ W

\ t

(\] m m .......

>cr: L

0 os oot ost 002 OS2 00£ OS£ OOn OSn oos (W) Hld30

0 l/) ('I')

l/) C\J ('I')

0 0 ('I')

l/) I""'C\J

0 l/) C\J

l/) C\J C\J

0 0 -LC\J ~ .....,

l/) W I""'- U -' Z

cr: teno

l/) -' -0 l/) N -'

0 o -'

l/) I""'

0 l/)

l/) N

CJ

101

~~--~----~----.------r-----r-----.-----'------r-----.-----+O

o os DOT OST ODe OSe 00£ OS£ DOT! OST! ODS (W) Hld30

W cc => I- a: cc w CLL W I-

m ::jf m ...-4

W

Z

=>-,

0 lJ) (T)

lJ) C\J (T)

0 0 en

lJ) I"'C\J

0 lJ) C\J

lJ) C\J C\J

0

°LC\J~ ......,

II)W I"'-U ..... z

a: I-

o(f) lJ) .........

..... 0

lJ) C\J .....

° ..... °

II) l"'

0 lJ)

lJ) C\J

--

--

102

\\.0

C)

~o.€ ~.o ~3.0

~o.€ ~

o~~ ,.. o.

c.)

0

C\I

o. 0

In

\. ....,

----O~)

wa::: :::J fa:a::: w a.... :L W f

:j4 lJ) (J) ~

W Z :::J )

0 If) (I")

If) C\I (I")

0 0 (I")

If) r-C\I

0 If) C\I

If) C\I C\I

0 0 ~ :LC\I ::s:::

If) W r-- U -- z a:

f-o(f) If)__ 0

If) C\I

0 0

If) r-

0 If)

If) C\I

0 OS 001 OSl 002 OS2 00£ OS£ DOn OSn ODS n~) Hld31J

0

103

a If) (Y)

If) C\J (Y)

a a

O'c (Y)

If)

0', I" C\J

0 a

N~n 0 If)

C\J('J

Ln C\J

0 C\J ci 0, ....

0 0 0. 0(T)

C\J

If) I" -'

o If) -'

If) C\J -'

w a: ::::l

0t-a: 0 -' a: w a.... L If)W I"t-

LJ") LJ") 0 en If) .-t

W Z If)::::l C\J J

~~--~----~----~-----.----~----~-----.------.-----~----+o

o os 001 OSl 002 OS2 00£ (W) Hld:30

OS£ OOft OSft OOS

L ~ "-'

W U Z a: ten 1--1

0

104

0 LJ) en

Lf) C\J en

0 0 en

Lf) r-C\J

0 Lf) C\J

Lf) C\J C\J

0 a :::EC\J ~ '-'

LJ) W r- U.... z

a: I(f)

0 t-4Lf).... 0

LJ) C\J ....

W a:: :::J

0I 0a: ....a:: w (L :::E Lf)W r-I

eD If) a

Lf)OJ .--t

W Z Ln:::J C\J I

~~--.-----.------r-----r-----.-----.------r-----.-----.------rO

o os 001 OSl OOZ OSZ 00£ OS£ OOll OSll OOS (W) Hld:30

o. WSII'\V\lI\JI\V W W W W W W W W W w

0 lJ)

0 0 ......

0 lJ) ......

0

0

C\J

:E ~

11.0 ===-----~--

-1.0 --OO~ ---~~.~~ ---C--1.5---;__ ~~;;::==f:8~:8i=I!·O~-1.5/ / ~ OoJ~-./'~»

. -

_000-'-/ . /0.0

__---G.O/ ~\oO

_____ ~.O

o cr; .....

0 I lJ) o

CJ1I-C\J Cl... W DO

0 (\")

0 lJ) (\")

0 0 :j4

0 lJ) ::j4

0 JUNE 1958 TEMPERRTURE

0 lJ)

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 01 STRNCE (KMl

--------

z.o------ ----------

o I '" '" y W 't' "'..., y w ............... y yy ~yry

0 lJ)

0 0 ......

0 lJ) ......

0 0 (\J ,.......

~ 0

IlJ) ~(\J

a... w 00

0 (I")

0 lJ) (I")

0 0 =I'

0 lJ) =I'

0 0 lJ)

---~2.0------=-1.0 _

0.01.0____ -1.5~

~ . / -\. -,~/

------ v

---3.0 •. u--....0.0)

.

",'I' ,':'

~~ . ~

-- -----3.0

",.

.....

..\.o~ / ~/",,:, \..

o ~ 0')~ z.o-

JUNE 1959

a 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 · 325 350 oI STANCE (KMl

107

0

C\I

l\0 o. 0.... .... . C\I 0 . 00 cr,

\ O.

0 O. (')

\O. O. /' W.... a:\ :::::> I-a:: a:: w a.. L W I-

III 0 (D OJ ....-I

W Z :::::> I

0 OS 001 OSl 002 OS2 00£ OS£ OOfT OSfT OOS (W) Hld30

0 Lf) en

Lf) N en

0 0 cY"l

Lf) l"N

0 Lf) N

lJ) N C\J

0 ,-,0 N L ~ .....,

Lf) W I"- U ..... Z

a:: I--

Olf) Lf) .......

..... 0

lJ) N .....

0 0 .....

Lf) l"

0 lJ)

Lf) N

0

108

0.£\ I:' o. o ~

'" o.

~Y\~~ o ~ ~

0 ... N

0

0 . '"

W a: :::::) I-a:: c:c W CL L W I

........ (D en ........

W :z :::::) "I

~~--~----~-----r-----r----~----~'-----r-----~----~-----rO

o os 00l OSl 002 OS2 00£ OS£ OOT! OST! OOS (W) Hld30

0 In en

In C\J en

0 0 en

In I"C\J

0 In C\J

In C\J C\J

0 0 s:C\J ~

InW I"-U ..... :z

a:: I(f)

O~ InO.....

In C\J .....

0 0 .....

In l"

0 In

In C\J

109

~=---~----~----'------r-----r-----.-----'-----'~----r-----+O

a as 001 OSl 002 OS2 00£ OS£ Oaf! OSf! OOS n·n Hld30

W

.-~ ::J

cr: ~ W (L L

.-W

C\J (D 0") ...... W Z ::J """")

0 If) (T)

If) C\J (T)

0 0 (T)

If) r-C\J

0 If) C\J

\.[) C\J C\J

0 o~

C\JL ~

\.[) Wr--U -Z

cr:.O(f) \.[) .......

_0

If) C\J-

0 0-

\.[) r-

0 If)

\.[) C\J

110

___

0 II)

0 0 .-4

0 lJ) .-4

0