11. Vertigo Block 19

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    INCIDENCE OF VERTIGO(Brandt 2002)

    5-10% of all patients seen by general

    practitioners 10-20% seen by neurologists &

    otolaryngologist

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    The Ear

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    The Inner Ear

    (horizontal)

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    LOCATION OF VESTIBULAR & COCHLEAR DIVISIONS OF THE INNER EAR

    Endolymphatic sac

    Semicircular

    canals

    Anterior

    vertical

    Posteriorvertical

    Horizontal

    POSTERIORANTERIOR

    SUPERIOR

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    Crus commune

    Semicicular

    canals

    Anterior

    vertical

    Horizontal

    Posterior

    vertical

    BONY & MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTHBony labyrinth is bounded by petrous portion of the temporal bone. Membranous labyrinth contains

    organ of hearing (cochlea) & equilibrium (utricle, saccule, & semicircular ducts).Bone & membranous labyrinth filled with perilymph, membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph)

    endolymph

    perilymph

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    Ampullary

    crista

    Semicircular

    canal

    Angular

    acceleration

    Endolymph

    flow

    A. The ampullary crista contains the haircells. The hair bundles of the hair cells

    extend into the cupula, which stretches

    from the crista to the roof of the ampulla

    B. The cupula is displaced when the head moves,

    & the hair cells are also displaced

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    HAIR CELLS IN THE VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH TRANSDUCE MECHANICAL

    STIMULI INTO NEURAL SIGNALS

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    Axis of

    hair cells

    Ampulla

    Horizontal

    canals

    Because of inertia, rotation of the head in a counterclockwise direction causes endolymph

    to move clockwise. This reflects the stereocilia in the left canal in the excitatory direction

    & excites the afferent fibers on this side. In the right canal the hair cells are hyperpolarized& afferent firing there decreases.

    Depolarization

    (excitation)

    Hyperpolarization

    (inhibition)

    (Move clockwise

    because of inertia)

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    PATOFISIOLOGI

    Sindroma vertigo (SV)

    I. Teori Konflik Sens. Oleh Norre (1978) Konflik masukan sens pusat AKT bingung.

    Kanan kiri. Vestib visus propriosep.

    Keluaran pusat AKT abnormal.

    Korteks : vertigo

    Motorik : deviasi posisi tegak, berjalan, dll. Otonom : pucat, peluh, mual & muntah.

    Visual : nistagmus.

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    II. Teori MG Gaudry (1991)

    Garis besar = konflik sensoris. Lebih rincidan luas gejalanya.

    Teori I & II tidak menjelaskan adaptasi.

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    III. Teori Neural Mismatch dari Reason

    (1975) SV timbul gerakan baru lama.

    Adaptasi rearrangement masukan

    sensoris baru = lama sensory

    rearrangement

    Kegunaan klinisnya ?

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    Neural Mismatch

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    Sensory Rearrangement

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    PATOFISIOLOGI SV

    IV. Teori Sinap

    Stres CRF Switch SS simp SS

    Parasimpatis Vertigo, pusat, peluh

    Switch SS Simpatis SS Par Mual &muntah.

    Stres berulang Switch berulang progres-

    sive Ca Channel Closure

    influks Ca

    NT respon adaptasi (+).

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    CLASSIFICATION OF VERTIGO

    (Brandt 2002)

    Physiological stimulation

    Height vertigo

    Motion sickness

    Pathological dysfunction

    Labyrinthine & vestibular nerve disorders

    (peripheral)

    Central vestibular disorders (central)

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    Syndromal manifestations of

    vertigo (Brandt 2002)

    Syndrome Manifestation

    ------------------------------------------------------------------

    Spatial orientation &motion perception Vertigo

    Vestibulo-Ocular reflex Nystagmus

    Posture Ataxia Autonomic Nausea,

    vomiting,

    anxiety

    -----------------------------------------------------------------

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    CLASSIFICATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL VERTIGO & VESTIBULAR DISORDERS WITH THEIR

    ORIGIN AT DIFFERENT SITES WITHIN PERIPHERAL OR CENTRAL VESTIBULARSTRUCTURES (Brand & Daroff, 2002)

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    Visual input

    Proprioceptiual

    input

    Vestibular input

    labyrinths.

    equilibrium

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    RE-AFFERENCESEXPECTED

    AFFERENCES

    ----------------CENTRAL

    STORE

    ----------------

    NEURAL MISMATCH CONCEPT OF VERTIGO AND MOTION SICKNESS

    (Brandt 2002)

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    HIGHER

    CENTERSOCULOMOTOR

    SYSTEM CEREBELLUM

    VESTIBULAR

    NUCLEIEND

    ORGANEND

    ORGAN

    RETICULAR

    FORMATION

    AUTONOMIC

    SYSTEM

    MOTORSYSTEM

    Communication between the vestibular system & other system of centers in the CNS

    (Durrant 1982)

    inhibition

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    Labyrinth

    CN VIII

    (Vestibularportion)

    Vestibularnuclei

    Brainstem

    VertigoCerebellum

    CAUSES OF VERTIGO

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    FREQUENCY OF DIFFERENT VERTIGO

    SYNDROMES (Brandt 1989-1999)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Diagnosis Frequency

    n %

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) 533 17.6

    Somatoform phobic postural vertigo 434 14.3

    Central vestibular syndromes with vertigo 364 12.0Peripheral vestibulopathy (vestibular neuritis) 263 8.7

    Basilar migraine, vestibular migraine 241 7.9

    Menieres disease 200 6.6

    Bilateral vestibular failure 89 2.9

    Psychogenic vertigo (without 2) 89

    2.9Vestibular paroxysmia (neurovascular cross compression) 63 2.1

    Perilymph fistula 7 0.3

    Various rare vertigo syndrome 112 3.7

    Unknown etiology 132 4.3

    Central vestibular syndromes (without vertigo) 396 13.0

    Other disorders 115 3.8-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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    DD PERIPHERAL VS CENTRAL

    VERTIGO (Finestone 1982)

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Symptome Peripheral Central

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Hallucination of movement Definite Less definite

    Onset Usually paroxysmal Seldom paroxysmal

    Intensity Usually severe Seldom severe

    Duration Usually short Longer

    Influence of head position Frequent Seldom

    Nystagmus Present Present or absent

    Autonomoc nervous system Definite Less intense or absent

    Tinnitus Frequently present Seldom presentDeafness Frequently present Seldom present

    Disturbs of consciousness Seldom present More frequently present

    Other neurologic signs Usually absent Frequently absent

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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    SPINNED

    Sudden (Onset) Yes Slow, gradual

    Positional Yes No

    Intensity Severe Ill defined

    Nausea/Diaphoresis Frequent Infrequent

    Nystagmus Torsional/horizontal Vertical

    Ear (hearing loss) Can be present Absent

    Duration Paroxysmal (< 1 min) Constant

    CNS signs Absent Usually present

    PERIPHERAL CENTRAL

    Carvalho et al. CTU, Oct, 2004

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    CAUSES OF PERIPHERAL VERTIGO

    (Finestone 1982)

    -----------------------------------------------------

    Ear

    Acute otitis media

    Chronic otitis media

    Mastoid infection, acute & chronic

    Cholesteatoma

    Local traumaForeign body or impacted cerumen

    Menieres syndrome

    Benign paroxysmal positional

    vertigo (BPPV)

    Vestibular neuronitis

    Ototoxic drugsOtoslerosis

    Motion sickness

    Psychogenic

    CAUSES OF CENTRAL VERTIGO

    (Finestone 1982)

    ---------------------------------------------------

    Vertebrobasilar insufficiency

    Stroke (cerebellar)

    Tumors, cerebellar or brainstem,

    primary or

    metastatic

    Degenerative disease of CNS (eg M.S.)Head trauma

    Psychogenic

    Epilepsy

    Migraine equivalent

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    Tes Romberg

    Tes Rombergdipertajam

    Tes Jalan tandem Tes Fukuda

    Tes Past Pointing

    Head thrust test Pemeriksaan nistagmus

    Pemeriksaan khusus Neuro-otologik pada

    vertigo

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    Bedside secara sederhana dengan atau

    tanpa kaca mata Frenzel

    Head shaking test

    Dix-Hallpike test

    ENG

    Tes kalori

    Pemeriksaan nistagmus

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    Pemeriksa berada di belakang pasien

    Pasien berdiri tegak dengan kedua tangan

    di dada, kedua mata terbuka

    Diamati selama 30 detik

    Setelah itu pasien diminta menutup mata

    dan diamati selama 30 detik

    Jika pada keadaan mata terbuka pasien

    sudah jatuh kelainan serebelum

    Jika pada mata tertutup pasien cenderung

    Tes Romberg

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    Pemeriksa berada di belakang pasien

    Tumit pasien berada didepan ibu jari kaki

    yg lainnya

    Pasien diamati dalam keadaan mata

    terbuka selam 30 detik

    Kemudian pasien menutup mata dan

    diamati selama 30 detik

    Interpretasi = tes Romberg

    Tes Romberg di pertajam

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    Pasien diminta berjalan dengan sebuah

    garis lurus, dengan menempatkan tumit di

    depan jari kaki sisi yg lain secara

    bergantian

    Pada kelainan serebelar pasien tidak

    dpt melakukan jalan tandem dan jatuh

    kesatu sisi Pada kelainan vestibular pasien akan

    mengalami deviasi ke sisi lesi

    Tes jalan tandem

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    Pemeriksa berada di belakang pasien

    Tangan diluruskan ke depan, mata pasien

    ditutup

    Pasien diminta berjalan ditempat 50

    langkah

    Tes fukuda dianggap abnormal jika

    deviasi ke satu sisi > 30 atau maju/

    mundur > 1 meter

    Tes fukuda ini menunjukkan lokasi

    kelainan disisi kana atau kiri

    Test fukuda

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    Pada posisi duduk, pasien diminta untuk

    mengangkat satu tangan dengan jari

    mengarah keatas

    Jari pemeriksa diletakkan didepan pasien

    Pasien diminta dengan ujung jarinya

    menyentuh ujung jari pemeriksa beberapa

    kali dengan mata terbuka

    Setelah itu dilakukan dengan cara yang

    sama dengan mata tertutup

    Tespast pointing

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    Pada kelainan vestibular ketika mata

    tertutup maka jari pasien akan deviasi

    kearah lesi

    Pada kelainan serebelar akan terjadi

    hipermetri atau hipometri

    Testpast pointing

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    Pasien diminta memfiksasikan mata pada

    hidung / dahi pemeriksa

    Setelah itu kepala digerakkan secara

    cepat ke satu sisi

    Pada kelainan vestibular perifer akan

    dijumpai adanya sakadik

    Head thrust test

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    Pasien diminta mengikuti jari pemeriksa

    kekiri atau kanan 30 nistagmus

    horisontal

    Pasien diminta mengikuti jari pemeriksa

    kearah atas dan bawah nistagmus

    vertikal

    Nistagmus disebutkan berdasarkankomponen cepat sedangkan komponen

    lambat menunjukkan lokasi lesi

    Pemeriksaan nistagmus

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    Pasien di gerakkan kepala kekiri dan

    kanan 20 hitungan

    Kemudian diamati adanya nistagmus

    horisontal dan vertikal

    Head shaking tes

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    Pasien menoleh 45 kesatu sisi, setelah

    itu pasien dijatuhkan sehingga kepala

    menggantung 15 dibawah bidang datar

    Diamati adakah nistagmus atau tidak

    Kemudian pasien tegak kembali dan

    diamati adakah nistagmus atau tidak

    Hal yang sama dilakukan kembali pada

    sisi yang lainnya

    Dix-Hallpike test

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    Pada pemeriksaan Dix-hallpike ini dapat

    membedakan kelainan sentral atau perifer

    Pada kelainan perifer :

    - latensi : 3-10 detik

    - lamanya nistagmus: 10 30 detik, atau