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7/21/2019 11. Vertigo Block 19
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INCIDENCE OF VERTIGO(Brandt 2002)
5-10% of all patients seen by general
practitioners 10-20% seen by neurologists &
otolaryngologist
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The Ear
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The Inner Ear
(horizontal)
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LOCATION OF VESTIBULAR & COCHLEAR DIVISIONS OF THE INNER EAR
Endolymphatic sac
Semicircular
canals
Anterior
vertical
Posteriorvertical
Horizontal
POSTERIORANTERIOR
SUPERIOR
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Crus commune
Semicicular
canals
Anterior
vertical
Horizontal
Posterior
vertical
BONY & MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTHBony labyrinth is bounded by petrous portion of the temporal bone. Membranous labyrinth contains
organ of hearing (cochlea) & equilibrium (utricle, saccule, & semicircular ducts).Bone & membranous labyrinth filled with perilymph, membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph)
endolymph
perilymph
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Ampullary
crista
Semicircular
canal
Angular
acceleration
Endolymph
flow
A. The ampullary crista contains the haircells. The hair bundles of the hair cells
extend into the cupula, which stretches
from the crista to the roof of the ampulla
B. The cupula is displaced when the head moves,
& the hair cells are also displaced
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HAIR CELLS IN THE VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH TRANSDUCE MECHANICAL
STIMULI INTO NEURAL SIGNALS
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Axis of
hair cells
Ampulla
Horizontal
canals
Because of inertia, rotation of the head in a counterclockwise direction causes endolymph
to move clockwise. This reflects the stereocilia in the left canal in the excitatory direction
& excites the afferent fibers on this side. In the right canal the hair cells are hyperpolarized& afferent firing there decreases.
Depolarization
(excitation)
Hyperpolarization
(inhibition)
(Move clockwise
because of inertia)
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PATOFISIOLOGI
Sindroma vertigo (SV)
I. Teori Konflik Sens. Oleh Norre (1978) Konflik masukan sens pusat AKT bingung.
Kanan kiri. Vestib visus propriosep.
Keluaran pusat AKT abnormal.
Korteks : vertigo
Motorik : deviasi posisi tegak, berjalan, dll. Otonom : pucat, peluh, mual & muntah.
Visual : nistagmus.
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II. Teori MG Gaudry (1991)
Garis besar = konflik sensoris. Lebih rincidan luas gejalanya.
Teori I & II tidak menjelaskan adaptasi.
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III. Teori Neural Mismatch dari Reason
(1975) SV timbul gerakan baru lama.
Adaptasi rearrangement masukan
sensoris baru = lama sensory
rearrangement
Kegunaan klinisnya ?
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Neural Mismatch
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Sensory Rearrangement
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PATOFISIOLOGI SV
IV. Teori Sinap
Stres CRF Switch SS simp SS
Parasimpatis Vertigo, pusat, peluh
Switch SS Simpatis SS Par Mual &muntah.
Stres berulang Switch berulang progres-
sive Ca Channel Closure
influks Ca
NT respon adaptasi (+).
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CLASSIFICATION OF VERTIGO
(Brandt 2002)
Physiological stimulation
Height vertigo
Motion sickness
Pathological dysfunction
Labyrinthine & vestibular nerve disorders
(peripheral)
Central vestibular disorders (central)
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Syndromal manifestations of
vertigo (Brandt 2002)
Syndrome Manifestation
------------------------------------------------------------------
Spatial orientation &motion perception Vertigo
Vestibulo-Ocular reflex Nystagmus
Posture Ataxia Autonomic Nausea,
vomiting,
anxiety
-----------------------------------------------------------------
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CLASSIFICATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL VERTIGO & VESTIBULAR DISORDERS WITH THEIR
ORIGIN AT DIFFERENT SITES WITHIN PERIPHERAL OR CENTRAL VESTIBULARSTRUCTURES (Brand & Daroff, 2002)
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Visual input
Proprioceptiual
input
Vestibular input
labyrinths.
equilibrium
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RE-AFFERENCESEXPECTED
AFFERENCES
----------------CENTRAL
STORE
----------------
NEURAL MISMATCH CONCEPT OF VERTIGO AND MOTION SICKNESS
(Brandt 2002)
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HIGHER
CENTERSOCULOMOTOR
SYSTEM CEREBELLUM
VESTIBULAR
NUCLEIEND
ORGANEND
ORGAN
RETICULAR
FORMATION
AUTONOMIC
SYSTEM
MOTORSYSTEM
Communication between the vestibular system & other system of centers in the CNS
(Durrant 1982)
inhibition
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Labyrinth
CN VIII
(Vestibularportion)
Vestibularnuclei
Brainstem
VertigoCerebellum
CAUSES OF VERTIGO
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FREQUENCY OF DIFFERENT VERTIGO
SYNDROMES (Brandt 1989-1999)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Diagnosis Frequency
n %
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) 533 17.6
Somatoform phobic postural vertigo 434 14.3
Central vestibular syndromes with vertigo 364 12.0Peripheral vestibulopathy (vestibular neuritis) 263 8.7
Basilar migraine, vestibular migraine 241 7.9
Menieres disease 200 6.6
Bilateral vestibular failure 89 2.9
Psychogenic vertigo (without 2) 89
2.9Vestibular paroxysmia (neurovascular cross compression) 63 2.1
Perilymph fistula 7 0.3
Various rare vertigo syndrome 112 3.7
Unknown etiology 132 4.3
Central vestibular syndromes (without vertigo) 396 13.0
Other disorders 115 3.8-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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DD PERIPHERAL VS CENTRAL
VERTIGO (Finestone 1982)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Symptome Peripheral Central
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hallucination of movement Definite Less definite
Onset Usually paroxysmal Seldom paroxysmal
Intensity Usually severe Seldom severe
Duration Usually short Longer
Influence of head position Frequent Seldom
Nystagmus Present Present or absent
Autonomoc nervous system Definite Less intense or absent
Tinnitus Frequently present Seldom presentDeafness Frequently present Seldom present
Disturbs of consciousness Seldom present More frequently present
Other neurologic signs Usually absent Frequently absent
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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SPINNED
Sudden (Onset) Yes Slow, gradual
Positional Yes No
Intensity Severe Ill defined
Nausea/Diaphoresis Frequent Infrequent
Nystagmus Torsional/horizontal Vertical
Ear (hearing loss) Can be present Absent
Duration Paroxysmal (< 1 min) Constant
CNS signs Absent Usually present
PERIPHERAL CENTRAL
Carvalho et al. CTU, Oct, 2004
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CAUSES OF PERIPHERAL VERTIGO
(Finestone 1982)
-----------------------------------------------------
Ear
Acute otitis media
Chronic otitis media
Mastoid infection, acute & chronic
Cholesteatoma
Local traumaForeign body or impacted cerumen
Menieres syndrome
Benign paroxysmal positional
vertigo (BPPV)
Vestibular neuronitis
Ototoxic drugsOtoslerosis
Motion sickness
Psychogenic
CAUSES OF CENTRAL VERTIGO
(Finestone 1982)
---------------------------------------------------
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
Stroke (cerebellar)
Tumors, cerebellar or brainstem,
primary or
metastatic
Degenerative disease of CNS (eg M.S.)Head trauma
Psychogenic
Epilepsy
Migraine equivalent
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Tes Romberg
Tes Rombergdipertajam
Tes Jalan tandem Tes Fukuda
Tes Past Pointing
Head thrust test Pemeriksaan nistagmus
Pemeriksaan khusus Neuro-otologik pada
vertigo
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Bedside secara sederhana dengan atau
tanpa kaca mata Frenzel
Head shaking test
Dix-Hallpike test
ENG
Tes kalori
Pemeriksaan nistagmus
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Pemeriksa berada di belakang pasien
Pasien berdiri tegak dengan kedua tangan
di dada, kedua mata terbuka
Diamati selama 30 detik
Setelah itu pasien diminta menutup mata
dan diamati selama 30 detik
Jika pada keadaan mata terbuka pasien
sudah jatuh kelainan serebelum
Jika pada mata tertutup pasien cenderung
Tes Romberg
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Pemeriksa berada di belakang pasien
Tumit pasien berada didepan ibu jari kaki
yg lainnya
Pasien diamati dalam keadaan mata
terbuka selam 30 detik
Kemudian pasien menutup mata dan
diamati selama 30 detik
Interpretasi = tes Romberg
Tes Romberg di pertajam
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Pasien diminta berjalan dengan sebuah
garis lurus, dengan menempatkan tumit di
depan jari kaki sisi yg lain secara
bergantian
Pada kelainan serebelar pasien tidak
dpt melakukan jalan tandem dan jatuh
kesatu sisi Pada kelainan vestibular pasien akan
mengalami deviasi ke sisi lesi
Tes jalan tandem
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Pemeriksa berada di belakang pasien
Tangan diluruskan ke depan, mata pasien
ditutup
Pasien diminta berjalan ditempat 50
langkah
Tes fukuda dianggap abnormal jika
deviasi ke satu sisi > 30 atau maju/
mundur > 1 meter
Tes fukuda ini menunjukkan lokasi
kelainan disisi kana atau kiri
Test fukuda
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Pada posisi duduk, pasien diminta untuk
mengangkat satu tangan dengan jari
mengarah keatas
Jari pemeriksa diletakkan didepan pasien
Pasien diminta dengan ujung jarinya
menyentuh ujung jari pemeriksa beberapa
kali dengan mata terbuka
Setelah itu dilakukan dengan cara yang
sama dengan mata tertutup
Tespast pointing
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Pada kelainan vestibular ketika mata
tertutup maka jari pasien akan deviasi
kearah lesi
Pada kelainan serebelar akan terjadi
hipermetri atau hipometri
Testpast pointing
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Pasien diminta memfiksasikan mata pada
hidung / dahi pemeriksa
Setelah itu kepala digerakkan secara
cepat ke satu sisi
Pada kelainan vestibular perifer akan
dijumpai adanya sakadik
Head thrust test
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Pasien diminta mengikuti jari pemeriksa
kekiri atau kanan 30 nistagmus
horisontal
Pasien diminta mengikuti jari pemeriksa
kearah atas dan bawah nistagmus
vertikal
Nistagmus disebutkan berdasarkankomponen cepat sedangkan komponen
lambat menunjukkan lokasi lesi
Pemeriksaan nistagmus
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Pasien di gerakkan kepala kekiri dan
kanan 20 hitungan
Kemudian diamati adanya nistagmus
horisontal dan vertikal
Head shaking tes
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Pasien menoleh 45 kesatu sisi, setelah
itu pasien dijatuhkan sehingga kepala
menggantung 15 dibawah bidang datar
Diamati adakah nistagmus atau tidak
Kemudian pasien tegak kembali dan
diamati adakah nistagmus atau tidak
Hal yang sama dilakukan kembali pada
sisi yang lainnya
Dix-Hallpike test
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Pada pemeriksaan Dix-hallpike ini dapat
membedakan kelainan sentral atau perifer
Pada kelainan perifer :
- latensi : 3-10 detik
- lamanya nistagmus: 10 30 detik, atau