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Lecture 11: Road Safety Audit
TR 320 Highway Geometric Design
(A Two Unit Course)
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Objective of the Lecture
Lecturer:To introduce the concept and
practice of road safety audit
The learner should be able to:
Define RSA, State the benefits of
RSA, Outline the procedure and carry
out road safety audit for a roadproject using appropriate checklists
2TR 320 Lecture 11: Road Safety Audit
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1) Background: Traditional
Identification of Hazardous Locations
The process is also known as black-spot
identification and treatment
Steps of the process
1. Data collection: Accident, Traffic
volume, etc
2. Analysis - Identification HRL
(ranked accident clusters)
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3) Diagnosis contributing factors
subject to correction
4) Priority ranking value for money
5) Implementation6) Evaluation
See: TRL Towards Safer Roads (1991)
Chapter 6
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TR 320 Lecture 11: Road Safety Audit 5
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Common practice and caution
Black spots then routes then localities (area-
wide treatment)
A HRL is identified in relationship with a
reference population
Treatment of one HRL may simply result in
migration to next/nearby location e.g.
treatment of intersection or a sharp curve
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Disadvantages of the approach
Based on accident reduction throughimplementation of remedial measures at
sites/locations with high frequency of
accidents. Before treatment three to four years
observation after opening to traffic is
necessary.
Loss of life and property is therefore
inevitable!
Costs of treatment/modifying the facility.
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A formal process and not an informal
check, An independent process,
Carried out by someone with
appropriate experience and training,
and
Restricted to road safety issues.
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RSA Objectives
To identify potential road safety
problems for road users and others
affected by the road/traffic project To ensure that measures to eliminate
or reduce the problems are
considered.
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RSA aims/benefits/advantages
To minimize risk of road accidents on the roadproject or nearby network.
Minimize the need for remedial work after
construction. Reduce the whole life costs of the project.
Increase the awareness of safer roads design
practices by professional involved in theplanning, design, construction, operation andmaintenance of roads.
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Two outcomes of RSA
Remove accident producing elements e.g.
inappropriate intersection layouts/types at
the planning or design stage.
Mitigating the effects of remaining/existing
problems by deploying safety features like skid
resistance surfaces, fragile poles for road
furniture, intense delineation, etc.
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3. At what project stage is RSA
Applicable?
1) Feasibility Route location
2) Preliminary design
3) Detailed design4) Pre-opening
5) Existing roads
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4. What is the Focus of RSA at each
Project Stage?
1) Feasibility: RSA can influence
Project scope
Route choice
Selection of design standard
Impact on existing road network
Provision of intersections/interchanges
Access control
Number of lanes
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2) Preliminary Design
Alignment Intersection layout and sight lines
Lane and shoulder width
Cross fall and superelevation Departure from standards
Provision for NMT
Provision for parked/broken down vehicles Safety during construction
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3) Detailed design -Undertaken at the end of
detailed design before the preparation oftender documents:
Application of Road Furniture: TCD, Road lighting,guard fencing
Intersection details Clearance to roadside objects
Needs of All road users (disabled, NMT, Heavytrucks, school children)
TM during construction
Landscaping
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4) Pre-opening
Immediately before opening to traffic and
involves driving and walking through the newroad
Check that the safety features for all road usersare adequate
May involve both day and night time inspection,wet and dry conditions
Check that the safety features specified were
actually constructed and are adequate. Were any variations carried out and are they OK?
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5) Existing Roads
Systematic Examination of Existing roads
Check adequacy of the Road, its furniture and the
roadside from an explicit road safety point of view. May be applied after a road subject to RSA is
opened to traffic for some time or to any existingroad not having to wait for clear HRL
identification but responding perhaps to nearmisses or road user complaint
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5. The RSA Process
Key elements:
Management Commitment
Agreed RSA Process
An independent Auditor/Audit Team
A set of checklists
Training and development of expertise
Monitoring and Evaluation
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5.1 Commitment
Should be seen as part of organisations
commitment to total quality management
process.
In Tanzania it is Required by the Roads Act
2007
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5.2 The Process / Organisation
Designated procedure for acting on the RSArecommendations
Appoint independent RSA team with specialist
Road Safety engineering knowledge Formal documenting and reporting of the RSA
findings for each stage
The RSA team should give reasons for eachrecommendation
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Designer rejecting audit advice should give
reason
Provision for arbitration should be made
Awareness of possible litigation if there are
subsequent failure
Th t
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RSA Steps
TR 320 Lecture 11: Road Safety Audit 23
The steps Responsibility of:
Implement changes
Final Audit Record
Client (Project manager)
Client and Designerand Audit Team
Client and Designerand Audit Team
Initiate the audit
Provide information
Commencement meeting
Study the plans- visit the site
Undertake the audit
Completion meeting
Decide on response
Write the audit report
Designer
Audit Team
Audit Team
Audit Team
Client
Client
Client and Designer
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5.3 RSA Checklists
RSA expected to use checklists/prompts
List provide a set of potential issues and
problems that can arise at each project stage
Examples can be found in IHT 1990 guidelines
and Austroads 1994 RSA Manual
Also PC based checklists are available
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Helps not to overlook a problem
Those undertaking the audit must have
knowledge and expertise! The checklists do
not substitute for this. Table 15.1 offers a
summary of road safety engineering
Covers inspection of drawings and site visits.
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The RSA Report See format in the guidelines
TR 320 Lecture 11: Road Safety Audit 26
Checkl is t for audit reports
Introduction details of:
who requested the audit
names of persons in the audit team
drawings and documents submitted
constraints, e.g., no signing plans available
when the audit was done date and time of site visits
dates of meetingsthe technical terms used in the report
Safety concerns regarding general aspects of the design such as design
speed, cross-section, superelevation, speed management, signing, etc.
Safety concerns regarding features at specific locations, such as anawkward bend, or a dangerous junction.
Concluding section
The audit team leader should sign and date the report.
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5.4 Training and Development of
Expertise
Accident investigation
Expertise in road safety engineering principles
and practice
Knowledge of Highway design and experience
Experience in RSA procedure raise discussion
on pertinent issues
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5.5 Monitoring and Evaluation
Aim is to Provides inputs for effectiveness and
Efficiency:
Effectiveness of the system (procedures and
problems encountered)
Critical appraisal of the checklists and their
use
Evaluation of resources by type of scheme and
stage
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5.6 Liability
Legal issues.
What will happen if a safety feature
recommended by the RSA was not implemented
and latter accidents due to the omission occur?
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6.0 Last words
Costs for RSA have been shown to be far lesscompared to traditional HRL treatments.
RSA have additional benefit of raising
awareness and knowledge of safety among allinvolved in development of road projects.
RSA should be practiced by all road authorities