11/06/2015 ¦ · Oregano Survey UK/Ireland a Internet/Other b Samples Tested 54 24 Samples Adulterated 14 6 Samples Adulterated % 26% 25% Level of Adulteration c ~30 to >70% ~30 to

11/06/2015 www.qub.ac.uk/igfs 1


Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS)

The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security as “when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life”. The driver for IGFS research is to support national and international efforts to provide sufficient, safe, nutritious food. .



Global Food Security

The Institute

Scale of the Institute ~40 full time academics ~60 Post Doctoral Researchers ~100 PhD students


The Grand Challenges

Farms of the Future

• Supporting sustainable intensification (land and marine based) • Improving animal health and welfare • Developing strategies to cope with climate change • Protecting biodiversity • Supporting artisan food production


Integrity of Global Food Supply


Understanding and preventing feed and food contamination (chemical, microbiological) Developing strategies to detect and deter food fraud Developing innovations in food traceability systems


Nutritional challenges of the twenty-first century


• Examining determinants of eating behaviour • The identification of new links (positive and negative) between diet and health • Understanding the impacts of human exposure through diet to a wide range of

low level toxic agents • Developing innovative food products to prevent disease



Food Integrity Food Integrity means that food is produced in a safe, sustainable and authentic manner which respects the well being of farm animals, farm workers and all others involved in the supply chain.




Food fraud is thought to affect up to 10% of all the foods we eat in the Developed World and up to 20% in the developing world.

The costs of food fraud globally has been estimated to be $11b each year

Food fraud has immense negative impacts on food safety, human nutrition and consumer trust


www.qub.ac.uk/igfs 13


Crop production

Transportation and storage

Incorporation into processed feeds


Livestock


Purchased by consumer

storage

Consumption


Processing


Multiple actors…… Multiple points of vulnerability to fraud…….




1. Substitution of one species for another (horse, kangaroo, rat)

2. Substitution of one breed for another (Aberdeen Angus)

3. Substitution of one geographic origin for another (Brazilian for UK)

4. Part substitution of meat with offal (Ox heart)

5. Re-introduction of condemned meat back into the supply chain

6. Use of growth promoters (steroids/beta-agonists) to enhance growth rates

7. Addition of chemicals to extend shelf life



Eight pillars of food integrity


Pillar Four

Laboratory Testing

Detecting Food Fraud

• Substitution Fraud

• Addition Fraud

• Geographic Fraud

• False claim fraud (organic, fair trade, sustainable)


Herbs and Spices Fraud


Oregano Fraud by Adulteration


Oregano Cistus

Olive Myrtle

Oregano Fraud



Metabolomics- The Global analysis of metabolites

Determining phenotype/ finding biomarkers


oregano pool

Time0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.50 19.00 19.50

%

0

150407_OPC_033 1: TOF MS ES+ BPI

4.73e5

11.13361.0958

8.86447.0936

6.92595.1661

4.72188.0716

1.23262.1302

0.96136.0627

0.61258.1098

0.51223.9913

1.62465.2090

2.00332.1371 3.62

120.0815

2.84276.1453

3.17152.0570

4.04310.1310

4.54424.1756

6.50611.16165.40

775.2648

6.11440.2321

8.21463.0900

7.28639.1223

8.13319.0460

8.28449.1108

8.77163.0411

10.48331.0833

9.15477.1047

9.16477.1047

10.42461.1074

10.36301.0691

10.03593.1523

9.87390.1532

10.49331.0833

10.98331.0833

11.14361.0920

17.35338.3412

11.87345.1001

11.78315.0880

11.31345.0963

16.90310.3111

12.61375.1096

12.47345.1001

11.96375.1096

16.74338.344913.02

319.2287

16.36282.2822

13.22267.2102

16.24338.344914.57

277.216813.73

299.2021

17.39338.3449

17.44338.3449

17.47338.3449

17.50338.3449

17.83338.3449

Oregano

Adulterated Samples

Untargeted Analysis

Full Profile of extracted sample

Mass Spec Method

Data Mining & Chemometric Analysis

Oregano Survey UK/Irelanda Internet/Otherb

Samples Tested 54 24

Samples Adulterated 14 6

Samples Adulterated % 26% 25%

Level of Adulterationc ~30 to >70% ~30 to >70%

Most Common Adulterants 1. Olive leaves 1. Olive leaves

2. Myrtle leaves 2. Myrtle leaves

MS/Chemometric analysis Yes Yes

a Includes Retail and Service Sector

b Includes Amazon, Ebay and Purchases made abroad

c Based on scores from chemometric analysis

Oregano Survey



1. Species substitution

Huge amount of fraud globally in switching species Cod Tuna…… Red Snapper……

http://www.seafoodsource.com/en/news/foodservice-retail/16134-oceana-releases-report-on-cost-of-seafood-fraud#sthash.65f7QAri.dpuf


2. Fisheries substitution This is be substituting a product from a fishery with a “bad” reputation to a “good” reputation e.g. substituting North Sea cod for Icelandic cod, as Icelandic cod has a better reputation for sustainability, so may be easier to sell.

Detection: No current methods available


3. Illegal Unregulated Unreported fishery substitution

This includes fish caught over quota, under-sized fish or by un-licensed

vessels. The trade is worth about 1m euro trade per year (in Europe).

Very difficult to know what has been caught legally or illegally once

processing has begun.

Detection: No current methods available

4. Species adulteration

- Putting some Pacific cod in a fish block with Atlantic cod, or wrong

types of prawns to adulterate and extend scampi core. With

scampi, doesn’t even have to be fish – could be non-fish protein.

Detection: Extremely difficult


5. Chain of custody abuse – e.g. selling provenance type

labels e.g. MSC, when they are not legitimate.


6. Catch method fraud

- This is substitution of line-caught fish with trawler caught

fish, or farmed fish for wild fish.

Detection: No laboratory tests to check this

7. Undeclared product extension

- This is making the same amount of fish appear like more through water

retention e.g. soaking fish in a brine solution can increase its ability to

hold water, injection technologies – using fish by-products (minced up

and blended) and injected back into the fillet to bring the weight up.

Detection: Measurement of dry weight, measurement of phosphates etc


• Molecular techniques to identify adulteration

• Physiochemical to identify addition fraud

• Isotope ratio mass spec to detect geographic origin

• Organic, Fair Trade, Sustainable, Welfare Standards……. Very little means of detection

• Different methodologies, different complexities, different speeds, different costs


A paradigm shift in food fraud detection


Investigate the potential role of Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry to Deliver multi-food authenticity testing capabilities

Develop fingerprints of foods to identity species, breed, geographic origin, from sustainable production, capture methods


Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry (REIMS)


Test for species, breed, geographic origin, presence of illegal additives etc

Compare with databases for species, breed, geographic origin etc

Conformity vs non-conformity

Question

Which species of fish are present?

Whiting (M. merlangus)

Monk fish

Identify differences Cod vs. Whiting

Cod

Whiting

PCA fish speciation model

PCA model

Pangasidae

Gadidae

PCA fish speciation model

Progenesis QI - S Plot

Specific biomarkers for Whiting

Real Time Recognizer

Results generated in near real time for point-of-control analysis with colour code classification & % confidence score

• 11/06/2015 • www.qub.ac.uk/igfs • 59

• Food fraud is a massive global issue and threatens the integrity of our food supply

• Complexities of food chains and economic pressures will increase opportunities to commit food fraud

• Huge increase in interest in techniques to detect fraud

• The potential for REIMS technology to play an important future role in ensuring the Integrity of Global Food Supply Networks.

Verification that systems work is important……..

Documents

11/06/2015 ¦ · Oregano Survey UK/Ireland a Internet/Other b Samples Tested 54 24 Samples Adulterated 14 6 Samples Adulterated % 26% 25% Level of Adulteration c ~30 to >70% ~30 to