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7/21/2019 11.10.08 Klemmer. Primary Aldosteronism, Resistant HTN
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Primary Hyperaldosteronism
and Resistant Hypertension
Philip J. Klemmer MDUNC Kidney Center
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill NC USA
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Case '
SS8 Aldo
&aseline /.,
Post saline +.'
C8 revealed normal adrenals9 hy$rid
!ene :H5'" ne!ative
A7S Aldo Aldo - Cortisol
Ri!ht +( 0
1eft /'; ,0
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Aldosterone5Prod#cin! Adenoma Missed
$y Comp#ter5Aided 8omo!raphy
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Case '
1eft adrenalectomy 3 APA ) mm"
Post operative &P '0,-;, mm H! on
/ medications9 K4(.;
Aldo
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%hat controls aldosterone
secretion= Normal A5ll post#re> dietary Na4"
Hyper?alemia CKD" Adiponectin meta$olic syndrome"
AC8H minor"
Primary hyperaldosteronism incomplete a#tonomy"
APA A5ll,@" AC8H ,@" &AH A5ll'@"
:H5' nheritance 3 AD. AC8H via chimeric !ene"
1o* renin essential H&P A5ll
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Physiolo!ic and pathophysiolo!ic effects of
aldosterone on the ?idney and heart in
relation to dietary salt
Dluhy RG et al. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:8-10
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Aldosterone and Ser#m Cofactor
Aldosterone
PA Normals
ARR Aldo B(
PRA
Ser#m aldo B ',
R!
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Sodi#m Cofactor
Hi!h aldo - lo* salt
Normal physiolo!ic response to2
1o* dietary sodi#m Renal salt *astin!
Hi!h aldo - hi!h salt
Hi!h $lood press#re
Heart2 fi$rosis - inflammation
Kidney2 protein#ria - fi$rosis
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Case /
&P3 ;, -
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0 E
( E
/ E
' E
E , ' ',
NFRMA1 N8AK6
HGH N8AK6
Normal
MAP mm H!"
Sodi#m
nta?e-6Hcre
tionHnorma
l"
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0 E
( E
/ E
' E
E , ' ',
NFRMA1 N8AK6
HGH N8AK6
Natri#retic handicap CKD> PA"
Normal
MAP mm H!"
Sodi#m
nta?e-6Hcre
tionHnorma
l"
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nterstiti#m nterstiti#m nterstiti#mPlasma
(., 1
Plasma
/.+ 1
Plasma
0./ 1
Cells
30.1L
Cells
25.2L
Cells28 L
10.5 L 8.4 L 12.6 L
150 mEq Na
150 mEq Na 5 mEq Na
5 mEq Na 150 mEq Na
150 mEq N
A & C
GFR = 100 GFR = 100 GFR= 30
) ?! &%
" # $0 % .05 # 3.5 &
'(" # $0 % .15 # 10.5 &
E)" # $0 % .20 # 14 &
ECV = 14L
ECV =11.2 L ECV =
16.8 L
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Aldosterone and Ser#m Cofactor
Normals
PA>
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Aldosterone5Mediated 7asc#lar
nI#ry
J*++e ," et al. ,eat a/lRe 2005; 10:31-3$
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ncreased rate of C7 events in
PA patients
FR
C7A 0./
M
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Rossi, G. P. et al. H!e"te#sio# 2006$48%232&238
Co'a"iates&a()*ste( +E "ate i# t-e!atie#ts it- !"ima" H/N PH a#(
!"ima" al(oste"o#ism P a#( H
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Cardiovasc#lar 6vents and
Primary Aldosteronism
Rate of Cardiovasc#lar 6vents and Cardiac Str#ct#re in Primary Aldosteronism
/ay !ld*n#124
Eent/al ,6Nn#475
dd at/* 95)'
p value
(t*e 12.9 3.4 4.2 2.0-8.7 < 0.001
My*=ad/al /n+a=t/*n 4.0 0.7 7.5 1.52$.4 < 0.005>
!t/al +/?/llat/*n $.3 0.7 12.1 3.2-45.2
E=h* &", 34 24 1.7 1.1-2.5 < 0.01
E@G &", 32 14 2.9 1.8-4.7 < 0.001
M/ll/e et al. J ! )*ll )ad/*l 2005; 458:1243-1248
:isher eact test.
C 3 confidence interval9 17H 3 left ventric#lar hypertrophy
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Case Detection
Hi!her prevalence2
o#n! a!e of H&P onset
Severe refractory H&P :H of PA or C7A L0 y-o
Hypo?alemia
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Prevalence of Primary Aldosteronism
in Hypertensive Patients
M** & et al. ,yAeten/*n 2003; 422:171-
175
'0 E
'/ E
' E
+ E
< E
0 E
/ E
E
Normal Sta!e ' Sta!e / Sta!e (
'.,,'.;;
'(./
+./
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1. M** & et al. ,yAeten/*n 2003; 422:171-1752. )alh*un D! et al. ,yAeten/*n 2002; 497:892-897
Prevalence of Primary Aldosteronism
in '>'/, Hypertensive Patients
/, E
/ E
', E
' E
, E
E
Sta!e ' Sta!e / Sta!e ( Sta!e 0
/
+
/
'(
PrevalenceofP
A@"
PA 3 primary aldosteronism
Accordin! to hypertension sta!e JNC 7'" classification
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1. Galley BJ et al. ! J @/dney D/ 2001; 3$:799-$05
2. )alh*un D! et al. ,yAeten/*n 2002; 40:892-897
3. E/de '@ et al. J ,yAeten/*n 2004; 22:221$-22274. (taugh B et al. J ,u ,yAeten 2003; 1$:349-352
Prevalence of Primary Aldosteronism
in '>'/, Hypertensive Patients
/, E
/ E
', E
' E
, E
E
Seattle &irmin!ham Fslo Pra!#e
')@
/@';@
//@
PrevalenceofP
A@"
PA 3 primary aldosteronism
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Screenin! for PA 2 ARR
Aldosterone - PRA B ( - '
Aldosterone B', n!@ (
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Screenin! for PA 2 ARR
Mornin! testin!
F#t of $ed /hrs
Seated ' min#tes
%asho#t interferin! dr#!s 8reat H&P *ith verapamil >hydralaine> alpha $loc?ers
K4 repletion
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PA 2 Confirmation
Saline S#ppression 8est B< n!-d1"
:lorinef S#ppression 8est B
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Ran!e of S#pine PAC and '+5
FH5& in APA and &AH
Phillips J.1. et al. J Clin 6ndo Meta$ /9 +,'/"20,/
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Clinical :eat#res &AH vs. APA
8oo m#ch overlap to separate s#$types
Generaliations many eceptions"
&AH more li?ely than APA to have2 Normo?alemia
1o*er ARR
1ess severe H&P
1o*er ser#m aldosterone levels
Flder
Hi!her prevalence (2'"
Relationship $et*een &AH and 1R6H ="
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S#$types of Primary
Aldosteronism
May $e treated s#r!ically for c#re
Aldosterone5prod#cin! adenoma APA"
Primary #nilateral" adrenal hyperplasia
Aldosterone5prod#cin! adrenocorticoid
carcinoma
Sho#ld al*ays $e treated medically diopathic hyperaldosteronism &AH"
Gl#cocorticoid5remedia$le aldosteronism :H5'"
:H5/
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o#n! %: Jr. 6ndocrinolo!y /(9 '00
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Differentiation &et*een Unilateral
and &ilateral :orms of PA
Not helpf#l
Clinical feat#res
ARR> ser#m aldo Response to aldo
anta!onist
Post#ral testin!
'+ FH& C8
Definitive
A7S
Hy$rid !ene PCR:H5'"
7ery !ood
Deamethasone
s#ppression :H5'"testin!
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Adrenal 7eno#s Samplin!
A7S"
Phillips J.1. et al. J Clin 6ndo Meta$ /9 +,'/"20,/
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Adrenal 7eno#s Samplin!
A7S"
Phillips J.1. et al. J Clin 6ndo Meta$ /9 +,'/"20,/
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Misleadin! C8 Res#lts in PA
Gordon /'"2 '/ PA patients
lateralied on A7S had masses incontralateral $#t not ipsilateral"
adrenal
McAlister ';;+"2 ,-'+ PA patients
*ith #nilateral mass act#ally had
&AH determined $y A7S"
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diopathic Hyperaldosteronism
HA"
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R*/ G et al. J ! )*ll )ad/*l 2007; 4811:2293-2300
Prevalence of Primary Aldosteronism
in '>'/, Hypertensive Patients
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PA2 University of #eensland
6perience
ARR screenin! off medications" of
all H&P patients Aldosterone s#ppression test
confirmation of PA
A7S s#$type eval#ation of allpatients
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PA2 University of #eensland
6perience
Res#lts
'O PA detection rate ; cases-yr" &AH B APA /2'"
+;0 cases total"
Fnly //@ hypo?alemic PA prevalence in referred patients '/@"
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Primary Aldosteronism
Mana!ement
PA
PA86N8QS %SH6S
M6DCA1 RO
6P16RFNFN6
CHANC6 F:
SURGCA1 CUR6
A7S
1A86RA16D
A-C
NFN1A86RA16D
A-C
1APARFSCFPC
ADR6NA16C8FM6P16RFNFN6
C8
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Adrenalectomy
Res#lts of #nilateral adrenalectomy in PApatients *ith A7S sho*in! #nilateralhypersecretion of aldosterone *ithcontralateral aldosterone s#ppressionre!ardless of C8 anatomy" Sto*asser andGordon /( H&P c#red
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Medical 8herapy of PA
&AH2 eplerenone ,5/ m!-day !ive &D"
spironolactone /, 5 ' m! - day
amiloride allo*s for lo*er spironolactone"
:H5'2 deamethasone ./,5'. m!-day
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6plerenone
SARA
MR affinity / O B spironolactone
Potency of effect ),@ of
spironolactone
&indin! affinity for andro!en and
pro!esterone receptors '5fold
lo*er than spironolactone
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Resistant Hypertension
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Resistant H&P
ncreased a!e :emale
DM
F$esity
AA
CKD
FSA
PRA L '.
Salt !l#ttony
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1. E/de '@ et al. J ,yAeten 2004; 2211:221$-22272. N/h/aa M@ et al. ! J ,yAeten 2003; 1711 t 1:925-930
Prevalence of 1o*5Renin 1evels Amon!
Patients *ith Resistant Hypertension
' E
+ E
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Characteristics of St#dy
Participants
Characteristic
ResistantHypertension
n 3 /);"
Controlsn 3 ,("
Potassi#m> m6-1 (.; .(" 0.( .
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ANP and &NP 7al#es in St#dy
Participants
Gadda @@ et al. !=h 'nten Med 2008; 17811:1159-1174
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N/h/aa M@ et al. ! J ,yAeten 2003; 1711:925-930
&P Response to Spironolactone in PA
and Non5PA Patients
S&P 3 systolic $lood press#re9 D&P 3 diastolic $lood press#re
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N/h/aa M@ et al. ! J ,yAeten 2003; 1711:925-930
&P Response to Spironolactone in
Patients *ith Resistant Hypertension
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)haAan N et al. ,yAeten/*n 200$; 494:839-845
ASCF8 Use of Spironolactone for
Resistant Hypertension
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Mineralocorticoid Receptor MR"
and its 1i!ands GC> aldosterone"
MR
MR
'' HSD5/
6pithelial cells
7SMC7asc#lar endotheli#m
Myocytes
&rain
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)*Ay/ght C2003 6he End*=/ne (*=/ety u/nle M. et al. J )l/n End*=/n*l Meta? 2003;88:2384-2392
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Nothin! in $iolo!y ma?es sense
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Nothin! in $iolo!y ma?es sense
ecept in li!ht of evol#tionV
8.Do$hans?y
'nt*du=t/*n t* )ultual !nth*A*l*gy: )*ue (ylla?u. )h/t*Ahe ennell all 2003
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S#mmary
%ho sho#ld $e screened for primary aldosteronism= Hypo?alemia Ris? of secondary hypertension onset yo#n! a!e> ac#te
*orsenin! of hypertension" Resistant and-or severe hypertension Adrenal mass incidentalomaV"
Aldosterone anta!onists are !enerally safe> $#thyper?alemia and-or ac#te renal ins#fficiency can occ#r Ris? in patients *ith CKD> elderly dia$etics> patients
receivin! AC65 and-or AR& or NSAD n hi!h5ris? patients> red#ced doses appropriate '/., m!
spironolactone" &iochemical monitorin! is necessary9 *ithin 0 *ee?s if renal
f#nction normal> as early as ' *ee? in hi!h5ris? patients