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Ethanol

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Objectives:5.1. Explain the process of fermentation

and distillation in the manufacture of

alcoholic beverages.5.2. Discuss the uses of ethanol.

5.3. Discuss the social and economic

impact of alcohol production andconsumption.

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The manufacture of ethanol

from ethene

Ethanol is manufactured by reacting ethene withsteam. The catalyst used is solid silicon dioxide coatedwith phosphoric(V) acid at 300oC. The reaction isreversible.

Only 5% of the ethene is converted into ethanol ateach pass through the reactor. By removing theethanol from the equilibrium mixture and recyclingthe ethene, it is possible to achieve an overall 95%

conversion.

3000C,60atm

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A flow scheme for the reaction looks like this:

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FERMENTATION FROSIMPLE SUGAR

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FERMENTATION FROM STARCH

The first step is to break complex carbohydrates into simpler ones

Enzymes in the yeast convert carbohydrates( maltose or sucrose)into even simpler ones (glucose and fructose)

Convert carbohydrates in turn into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

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Yeast is killed by ethanol concentrations in excess

of about 15%, and that limits the purity of theethanol that can be produced. The ethanol isseparated from the mixture by fractionaldistillation to give 96% pure ethanol.

FERMENTATION FROM STARCH

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As a solvent

Pharmaceutical products

Raw material in making vinegar and yeast.

Transportation fuel

Care Products-lotion, cologne, deodorants,

Liquid animal feed Drinks(Vodka)

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Many individuals complain about theamount of energy that is required toproduce ethanol, and its effects on theenvironment. Ethanol does burn cleanerthan gasoline so therefore, it emits fewergreenhouse gases. All in all, ethanol is arenewable energy source, and it has less

harmful effects on the environment.

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SOCIAL EFFECTS:

Loss of life due to cancers.

Reduced man power.

Increased alcohol related crimes.

Greater employment.

Stable economy.

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CHEMISTRY FOR CAPEPAGE 435- 439QUESTIONS 1 - 4