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TRENDS AND ISSUES IN NURSINGTRENDS AND ISSUES IN NURSINGNUR487NUR487

Overview of research processOverview of research process

Dr. Nazik Zakari

Dr. Hanan A. EzzatDr. Olfat Salem

Nursing Administration & Education Dept.Nursing Administration & Education Dept.

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Definition of ResearchDefinition of Research

The Root meaning of the word research is

search again examine carefullyResearch is diligent systematic inquiry or

investigation to validate and refine existing knowledge and generate new knowledge.

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Nursing research defined asNursing research defined as

Systemic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues of importance to

nurses, including nursing practice, nursing education, and nursing

Research-based practice: – using research findings to inform the

decisions, actions, and interaction of nurses with clients.

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Definition of Research continuedDefinition of Research continued Systematic, diligent inquiry is necessary for researcher to

address the following questionWhat needs to be known?

What research methods as needed to validate, refine, and generate this knowledge?

What meaning can be extracted from the studies in a discipline to build a sound knowledge

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Two Different Views about Two Different Views about Nursing ResearchNursing ResearchOne view is that nursing research

should focus on knowledge that is directly useful in clinical practice.

Another view is that nursing research includes studies of nursing education, nursing administration, health services, and characteristics of nurses and nursing role as well as clinical practice.

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--Description

--Explanation

--Prediction

--Control

The Knowledge Generated Through Research Is Essential for

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--Description obtain complete and accurate information about phenomenon. involve

identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and some time, the relationships among them for example study conducted to describe the informational needs of surgical patients. The study found that discharge instruction must include activity level, pain management, prevention of complications.

--Explanation clarifies the relations among phenomena and identifies the reasons why

certain events occur. --Prediction

one can estimate the probability of specific outcome in a given situation. ex., conduct a study to determine the effect of position and mattress type on skin pressure.

--Control we can predict so we can control and manipulate conduct a research with case

and control

The Knowledge Generated Through Research Is Essential for

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Research MethodologyResearch Methodology

The only way to conduct research is to use scientific method.

Scientific method include quantitative and qualitative research.

identify knowledge is generated through an application of logical principles and reasoning

...

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Quantitative ResearchQuantitative Research

Is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world.

Is used to describe variables, examine relationships among variables, and determine cause and effect interactions between variables.

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Qualitative ResearchQualitative Research

Is a systematic, interactive, subjective approach used to describe life experience and give them meaning.

Is conducted to describe and promote understanding of human experiences such as pain,caring, and comfort.

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Concepts Relevant to Concepts Relevant to Quantitative ResearchQuantitative ResearchBasic research:

– Undertaken to advance knowledge in a given area understanding relationships among phenomena

Applied research– Undertaken to solve a particular problem

or modify a situation to make decisions or evaluate techniques

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Steps of Research ProcessSteps of Research Process

Research Problem Literature Review Conceptual & Theoretical Frameworks Variables & Hypotheses Research Design Population & Sample Data Collection Data AnalysisResults & Findings

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Pilot StudyPilot Study

Done before a major study begins Minimizes the possibility of having significant

difficulties occurring during the major studyReasons for conducting pilot study

– To determine whether the study is feasible ( are subject available, does the researcher have the time and money to do the study

– To identify problem with the design– To determine whether the sample is representative of

the population or whether the sampling techniques is effective.To examine the reliability and validity of the research instruments.

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Importance of research in Importance of research in nursingnursing

Emphasizing on the development and utilization of nursing knowledge, which is essential for continued improvement in patient care.

Nurses need to document the effectiveness of their practices not only to the profession, but also to the clients, administrators, and other professionals.

Nurses’ need for understanding the varied dimensions of their profession, (theoretical, ethical, practical dimensions, etc).

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Research enables nurses to Research enables nurses to Describe the following:Describe the following:

The characteristics of a particular nursing situation about which little is known.

Explain phenomena that must be considered in planning nursing care.

Predict the probable outcomes of certain nursing decisions.

Control the occurrence of undesired outcomes.Initiate activities to promote desired client

behavior.

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Roles of nurses in nursing Roles of nurses in nursing researchresearch

Indirect participation: This is a minimum nurse involvement in a research responsibility. It is done when a nurse read a research report to keep up-to-date on relevant findings that may affect their practice. This level is called “research utilization”.

Research Utilization: “Is the use of the research findings in a practice setting”.

Direct participation: in which nurses are nursing research producers. They are actively participating in designing and implementing research studies.

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Roles of nurses in nursing Roles of nurses in nursing research Cont.research Cont. Attending research presentations at professional

conferences. Evaluating completed research for its possible use in

practice. Discussing the implications and relevance of research

findings with clients. Giving clients information and advice about participation

in studies. Assisting in the collection of research information (e.g.,

distributing questionnaires to clients). Reviewing a proposed research plan for its applicability

in clinical settings. Assisting with the development of an idea for a clinical

research project.

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Characteristics of a scientific Characteristics of a scientific researchresearch Should include a problem that need a solution or a

question that need an answer. Should achieve a general objective rather than a personal

objective. It should follow the scientific approach that characterized

by order and control. It should add new information through:

– New facts that was not known before.– Validates results of previous research.– Tests theories.– Explains findings of a previous research.– Find out new relationships among present phenomena

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Characteristics of a scientific Characteristics of a scientific research Cont.research Cont.

Research results should be liable to: Testing ________ When another researcher choose

the same problem and follows the same steps, he/she probably

gets the same results.

Generalization _______ That is the results could be generalized from the study

sample to the study population.

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Source of Knowledge for Nursing Source of Knowledge for Nursing ResearchResearch Tradition:

– Within nursing profession, certain beliefs are accepted (for example, one of the tasks traditionally performed by nurses is the change-of-shift report for each and every patient, whether or not the patient’s condition has changed, without proving its productivity and/or effectiveness under certain circumstances). But traditions may undermine effective problem solving.

Authorities:– An authority is a person with specialized expertise and recognition for

that expertise.– Dependency on nursing authorities (such as nursing faculty) is

inevitable.– Authorities as a source of information have limitations as:

May depend on their personal experiences. Their knowledge often goes unchallenged.

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Source of Knowledge for Source of Knowledge for Nursing Research Cont.Nursing Research Cont. Personal experience:

– We all solve problems based on observations and experiences.

– Personal experiences are based on recognition, generalization, and predictions based on observations.

– Personal experience has limitations as: Each person’s experience may be too restricted to be

useful. Personal experiences are often biased.

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Source of Knowledge for Source of Knowledge for Nursing Research Cton.Nursing Research Cton. Trial and error:

– The trial and error approach to nursing knowledge usually involves multiple attempts to solve a particular problem until a satisfactory solution is found.

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Ethical Context of Nursing ResearchEthical Context of Nursing Research Beneficence

– “DO NO HARM” – protection of participants from physical or

psychological harm. – researcher should weigh risk/ benefit ratio of

participation to individuals– and must also weigh the risk to the participant against

the benefits to society. Respect for Human Dignity

– The right to self determination, – full disclosure

means that the researcher has fully described to the participant the nature of the study and participants rights

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Ethical Context of Nursing Research Ethical Context of Nursing Research Cont.Cont.

Justice– Right to fair treatment

Both in the selection of the participant and during the course of the study.

– Right to privacy Formal confidential procedures. informed consent

– participants with fully information about the study to them take a reasoned decision about participation in the study.

Logical reasoning…Logical reasoning…What is reasoning ??What is reasoning ??

ReasoningReasoning Mental processing of ideas to solve problems.

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Intellectual MechanismsIntellectual MechanismsTwo intellectual mechanisms are used in

reasoning

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Inductive Reasoning:Inductive Reasoning:

Process of developing conclusions and generalizations from specific observations.

It moves from the specific to the general.

Specific situations are observed and then combined into a larger, more general statement that can be tested through research.

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Example…Example…

The obstetrics nurse described observed hundreds of individual clients in labor over many years. From these observations, the

nurse was able to propose a general theory about women who are in labor that could then be tested through formal research.

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Deductive Reasoning:Deductive Reasoning:

process of developing specific predictions from general principles.

– Nurse reaches a conclusion by moving from the general to the specific.

– It is the approach used to test predictions and validate existing relationships.

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Example…Example…

An obstetrics nurse has noticed over many years of practice that women who have no

support person with them while giving birth require more supportive nursing care than

those accompanied by a mother, a partner, or friend. When this nurse then admits a young woman in labor who arrives at the hospital alone, the nurse anticipates that additional care measures will be appropriate for this

client

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