11/30 環境污染評估 - 族群、群聚及生態系層次 , 愛河生態與整治 , 有機污染物與環境荷爾蒙

輔助教材影片：下水道是現代都市的指標建設？

評鑑指標族群 - population size, distribution range群聚 - 多樣性指標 -numbers of species and abundance, e.g. Shannon-Weiner diversity index - 生物整合指標 (Index Biotic Integrity, IBI)生態系 (Ecopath, Ecosem)生態整合 (Index of Stream Condition, ISC)

Measuring changes at population level

- Population density Biomass

- Focus on “Key species” High conservation interest to humans High commercial value Dominant species in the community Indicator species (bioindicator)

Measuring changes at community and ecosystem level (structure and function)

★ Structural end points, e.g.

Species richness Species abundance Similarity Biomass

★ Structural changes

- Species diversity measurements, ex. Species richness index Shannon-Wiener (0 - 3)≧ as stressed to unstressed - Species abundance measurements, ex. species abundance plots k-dominance curve Abundance-Biomass comparison (ABC curve)

Species richness index (SR)

SR = (S – 1) / lnN S: 出現總數 N: 所有種總個體數

Shannon-Wiener (0 - 3)≧

H’ = -Σ(ni/N) ln(ni/N) (i= 1 – N) ni: i 種個體數 N: 所有種總個體數

Station 1

Station 2

Station 3

Station 4

Station 5

南灣海域珊瑚礁魚類相觀測地點*******************************

N後壁湖漁港

排放口

貓鼻頭 貓鼻頭鵝鑾鼻

龍鑾潭核能三廠

未受溫排水影響區

受溫排水影響區

82~88 年度台灣南部核能電廠附近海域魚類相組成圖

八十七 ~ 八十八年度魚類群聚結構變化87 年度第一季 (87/8) ： 1.59

第二季 (87/11) ： 1.72

第三季 (88/2) ： 1.79

第四季 (88/4) ： 1.72

88 年度第一季 (88/8) ： 1.74

第二季 (88/10) ： 1.69

第三季 (89/2) ： 1.70

第四季 (89/4) ： 1.35

由 Shannon's-Weaver diversity index 檢測之

The sewage sludge dump site in the Firth of Clyde (Clark, 1997).

Species abundance plots of the benthic macrofauna the sewage sludge dump site in the Firth of Clyde (Clark, 1997).

Hypothetical ABC curves for unpolluted, moderately polluted and grossly polluted conditions (Clark, 1997).

Biomass: the mass of organisms present in an area or volume (g/m2)Abundance: the number of organisms present in area or volume (no./m2 )

Measuring change at community and ecosystem level

★ Functional end points

Rate of biomass production (g C/area yr) Rate of primary productivity Rate of community respiration Rate of nutrient uptake/regeneration Rate of decomposition Rate of recovery after stress

Functional end points suggested for assessment and monitoring of aquatic systems.

‧USEPA environmental monitoring and assessment program (Hunsaker & Carpenter, 1990) 1. Trophic status 2. Production/biomass

‧State of the environment report for Canada (Bird & Rapport, 1986) 1. Production/biomass 2. Nutrient load

For Ecosystem -ISC (Index of Stream Condition) Five subcategory

Hydrodynamics: monthly fluctuation rangePhysical : substrata, architectureClose-to river areas: area, continuity, plant coverageWater quality: nutrient content, turbidity, conductivity, pHBiological index: benthic macroinvertebrates, e.g. IBI

Risk Assessment:

Possibility to predict consequences of an event under normal and accidental environmental conditions

Biological effectsBiological Risk

Protection of ecosystemsLong-term effects

愛河水質與生態

海資系

陳孟仙教授

愛河的鳥瞰圖

中 華 路

治 平 橋 截 流 站

Love River Upstream the Chi-ping Sever-2

Sewerage Treatment Plant

河川整治目標• 1. 去除髒亂惡臭• 2. 公共衛生• 3. 防洪疏浚• 4. 景觀維護• 5. 親水活動• 6. 美化視覺環境• 7. 生態保育

中區污水處理廠污水處理流程

Before 1987 After 1987

DO ( mg/l ) 0 2~5

BOD5 (mg/l ) >30 3~15

河川水質改善 - 第一階段

Variation of DO in downstream Love River during 1992~1996

6

「愛河治平橋至寶珠溝水質改善工程」施工前

虱目魚 Chanos chanos

大鱗鮻 Liza macrolepis長鰭凡鯔 Valamugil cunnesi

us黑邊鰏 Leiognathus splendens

吳郭魚 Oreochromis sp.

短棘鰏 Leiognathus equula

吳郭魚、大鱗鮻、虱目魚 溶氧耐受性之比較

低溶氧耐受性：吳郭魚 > 大鱗鮻 > 虱目魚部分河段偶有溶氧不足 (DO<LC50)

魚種 LC50 (mg/l)

虱目魚 1.08

大鱗鮻 0.67

吳郭魚 0.55

Life history of Liza macrolepis

Downstream Estuary Nearshore

Adult(Jun.-Dec.)

Fry Spawning

Pre-spawing Female

7

(Oct.~Dec.)

(Feb.-Apr.) (Dec.-Apr.)

Life history of Nematalosa come

Upstream Downstream Estuary Nearshore

Juvenile？

Spawning ? AdultAdult

Juvenile？5

Mature Adult(Mar) (Jan~Apr) (Jan~Dec) (Jan~Dec)

Environmental hormones

Environmental estrogens

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC)

Endocrine disrupting substances (EDS)

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

環境荷爾蒙與普通荷爾蒙的作用

有機錫 Organotin 大事紀

1852 描述化合物特性1925 首度工業用防腐劑1932 首度工業用安定劑1980 開始貝類雄化1990 全球性貝類雄化

PVC stabilizers

Catalysts

Antifoulings

Agrochemicals

Wood preservation

Mateial protection

70%

7%

9%

9%

3%3%

Total 35000 t/yr

船身附著外務 0.01mm 耗油量增加 0.3~1% 。

1990 年全世界船舶運輸業使用添加 TBT(ca. <10%) 的油漆每年節省 25 億美元其中大部分來自節省 720 萬頓燃油少部分減少船隻的日常維護上。

有機錫進入水域環境的途徑

牡蠣養殖區－七股出現兩個口蓋的蚵岩螺 Thais clavigera ( 七股 .1999)

陰莖內有黑色異物 (Thais rufotincta 東港 1999.11 )

蚵螺長出第三隻眼睛 (1999.5. 採自布袋 female not imposex)

箭頭所指為白色點狀的寄生蟲肉眼可見

雌蚵螺長出的交尾器（藍色箭頭處）導致生殖孔阻塞，使原本的乳白色的卵鞘變成了橘紅或棕黑色的壞死組織（紅色箭頭處） (1999 10.採自布袋的蚵岩螺 Thais clavigera)

箭頭所指為空卵鞘

雄化現象雄化現象 (imposex)(imposex)

雌性的生殖器官長出類似陰莖的突起及 輸精管與其他雄性生殖構造 (Smith, 1971)

有機錫導致前鰓類雄性化 1 ng/L TBT導致英國蚵岩螺 (Nucella lapillus) 雄

化 (Gibbs et al, 1987)

Table 1. Penis length of Thais clavigera exposed to organotins for 90 days

Dumpton syndrome

—在英國蚵岩螺上發現陰莖發育不良的遺傳性雄性生殖缺失

(A) Map of south-east England indicating the presence () or absence () of Nucella lapillus in 1987/1989 at stations previously sampled (pre-1975) prior to the widespread use of TBT antifouling paints (see Gibbs et al.,1991, for data). Site of Dumpton Gap is shown by a filled square . (B) (inset )Location of area detailed in A.

雄蚵螺的交尾器變短（右圖）

雄蚵岩螺陰莖長度與殼長的分布 (採自七股 )雌蚵岩螺陰莖長度與殼長的分布 (採自七股 )