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BOLEN DE ARQUEOLOGA PUCP / N. 14 / 2010, 61-84 / ISSN 1029-2004

Broadening Our Horizons:

owards an Interdisciplinary Prehistory o the Andes1

David G. Beresord-Jones&Paul Heggartyb

Abstract

Tis chapter sets out a new proposal or a coherent interdisciplinary prehistory o the Andes, based rstly on a long overdue re-

examination o the relationships between the various regional dialects within the Quechua language amily; and secondly on thesearch or a ar more satisactory correlation with the archaeological record.

Our ounding principle is that language expansions do not just happen. Rather, they happen only or those very same reasonso socio-cultural change that archaeology seeks to describe through its own, independent data. Here is the true link between ourdisciplines, so we discard outdated, acile equations o language equals culture equals genes, in avour o the real correlation: thatlanguage amilies necessarily reect past expansive processes, whose traces should also be clear in the material culture record. Tisprinciple is one that we can make use o to identiy and assess correspondences between archaeological and linguistic patterns, onthree levels: chronology, geography, and above all, causation. Or in other words: when, where and why did particular languageexpansions occur?

In the Andes, in principle this entails that we should look to the Horizons, not the Intermediate Periods, as ofering the mostnatural explanations or the major Quechua and Aymara dispersals. With the Incas too late to account or the time-depth o

either amily, the most plausible candidate or the rst major expansion o Quechua turns out in our view to be the Wari MiddleHorizon, with the Chavn Early Horizon more tentatively suggested as behind the earlier spread o the Aymara amily. Tisefectively both upturns the traditional orero hypothesis, and bears clear implications or the long debate in archaeology as to thenature, duration and extent o Horizons.

Keywords: Quechua, Aymara, Andes, Wari, horizon, Chavn, language amilies, language divergence

Resumen

AMPLIANDO NUESTROS HORIZONTES: HACIA UNA PREHISTORIA INTERDISCIPLINARIA DE LOS ANDES

Este artculo propone una nueva visin de la prehistoria andina, que busca tejer un conjunto ms coherente entre las varias disci-plinas que intentan entender el pasado precolombino. Se undamenta, en primer lugar, en una reexaminacin, pendiente ya desdedcadas, de la clasicacin tradicional de las relaciones entre los diversos dialectos regionales al interior de la amilia lingsticaquechua; y, en segundo lugar, en la bsqueda de una correlacin mucho ms satisactoria con el registro arqueolgico.

El nuevo enoque que aqu proponemos se enraza en el principio undamental que si algunas lenguas mayores han logrado dis-persarse de manera espectacular, esto no pudo haber ocurrido sin ningn motivo. Ms bien, tales expansiones lingsticas se debena las mismas razones es decir, los mismos cambios socioculturales que la arqueologa tambin busca describir por medio desus propios datos independientes. All radica el autntico vnculo entre nuestras disciplinas, de manera que podemos descartar lasecuaciones simplistas y obsoletas del estilo lengua=cultura=genes, en avor de la correlacin verdadera: las amilias de lenguas

Dm L, Mx Pk I Ev A.D : D P 6, 04103, L, Am.C : [email protected]

b Dm L, Mx Pk I Ev A.D : D P 6, 04103, L, Am.C : [email protected]

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reejan procesos expansivos pasados, cuyos indicios deberan quedar claros tambin en el registro de la cultura material. Esteprincipio se aprovecha para identicar y evaluar las correspondencias entre los patrones arqueolgicos y lingsticos, y as en tresniveles: la cronologa, la geograa y, sobre todo, la causalidad. En otras palabras: cundo, dnde y porqu se diundieron deter-minadas lenguas?

En los Andes esto implica que en principio debemos ver a los horizontes, y no a los perodos intermedios, como los que orecen

las explicaciones ms naturales para las dispersiones mayores del quechua y el aimara. Ya que el Imperio incaico remonta a unapoca demasiado tarda las explicaciones de la proundidad temporal de cada amilia, es ms bien el Horizonte Medio Wari elque se vuelve el candidato ms verosmil para haber vehiculizado la primera gran expansin del quechua, segn nuestro parecer.Asimismo, aunque de manera ms tentativa, se sugiere que el Horizonte emprano Chavn pudo haber impulsado la dispersinms temprana de la amilia aimara. Esto, en eecto, trastoca la hiptesis tradicional de orero, adems de conllevar claras impli-cancias para el largo debate arqueolgico acerca de la naturaleza, duracin y extensin de los horizontes.

Palabras clave: quechua, aimara, Andes, Wari, horizonte, Chavn, amilias lingsticas, divergencia lingstica

Q b m m R: j : q & mm q : & m : q m m m: & m : q j m

m. . & . & j mb2.

A Nbj, Gramatica de la lengua castellana, 1492

1. Great Language Expansions Do Not Just Happen

E M, Mx U, J C. , J H. R, A -, v v: m x C A.

E v A ( H & B-J, vm: F. 1). T L H I Em, m E A C, C P. T M H, m, b b : W Em, A, - P; mv v k3, b Lk Bv

A. T E H v , b m mm Cv H , - P. B m , , b , mm .

A m x m q: m k I. I m, v, bm mb . Mv,

k , m : k k v -mb . A , m . I q k b x v : M E H bm, bm (Sb: 1992:71, W 1951: 103). M q v b v. I m bm v , B (1993: v) , jm b m , b .

Y bb A . Am , , B (1993: 41) k N Am b Cv

m m v , b (B 1993: 74). W v A ; - b k b mm

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A. I M,U, , R mv, A ( B 2012).

T b m bv x justhappen. R, v m -

k b , , m . W , q q q , v : amilies expansive, b m .

T m mm scale ~k: m v b v b - m m. T x Rm m, , m Bk S A, x m Rm. T C A,m, mj m Q Am b x k m m vm. T mk , b

v: chronology, geography, , bv , causation. O : , x ?Mv, x H & B-J ( vm), two

. T b v , b b v b k v : divergence, conver-

gence. T v v A, b x vb mj m , xm - A .

A m A m x - b within mj A m, between m. Sm, m v , ,

. W v H & B-J ( vm) v, b b , m . (T m x Q Am I k v. F H& B-J ( vm), m , v , mb b, m x - b m.) S k k m A , -xm, , v, b v Q m; m . W b 2, b x -

Q 3, 4 bk A .

2. Linking Archaeology and Linguistics in the Andes: A New Proposal

W m primaacie A , m, b b v x , b b v mj x . R m m b v b- , x x, b- bv : mdiferentm m .

I, m , v k , b m , ( Svm 2004: 11-14, ME 2012).

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O, - m b vm, b k x bk m, v . N , v b m m mv m . Ak v- m- m m v bm

v v. M b v W R M H. W m xb : v m- , m m. I RmEm Im m b m, -. I m v m m Cv E H W M H .

T A , j mj . F H & B-J ( vm),v, L H m x Am Q. T k two two

. O v m v W M H Am-k, Q . I v Cv E H ( ) Am . Tv m- k, b Am-Cv v m x , m mk , Q-W .

O , m : Omj b v m m m b v m k - m v A (Cv W), m x k x (Am Q).O , v m m v , m m

b m , b j m b A . A , b - v , , b m x b within mj A m ( v v), b m ( v). I m m b m b , v b m v , b A.

W x mk k b - A, v , . A ,

x v v b Q Am m.

2.1. Chronology

F, Am E H v Am x Q ( H 2007: 4.4, 2008: 3.2). M , v Am E H, Cv m. T , A , x --Q k m b k - m - m

. (F m v m x, x , Mk 2012.) Y Cv m , m Q x, b m v

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W M H. A , Q v Am, v vv m k P.

W v, , v Am m Qm, x Am v x. T b x

m v b m mv , m j m b m. I, v x b m b m (..C-Pm 2000: 337), v x m (Mk 2012).

2.2. Geography

O v , , A & Mk (2004: 263) , m-b v Am m , P . O Am E H m

, Cv H. C-Pm (2000:378) Am m P. H m (C-Pm 2003: 292-293) m - Am m Lm, J, P, H, , , LLb, P Cjm v, , E H (H & B-J, vm: F. 4). O q C P, Q-k, C-Pm bv m v v v

A [Am] b [ ] (C-Pm 2003: 333, ).O , E H ( x) m b

m. O , v Cv m x

I N v . I , m, mj Cv b xv- Cmq Rm Vm, 60 km - A ( B 2012: 140). T m E H Am m Q m, x H & B-J ( vm:3), Mk (2012). I k Am b b bm m : C, v b m xv - v mm , b m v v v

A. Sk, v m, v m j m m-v v Am m, Ica, Vilcashuamn Cuzco (C-Pm2008, mm).

F W M H v b

Q. A , v k M H. B , m W xv , m , Ck (2004: 146) .

T W A - A, -m b . T v W x - E 1B, b C A, Pv v v x, m S: F 1 M (1967:147). A AD 800, W v, v m 15 km 2. I m S Am (Ib et al. 1991: 24).

W v v v v b

m W Em. Sf m W m-v , xm b Pkq C ( F 2; Ib 1987;ME 1991, 2012; Sb 1992, 2000); b mb W m (M 1967);

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Figure1.AssumedexpansionsoQuechuaprio

rtoandsincetheriseotheIncas(a),comparedwiththeextentoWaridirectcontrolorinfuenceduringtheMiddleHorizon(b).

(Figurep

reparedbyDavidBeresord-Jonesand

PaulHeggarty.)

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v m I k b m W m (Lmb1974); W I khipu k- v, m M H (U 2012); v m (H & ME 2004).S v m b W v P bv (Sb 1992; DA & Sb 2004; Ib 2012, vm).F , b L Lb Cjm b, v bm m. T v Wmv (Sb 1992: 96, Wb 2002, A 2012),

m v (Wb, vm). O - - , m, , j, v W m m mb m mb m m m, (DA & Sb 2004).

S C , W mj M H: k b. T b W~k bj b mx. S m b b . C b k , - A bk E Im v b (Ib & Kb 2008).

Y v R, v b v v m xv (F 1b), j m

(Ck 1991, Sb 1992, Ib & V 2004). I, v m C B(Mq, S.E. P) m (Metal. 1991, Ib 2000, Wm & N 2002).

Figure 2. Aerial view o Pikillaqta, a Wari outpost south-east o Cuzco: such incredibly regimented planning ... is nototherwise known in the world history o human environments (Conklin 1991: 287). Courtesy o theSv AN, Peru.

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H x W M H m Q m? W bv mkb b m. A , m b Q x m M H. Q E L Im (Hqm 2012) L H, x

. Lk Bv - A I ( A 1995, DM 2012). F, x k A Am m m .

O , b P vv - Q-k m S q, b b I (C-Pm 2003: 327-8).O x v m bk m Q b, m b k mb x W M H (F 1). Q m P m C . F m v v b j k Cjm Lmbq,

v k k -Q . A Q m - , Lm v m m v .

T m W M H b Q-k b mb m W , b k ( Wm & N 2002, & O 2008). Y v , b Q -m v Am m , I L H S (C-Pm 2012).

2.3. Causation

Sk m b, b m v- . I v . W xm -: x j , v m mm - x k v m . A k Q Am v b v b mm .

F m k x m A , . I k k m xv ; m-

m v A .Q Am P, v m b Bv(A S Am), v Jq-Kk ( C

Am). A x m P. Q x - m W Em. (Ev m v Q-k

A, W.) A v v x m b M H, v mm m b mj v: , m b x x m relative .

T , mx v W v mv

v (Ib 1988: 167). Sv m b- 50,000 100,000 (Bv 1991: 56), 20,000 34,000 (Ib 1988: 173). Wv, b m m : v mm , V, E,

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50,000 (MEv 1992: 75). Sv v m W (Sb 1992: 88,Ib & V 2004: 177).

Fm, mvm A - M H Im P m b . Mb

m v W b - C P, v v ( F 1b M 1967). S C , m, W , v q m m Cjm,m 1,000 km . A M (1967: 152) bv, b [ W ] b m . I -mb m- , Ib (1987: 86) m W bk-k , mb b m ( ME1991: 117). DA & Sb (2004: 274) mm v : b mb , b m W . Am . Pkq, , b W C (F 2, ME 1991, 2012; Gk 2002). Y m W -

v I m C (ME 1991: F. 2).T v W M H , , b -

m v : q . T x W m m m v Q mj x, m , , q v m. (S C-Pm2008: 3349, v, m m m m QuechuaAymara.) T v : - m, bm m b m ; m v (Gbm et al. 1961, Bet al. 1984); (Sb 1992, 2000). A v b b m m b . Ib (1988: 182) W M H vm q A m G (1977: 188) I m b - x b b m b-x, x k v - . M W , m v , m ( S 1989: 13). I, m v b W m bq A v (Ib 1988:182), m v (Sb 1992: 260, Wm & N 2002: 255).

W mj x b.I, Q b I m m b . R, I m-

v m v k Am, f m Q v j m x, I Yq(14711493). T m v b m : m I k Q, b W Em m . I v m Q I m k C , b m C() v. F , C-Pm (1998, 1999, 2003: 342, 2004, vm).

A v W M H, M v b m v bv . A Sb (1992: 276) : M H 1B, 2A 2B, m v b 50 ... I , W Em b 150 . Y m b v

( Wm 2001), v b b. A Ck (2004: 158) mm: 200- (xm AD 650-850) m m , m m b (xm AD 550-1000). T v

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m- M H mm m mb m- m b .

2.4. Geography, Chronology and Causation: the case o Aymara

W, , m A , Am? A, - m m v , , bv ; Am mkb Q. W b b Am vvmodern b,m m m Bv A, ancient k, m . (F m , H & B-J, vm: 1). A m v b m .

A Am m , m v v b k , b v . Y Am A b m m x, - Lm m. Lk, A b

v Am m: m H (2005), m Av m mv b 10% v b vb, m 45%vis--vis Am C P.

Ev Bv, vv , m m Am mb bQ k ( b 8.5 H 2011). A mv m I S ( P b ) j v Em A. A Am m Q m ; , qv j m b- , Q Bv .

S x mm , Am A x, v . I b

m mj x, v m .A m mv b v k v Am k , , - -Cmb (Pq), v (U-C).

T q q (mb ) - m m b m Am A b ; v x- b. B mm m b x, m : vm b v (m Pq-k?) k ; m earlyx I ( m Am-k, C Pm 1998, vm); m m S v Q.

T Am m x, m P ( C-Pm 2000: 377-378) v . Tat Am x b m xv , v m, A. , Am , k -v E H, v b . I , x b x b Cv EH. I C-Pm (2003: 22) Q m , , m Cv b . W m b ( H & B-J, vm: 4.2, C-Pm, vm), v b m

m. S mb b m bj m : E H m j bk m x m m Q. O m, b m bm

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k E H , v Am , , beore Q.

I , v, v , E H x Am v v . I b Q

W M H , xm mj m x v x x A, E H x- . I , mv, v m P, Qm v earlierAm . I x 2.1 bv, m b xv Am m Q m A , -k in situ m m b m b m, , bk v Q , b b x W M H.2.5. Agricultural Intensifcations and Language Horizons?

T b m v m m q. Hm A, k m , b -m x bk m m v m Am Q? A , b bv q , v x mb , -m m v b v b m. P m v, , v m-

A m m , v .

E (H & B-J 2010), v mb m - A x, v v O

W, m x k . F A - b: () xm v, m - Am ; (b) mmm, m m; () x m , v v m ; () m v, v m M-Am. (F , H& B-J 2010.)

O , , v m , A vm v m x-v, -b k. N m

A , b m

b - Am Q (F 3). Sm, - qv v m Pv P (P 2008: 106, F. 7.1). C b v x (. S 2009), , m/b m m b R (1989, 2012)? Ib ( vm) k b m x Q m. I m , Ib (1974), m x b . I , m m ~ Q k, b , , m W M H.

A v 2.3 bv, v M H m (?)

qm v, k mvm m . T m v b E M H m v b v b - : v

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A . B v m m m, j v b m b m-v . I k m, m vx . Lk, m m -m A m ( B 2012). F , q b mk .

M , - A - v m/ . F A x m k m v m b k , b m ab initio v- O W x. W k v

b, m m v , ,, k A m . Abv , k m , xb b

Figure 3. Language dispersals and phases o agricultural development in the Andes compared. (Figure prepared by DavidBeresord-Jones and Paul Heggarty.)

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. A v mj dispersal , k b ex-pansive: mb -b (J 2007: 144-147) b b , b . W m b A x, m , m, m m b b v -

(H & B-J 2010, H & R m: 4.4.2, 5.4). I , A x b , v x m j m/ , b m .

I , x b E M H - : ( P 2008). W v, , m m mj m A b uniquely ( H & B-J 2010: 180). B qb m m m m . W b b A , m m b.

3. Not Seeing the Wood or the Trees

T v b : Ib (1974) B et al. (1984). Ib - x Q m , m-mv b ( C-Pm 2003: 336-8). B et al., m, b m v - , b v m: k x Q M H. N v m W Q b m , x C-Pm (2000b) Ib (1984), -v, b m . W B et al. x v , m b k m. N k b Q Am m x, m m m Bm (1994).

C m v , .B A mv v v Q v b M H, Am b E H? T k b, v, v b : v m b ; m b , m v b m.

T b

Q v m , b b: P-Q m v - QI QII b; QII QII v. QIIb/; QIIb QII, . (I , m : , , QII QIIb, QIIb/, x v QIIb1, QIIb2.) T m k x v b m Q v- m m m- v m .

I m, k v , v - v ( Het al. 2010). S k b- v Q

, m k - x b m. T v-x vk v m m A , mj

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v m E L Im P. (T m bj - m m , C-Pm A vm.)Mv, m Q Am m m v b v b m P, Q Lm Am . I q W M H b k - v

Am x, Q . T m - mx m x , b mj m m ; b m b b b Q Am m.

I b m, b b m m m v m, m, - m. F b b b m b v . O , m m k m vb , q m : m. T x mj m E(Rm, Gm, Sv C), Ab, B, k, I, C, . G m v v b

b m , b b , m mb (Het al. 2010).F Q , m-

k v m v , m m b m b, (A 1977, 1987; 1984, 1984b). A Lm (1991) m - QI~QII b; b b k , m b v.

j , m q. H (2005) , xnetwork - q m , b m v m. A v v Q b , b k b - m. I , H (2005) m - QI~QII b b, v m m-k m. I m v Q - x m x m v , b q m.

I , v b v m x b v, b b mm, m m b . C xm v b Rm , , W. , .. P-Rm (V L) P-Q - v , m x, . I xv

, v b- b m v m , ( Rm, W). N, -v , vm (v-) b v. T m v v , m. Fm v x,m m b; b b m m m k v , b . A m, k xm, v b m v bk m , . W Rm, , P m m S, C, Pv, v . B b L-k m samem:

, b m x . W m b Q m: mj x b W M H.

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T v Q C Z m C bk, , q m,b m b m Q m. (S, m b per se, b m k mm; , , ,

, x .) T m v Y ( m v m QII ) , m m. M, b Pv v ( m QII), Q Cjm, m W , b C Z m , v m v ( Rm qv Rm S). T b x A v v v f mb Q m m.

C, m b m b : - ; m ( v

m m - E). A x - m m j m: j Mv m CS N W, C m Q Bv L H .

T Q C Z , k bH Hv. T mk bk b QI QII m v m, v, m x m bk , b Hv m m (P & H2011). Mv, Y v b bk m m QI QII m . I , v k b m bk QI QII m m-,

m v . T Rm m m , m L S-Rm , b k v x ;, Rm v , L Rm Em. T k k b m m Q x, W M H.

I, Q v , v x - mk x m m - m b , v m, . F m - (-) vs. b , Het al. (2010), Q P & H (2011).

4.What Does It Mean or Archaeology?

F b m A . I , , v b , R (1993: 9) b x v m (fk mv). I q x, , m, , , . W, , m b b b?

W v W m, x m, A. B v v m m

m M H b v . V m v v b vk , Sb (2000: 443) mm :() x/; () ; () mm.

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T m W M H m mvm , bk M , v v m, b v m ( & 2000).C, b m .

A v m v mb , b k

b b k (.. S 1982, 1989). A v , m m Q x, b Am, vk b m x H & B-J, vm Ib (1984) m. S m v b v v m M H: k, m v m / mm.

F E H, m, k A , v . M x m , m ( ) mm Cv H (B 1993, Kmb &Rk 2004). Sm v v x H (.. Pk & Pk 1987).

H, b v v mk

x m: v E M H, , - m, m b v majorx. T q m v m m m, W (1999: 86) . F m , , , mj x v b , m, b .

, m v : , x , , v- m ( Q, Am,Rm I); , mm ( C L C Sk), m mm k v- v . C, E m L

; b v b mv m , v -, x , , mk,m, m m.

S b - v - x vv L v, v , .. m m Rm (mrmnic, .. k Rm). T m m E k Rm - b C C L, b b v m, pre-C Rm v, V L. Ev L Am A k Rm b m E m.C m v m x, b m m. O , b v b , m m m . N E

C m q, v m v , m k m v m q b . Sm I, Sk mv I m v , m b v-k Pk, N I B, v m vPrakrits.

T per se, v , v b v m. T - mj , Ab Im, k b m . F , Ab v N E N A v b b m m q . E, v Ab mq , v P , b m,

mk x mm , v. Fm S S, Im k A, I-E O Ab.

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R b m b Cv E H WM H; . Y ,

W (1999: 86) v m v mj x. P b mb - vb A m , Hk(1954) ()m .

M , m b b b m m , , (-)m-m m m mm v b bv m . I , , bm k v x Q x. U m- m ( b v ), m x v m. T P, , m v m M mm m, b x. ,k , m m. A k x vk , , mk m x m , v

m m () . (S H & R m: 4.2.2.)I, m b b -

, H & B-J ( vm: 1) k Am, m, b Pq. F v W k v m b m v .

W W m mmb , k m . B mvm ; b W xv, k : m . L , m W Em v x Q, vv v m Am, k m - b Pq, m m Lk Mq V.

Sm , m, v m m x b m m,k m m, m , Ib (1984: 246) , q m , b m. Em b m- , m v x j . T xm vb vk Rm Em, v L-k , E, mGk-k . Y v m m Rm m, v x Rm v j one m: L, m mb b m k m I A I

m v Rm m. O m (m, ) v Rm Em , k. T - Jk L Bk mk v b- L Gk-k v, vb ( Km 1979). T Rm Em v b m , v x , -b-. Gk alreadyb b -b x b Ax, m lingua ranca Rm vmv . I Gk f L Gk x, m W. A k L bm v mj m x, v L

Gk m m m ; v v .A b m, , A . F W k Am, b m,

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m C A m k k m m x m b v v , m I Rm. I, , W k Q, m b required m. (T vv Am x C A m

b x b m- v k m? E H.)B v , m : either m A x .

5. Conclusions

B v , k . O m, k b , vk b m ; , b , bk : b m, R (1987: 287) . S k m

m m b Cv-S (1997: F. 3), m m m v. T m k b q qb.

T b , j- b m, m jm . H b - - m Q m C Z, q m, , j v m m mj x .

T k b m m : k - v , .

O , v, , m , v m . Lk b m b m m m , b ; m b bv mm m .

A v m m b v v, m v . U, . Mv, m b m , A m W M H b b - k R M (.. R 1956,

M 1967). T W Em b b . O - W m k I: x, m q m, b , k b - b b k b , m, k, . m m I v v m M H, m: x vv m N W, Q.

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Notes

1A v Archaeology and Language in the Andes(2012), b P.H & D. G. B-J, . 55-82, P B Am 173, Ox UvP, L.

2 W I , m Q, b m q m mm, I m , m m, j b,, ; j b. (C b O 2006: 331.)

3W , b-ya- b b m b H v iahuanaco (b m m m iwanaku).

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