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16 - 1 ©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/F Alokasi Biaya : Produk Bersama dan produk sampingan (Cost Allocation: Joint Products and Byproducts) Chapter 16

11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

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Page 1: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

16 - 1©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Alokasi Biaya : Produk Bersamadan produk sampingan

(Cost Allocation: Joint Productsand Byproducts)

Alokasi Biaya : Produk Bersamadan produk sampingan

(Cost Allocation: Joint Productsand Byproducts)

Chapter 16

Page 2: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

16 - 2©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Learning Objective 1Learning Objective 1

Identifikasi the splitoff point(s)

(titik pemisahan) dalam joint-cost

situation (biaya bersama).

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16 - 3©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Dasar Biaya Bersama (Joint-Cost Basics)

Dasar Biaya Bersama (Joint-Cost Basics)

Joint productsJoint costs

Biaya Terpisah

Splitoff pointByproduct

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16 - 4©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Joint-Cost BasicsJoint-Cost Basics

Raw milk

Cream Liquid Skim

Page 5: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

16 - 5©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Joint-Cost BasicsJoint-Cost Basics

Batu bara

Gas Benzyl Tar

Page 6: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

16 - 6©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Learning Objective 2Learning Objective 2

Membedakan joint products

dari byproducts.

Page 7: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

16 - 7©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Joint Products and ByproductsJoint Products and Byproducts

Nilai penjualan

High Low

Main productsJoin products Produk samping

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16 - 8©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Learning Objective 3Learning Objective 3

Menerangkan mengapa joint costs

harus dialokasikan pada produk

individu

Page 9: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

16 - 9©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Why Allocate Joint Costs?Why Allocate Joint Costs?

• utk menghitung biaya persediaan dan HPPenjualan

• utk menentukan biaya penggantian dalam kontrak

• untuk penghitungan biaya penyelesaian asuransi

• sebagai dasar peraturan penetapan harga

• untuk tujuan penyelesaian hukum

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Learning Objective 4Learning Objective 4

Alokasi joint costs menggunakan 4

metode berbeda.

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16 - 11©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Pendekatan dalam AllokasiJoint Costs

Pendekatan dalam AllokasiJoint Costs

Approach 2:Ukuran fisik/

Physical measure

Approach 1:Dasar pasar/Market based

Dua cara dasar untuk mengalokasikan joint costs pada products adalah:

Page 12: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

16 - 12©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Approach 1: Market-based DataApproach 1: Market-based Data

Metode nilai penjualan pada splitoff/Sales value at splitoff

Metode estimasi nilai realisasi bersih/Estimated net realizable value (NRV)

Metode persentase marjin kotor konstan/Constant gross-margin percentage NRV

Page 13: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

16 - 13©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Allocating Joint Costs ExampleAllocating Joint Costs Example

10,000 units of A at aselling price of $10 = $100,000

10,500 units of B at aselling price of $30 = $315,000

11,500 units of C at aselling price of $20 = $230,00

Joint processingcost is $200,000

Splitoff point

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Allocating Joint Costs ExampleAllocating Joint Costs Example

A B C TotalSales Value $100,000 $315,000 $230,000 $645,000Allocation ofJoint Cost100 ÷ 645 31,008 315 ÷ 645 97,674230 ÷ 645 71,318

200,000Gross margin $ 68,992 $217,326 $158,682 $445,000

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Sales Value at SplitoffMethod Example

Sales Value at SplitoffMethod Example

Asumsikan seluruh unit yg dipro-duksi dari B dan C habis terjual

2,500 units of A (25%)masih dalam persediaan

Berapa persentase marjin kotordari masing-masig product?

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Sales Value at SplitoffMethod Example

Sales Value at SplitoffMethod Example

Product A Revenues: 7,500 units × $10.00 $75,000Cost of goods sold:

Joint product costs $31,008Less ending inventory

$31,008 × 25% 7,752 23,256Gross margin $51,744

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Sales Value at SplitoffMethod Example

Sales Value at SplitoffMethod Example

Product A:($75,000 – $ 23,256) ÷ $75,000 = 69%

Product B:($315,000 – $97,674) ÷ $315,000 = 69%

Product C:($230,000 – $71,318) ÷ $230,000 = 69%

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Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example

Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example

Asumsikan bahwa Oklahoma Company dapat mem-proses lebih lanjut products A, B, and, C menjadi

A1, B1, and C1.

Nilai penjualan setelah pemrosesan lebih lanjut adalah :

A1:10,000 × $12.00

= $120,000

B1:10,500 × $33.00

= $346,500

C1:11,500 × $21.00

= $241,500

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Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example

Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example

Biaya proses tambahan (terpisah) adalah:

A1: $35,000 B1: $46,500 C1: $51,500

Berapa NRV dari setiap product pada titik pemisahan (splitoff point) ?

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Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example

Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example

Product A1: $120,000 – $35,000 = $85,000

Product B1: $346,500 – $46,500 = $300,000

Product C1: $241,500 – $51,500 = $190,000

Berapa joint cost yang dialokasikanpada setiap product?

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16 - 21©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example

Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example

To A1:85 ÷ 575 × $200,000 = $29,565

To B1:300 ÷ 575 × $200,000 = $104,348

To C1:190 ÷ 575 × $200,000 = $66,087

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16 - 22©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example

Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example

Allocated Separable Inventory joint costs costs costs

A1 $ 29,565 $ 35,000 $ 64,565B1 104,348 46,500 150,848C1 66,087 51,500 117,587Total $200,000 $133,000 $333,000

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16 - 23©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Constant Gross-MarginPercentage NRV MethodConstant Gross-Margin

Percentage NRV Method

Metode ini memerlukan tiga langkah:

Step 1:Hitung seluruh persentase gross-margin.

Step 2:Gunakan seluruh persentase gross-margin

dan kurangi gross margin dari nilai penjualan akhir untuk mendapatkan biaya total

yang harus dibebankan pada setiap product.

Page 24: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

16 - 24©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Constant Gross-MarginPercentage NRV MethodConstant Gross-Margin

Percentage NRV Method

Step 3:Kurangi biaya terpisah yang diharapkan dari

biaya total untuk mendapatkan alokasi joint-cost

Page 25: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

16 - 25©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Constant Gross-MarginPercentage NRV MethodConstant Gross-Margin

Percentage NRV Method

Berapa nilai penjualan akhir dari totalproduksi selama periode akuntansi?

Product A1: $120,000Product B1: 346,500Product C1: 241,500Total $708,000

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16 - 26©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Constant Gross-MarginPercentage NRV MethodConstant Gross-Margin

Percentage NRV Method

Step 1:Hitung persentase seluruh gross-margin.

Nilai penjualan akhir yg diharapkan $708,000Dikurangi joint and separable costs 333,000Gross margin $375,000

Gross margin percentage:$375,000 ÷ $708,000 = 52.966%

Page 27: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

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Constant Gross-MarginPercentage NRV MethodConstant Gross-Margin

Percentage NRV Method

Step 2:Kurangi gross margin.

Sales Gross Cost of Value Margin Goods sold

Product A1: $120,000 $ 63,559 $ 56,441Product B1: 346,500 183,527 162,973Product C1: 241,500 127,913 113,587Total $708,000 $375,000 $333,000($1 rounding)

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Constant Gross-MarginPercentage NRV MethodConstant Gross-Margin

Percentage NRV Method

Step 3:Kurangi separable costs.

Cost of Separable Joint costs goods sold costs allocated

Product A1: $ 56,441 $ 35,000 $ 21,441Product B1: 162,973 46,500 116,473Product C1: 113,587 51,500 62,087Total $333,000 $133,000 $200,000

Page 29: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

16 - 29©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Approach 2: PhysicalMeasure Method Example

Approach 2: PhysicalMeasure Method Example

$200,000 joint cost

20,000pounds A

48,000pounds B

12,000pounds C

Product A$50,000

Product B$120,000

Product C$30,000

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16 - 30©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Learning Objective 5Learning Objective 5

Terangkan mengapa metode nilai

penjualan pada splitoff lebih disukai

dalam alokasi joint costs.

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Pemilihan MethodePemilihan Methode

Mengapa metode sales value at splitoff lebih banyak digunakan

Mengukur nilai darijoint product

dengan segera.

Tidak mengantisipasi keputusan management

berikutnya.

Menggunakan dasar yang berarti

(meaningful basis).Sederhana

Page 32: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

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Choosing a MethodChoosing a Method

Tujuan dari alokasi joint-cost adalah penting dalam pemilihan metode allokasi.

Metode pengukuran fisik lebih tepat digunakan dalam penentuan harga dasar.

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Avoiding Joint Cost AllocationAvoiding Joint Cost Allocation

Beberapa perusahaan menahan diri untuk mengalo-kasikan joint costs dan menilai persediaannya

dengan nilai realisasi bersih estimasi.

Page 34: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

16 - 34©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Learning Objective 6Learning Objective 6

Merangkan mengapa joint costs

tidak relevant (irrelevant) dalam

keputusan menjual atau memproses

lebih lanjut

Page 35: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

16 - 35©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Irrelevance of Joint Costsfor Decision Making

Irrelevance of Joint Costsfor Decision Making

Asumsikan products A, B, and C dapat dijualpada splitoff point atau diproses lebih lanjut

menjadi A1, B1, and C1.

Selling Selling Additional Units price price costs10,000 A: $10 A1: $12 $35,00010,500 B: $30 B1: $33 $46,50011,500 C: $20 C1: $21 $51,500

Page 36: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

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Irrelevance of Joint Costsfor Decision Making

Irrelevance of Joint Costsfor Decision Making

Haruskan A, B, or C dijual pada splitoffpoint atau diproses lebih lanjut?

Product A: Tambahan pendapatan $20,000– Tambahan biaya $35,000 = ($15,000)

Product B: Tambahan pendapatan $31,500– Tambahan biaya $46,500 = ($15,000)

Product C: Tambahan pendapatan $11,500– Tambahan biaya $51,500 = ($40,000)

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Learning Objective 7Learning Objective 7

Account untuk produk samping

(byproducts) menggunakan

dua metode berbeda.

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Accounting for ByproductsAccounting for Byproducts

Method A:Metode produksi (The production method) mengakui

byproducts pada waktu produksi selesai/lengkap.

Method B:Metode penjualan (The sale method) menunda

mengakui byproducts hingga waktu penjualannya.

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Accounting for ByproductsExample

Accounting for ByproductsExample

Main Products Byproducts (Yards) (Yards)

Production 1,000 400Sales 800 300Ending inventory 200 100Sales price $13/yard $1.00/yardTidak ada persediaan finished goods awal

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Accounting for ByproductsExample

Accounting for ByproductsExample

Biaya produksi bersama (Joint production costs)untuk joint (main) products and byproducts:

Material $2,000Manufacturing labor 3,000Manufacturing overhead 4,000Total production cost $9,000

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Accounting for ByproductsMethod A

Accounting for ByproductsMethod A

Method A: The production method

Berapa nilai persediaan akhirdari joint (main) products?

Total biaya produksi ($9,000) – nilai realisasi bersih dari byproduct ($400) = Biaya produksi

bersih untuk the joint products ($8,600)

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Accounting for ByproductsMethod A

Accounting for ByproductsMethod A

200 ÷ 1,000 × $8,600 = $1,720 adalah nilaiDibebankan pada 200 yards dalam persediaan akhir

Berapa harga pokok penjualan (cost of goods sold)?

Joint production costs $9,000Less byproduct revenue 400Less main product inventory 1,720Cost of goods sold $6,880

Page 43: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

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Accounting for ByproductsMethod A

Accounting for ByproductsMethod A

Income Statement (Method A)

Revenues: (800 yards × $13) $10,400Cost of goods sold 6,880Gross margin $ 3,520

Berapa persentase gross margin ?

$3,520 ÷ $10,400 = 33.85%

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16 - 44©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Accounting for ByproductsMethod A

Accounting for ByproductsMethod A

Berapa biaya persediaan?

Main product: 200 ÷ 1,000 × $8,600 = $1,720

Byproduct: 100 × $1.00 = $100

Page 45: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

16 - 45©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Journal Entries Method AJournal Entries Method A

Work in Process 2,000Accounts Payable 2,000

Untuk mencatat direct materials yang dibeli dan digunakan dalam produksi

Work in Process 7,000Various Accounts 7,000

Untuk mencatat biaya konversi dalam joint process

Page 46: 11ch16 Indo Alokasi Join Cost

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Journal Entries Method AJournal Entries Method A

Byproduct Inventory 400Finished Goods 8,600

Work in Process 9,000Untuk mencatat harga pokok produk jadi

Cost of Goods Sold 6,880Finished Goods 6,880

Untuk mencatat biaya main product terjual

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Journal Entries Method AJournal Entries Method A

Cash or Accounts Receivable 10,400Revenues 10,400

Untuk mencatat penjualan dari main product

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Accounting for ByproductsMethod B

Accounting for ByproductsMethod B

Method B: The sale method

Berapa nilai dari persediaan akhir darijoint (main) products?

200 ÷ 1,000 × $9,000 = $1,800

Tidak ada nilai dibebankan pada 400 yards dari byproducts pada waktu produksi.

The $300 yang dihasilkan dari penjualanbyproducts dilaporkan sebagai revenues.

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Accounting for ByproductsMethod B

Accounting for ByproductsMethod B

Income Statement (Method B)

Revenues: Main product (800 × $13) $10,400Byproducts sold 300Total revenues $10,700Cost of goods sold:

Joint production costs 9,000Less main product inventory 1,800 $ 7,200

Gross margin $ 3,200

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Accounting for ByproductsMethod B

Accounting for ByproductsMethod B

Berapa persentase gross margin ?

$3,200 ÷ $10,700 = 29.91%

Berapa biaya persediaan?

Main product: 200 ÷ 1,000 × $9,000 = $1,800By-product: -0-

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Journal Entries Method BJournal Entries Method B

Work in Process 2,000Accounts Payable 2,000

Untuk mencatat direct materials yang dibeli dan digunakan dalam produksi

Work in Process 7,000Various Accounts 7,000

Untuk mencatat biaya konversi dalam joint proces

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16 - 52©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Journal Entries Method BJournal Entries Method B

Finished Goods 9,000Work in Process 9,000

Untuk mencatat harga pokok produk jadi

Cost of Goods Sold 7,200Finished Goods 7,200

Untuk mencatat biaya main product terjual

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Journal Entries Method BJournal Entries Method B

Cash or Accounts Receivable 10,400Revenues 10,400

Untuk mencatat penjualan dari main product

Cash or Accounts Receivable 300Revenues 300

Untuk mencatat penjualan dari byproduct