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Alokasi Join Cost. Materi Pembelajaran Akuntansi Biaya
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16 - 1©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Alokasi Biaya : Produk Bersamadan produk sampingan
(Cost Allocation: Joint Productsand Byproducts)
Alokasi Biaya : Produk Bersamadan produk sampingan
(Cost Allocation: Joint Productsand Byproducts)
Chapter 16
16 - 2©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Learning Objective 1Learning Objective 1
Identifikasi the splitoff point(s)
(titik pemisahan) dalam joint-cost
situation (biaya bersama).
16 - 3©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Dasar Biaya Bersama (Joint-Cost Basics)
Dasar Biaya Bersama (Joint-Cost Basics)
Joint productsJoint costs
Biaya Terpisah
Splitoff pointByproduct
16 - 4©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Joint-Cost BasicsJoint-Cost Basics
Raw milk
Cream Liquid Skim
16 - 5©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Joint-Cost BasicsJoint-Cost Basics
Batu bara
Gas Benzyl Tar
16 - 6©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Learning Objective 2Learning Objective 2
Membedakan joint products
dari byproducts.
16 - 7©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Joint Products and ByproductsJoint Products and Byproducts
Nilai penjualan
High Low
Main productsJoin products Produk samping
16 - 8©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Learning Objective 3Learning Objective 3
Menerangkan mengapa joint costs
harus dialokasikan pada produk
individu
16 - 9©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Why Allocate Joint Costs?Why Allocate Joint Costs?
• utk menghitung biaya persediaan dan HPPenjualan
• utk menentukan biaya penggantian dalam kontrak
• untuk penghitungan biaya penyelesaian asuransi
• sebagai dasar peraturan penetapan harga
• untuk tujuan penyelesaian hukum
16 - 10©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Learning Objective 4Learning Objective 4
Alokasi joint costs menggunakan 4
metode berbeda.
16 - 11©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Pendekatan dalam AllokasiJoint Costs
Pendekatan dalam AllokasiJoint Costs
Approach 2:Ukuran fisik/
Physical measure
Approach 1:Dasar pasar/Market based
Dua cara dasar untuk mengalokasikan joint costs pada products adalah:
16 - 12©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Approach 1: Market-based DataApproach 1: Market-based Data
Metode nilai penjualan pada splitoff/Sales value at splitoff
Metode estimasi nilai realisasi bersih/Estimated net realizable value (NRV)
Metode persentase marjin kotor konstan/Constant gross-margin percentage NRV
16 - 13©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Allocating Joint Costs ExampleAllocating Joint Costs Example
10,000 units of A at aselling price of $10 = $100,000
10,500 units of B at aselling price of $30 = $315,000
11,500 units of C at aselling price of $20 = $230,00
Joint processingcost is $200,000
Splitoff point
16 - 14©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Allocating Joint Costs ExampleAllocating Joint Costs Example
A B C TotalSales Value $100,000 $315,000 $230,000 $645,000Allocation ofJoint Cost100 ÷ 645 31,008 315 ÷ 645 97,674230 ÷ 645 71,318
200,000Gross margin $ 68,992 $217,326 $158,682 $445,000
16 - 15©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Sales Value at SplitoffMethod Example
Sales Value at SplitoffMethod Example
Asumsikan seluruh unit yg dipro-duksi dari B dan C habis terjual
2,500 units of A (25%)masih dalam persediaan
Berapa persentase marjin kotordari masing-masig product?
16 - 16©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Sales Value at SplitoffMethod Example
Sales Value at SplitoffMethod Example
Product A Revenues: 7,500 units × $10.00 $75,000Cost of goods sold:
Joint product costs $31,008Less ending inventory
$31,008 × 25% 7,752 23,256Gross margin $51,744
16 - 17©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Sales Value at SplitoffMethod Example
Sales Value at SplitoffMethod Example
Product A:($75,000 – $ 23,256) ÷ $75,000 = 69%
Product B:($315,000 – $97,674) ÷ $315,000 = 69%
Product C:($230,000 – $71,318) ÷ $230,000 = 69%
16 - 18©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example
Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example
Asumsikan bahwa Oklahoma Company dapat mem-proses lebih lanjut products A, B, and, C menjadi
A1, B1, and C1.
Nilai penjualan setelah pemrosesan lebih lanjut adalah :
A1:10,000 × $12.00
= $120,000
B1:10,500 × $33.00
= $346,500
C1:11,500 × $21.00
= $241,500
16 - 19©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example
Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example
Biaya proses tambahan (terpisah) adalah:
A1: $35,000 B1: $46,500 C1: $51,500
Berapa NRV dari setiap product pada titik pemisahan (splitoff point) ?
16 - 20©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example
Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example
Product A1: $120,000 – $35,000 = $85,000
Product B1: $346,500 – $46,500 = $300,000
Product C1: $241,500 – $51,500 = $190,000
Berapa joint cost yang dialokasikanpada setiap product?
16 - 21©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example
Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example
To A1:85 ÷ 575 × $200,000 = $29,565
To B1:300 ÷ 575 × $200,000 = $104,348
To C1:190 ÷ 575 × $200,000 = $66,087
16 - 22©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example
Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example
Allocated Separable Inventory joint costs costs costs
A1 $ 29,565 $ 35,000 $ 64,565B1 104,348 46,500 150,848C1 66,087 51,500 117,587Total $200,000 $133,000 $333,000
16 - 23©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Constant Gross-MarginPercentage NRV MethodConstant Gross-Margin
Percentage NRV Method
Metode ini memerlukan tiga langkah:
Step 1:Hitung seluruh persentase gross-margin.
Step 2:Gunakan seluruh persentase gross-margin
dan kurangi gross margin dari nilai penjualan akhir untuk mendapatkan biaya total
yang harus dibebankan pada setiap product.
16 - 24©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Constant Gross-MarginPercentage NRV MethodConstant Gross-Margin
Percentage NRV Method
Step 3:Kurangi biaya terpisah yang diharapkan dari
biaya total untuk mendapatkan alokasi joint-cost
16 - 25©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Constant Gross-MarginPercentage NRV MethodConstant Gross-Margin
Percentage NRV Method
Berapa nilai penjualan akhir dari totalproduksi selama periode akuntansi?
Product A1: $120,000Product B1: 346,500Product C1: 241,500Total $708,000
16 - 26©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Constant Gross-MarginPercentage NRV MethodConstant Gross-Margin
Percentage NRV Method
Step 1:Hitung persentase seluruh gross-margin.
Nilai penjualan akhir yg diharapkan $708,000Dikurangi joint and separable costs 333,000Gross margin $375,000
Gross margin percentage:$375,000 ÷ $708,000 = 52.966%
16 - 27©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Constant Gross-MarginPercentage NRV MethodConstant Gross-Margin
Percentage NRV Method
Step 2:Kurangi gross margin.
Sales Gross Cost of Value Margin Goods sold
Product A1: $120,000 $ 63,559 $ 56,441Product B1: 346,500 183,527 162,973Product C1: 241,500 127,913 113,587Total $708,000 $375,000 $333,000($1 rounding)
16 - 28©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Constant Gross-MarginPercentage NRV MethodConstant Gross-Margin
Percentage NRV Method
Step 3:Kurangi separable costs.
Cost of Separable Joint costs goods sold costs allocated
Product A1: $ 56,441 $ 35,000 $ 21,441Product B1: 162,973 46,500 116,473Product C1: 113,587 51,500 62,087Total $333,000 $133,000 $200,000
16 - 29©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Approach 2: PhysicalMeasure Method Example
Approach 2: PhysicalMeasure Method Example
$200,000 joint cost
20,000pounds A
48,000pounds B
12,000pounds C
Product A$50,000
Product B$120,000
Product C$30,000
16 - 30©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Learning Objective 5Learning Objective 5
Terangkan mengapa metode nilai
penjualan pada splitoff lebih disukai
dalam alokasi joint costs.
16 - 31©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Pemilihan MethodePemilihan Methode
Mengapa metode sales value at splitoff lebih banyak digunakan
Mengukur nilai darijoint product
dengan segera.
Tidak mengantisipasi keputusan management
berikutnya.
Menggunakan dasar yang berarti
(meaningful basis).Sederhana
16 - 32©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Choosing a MethodChoosing a Method
Tujuan dari alokasi joint-cost adalah penting dalam pemilihan metode allokasi.
Metode pengukuran fisik lebih tepat digunakan dalam penentuan harga dasar.
16 - 33©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Avoiding Joint Cost AllocationAvoiding Joint Cost Allocation
Beberapa perusahaan menahan diri untuk mengalo-kasikan joint costs dan menilai persediaannya
dengan nilai realisasi bersih estimasi.
16 - 34©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Learning Objective 6Learning Objective 6
Merangkan mengapa joint costs
tidak relevant (irrelevant) dalam
keputusan menjual atau memproses
lebih lanjut
16 - 35©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Irrelevance of Joint Costsfor Decision Making
Irrelevance of Joint Costsfor Decision Making
Asumsikan products A, B, and C dapat dijualpada splitoff point atau diproses lebih lanjut
menjadi A1, B1, and C1.
Selling Selling Additional Units price price costs10,000 A: $10 A1: $12 $35,00010,500 B: $30 B1: $33 $46,50011,500 C: $20 C1: $21 $51,500
16 - 36©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Irrelevance of Joint Costsfor Decision Making
Irrelevance of Joint Costsfor Decision Making
Haruskan A, B, or C dijual pada splitoffpoint atau diproses lebih lanjut?
Product A: Tambahan pendapatan $20,000– Tambahan biaya $35,000 = ($15,000)
Product B: Tambahan pendapatan $31,500– Tambahan biaya $46,500 = ($15,000)
Product C: Tambahan pendapatan $11,500– Tambahan biaya $51,500 = ($40,000)
16 - 37©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Learning Objective 7Learning Objective 7
Account untuk produk samping
(byproducts) menggunakan
dua metode berbeda.
16 - 38©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Accounting for ByproductsAccounting for Byproducts
Method A:Metode produksi (The production method) mengakui
byproducts pada waktu produksi selesai/lengkap.
Method B:Metode penjualan (The sale method) menunda
mengakui byproducts hingga waktu penjualannya.
16 - 39©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Accounting for ByproductsExample
Accounting for ByproductsExample
Main Products Byproducts (Yards) (Yards)
Production 1,000 400Sales 800 300Ending inventory 200 100Sales price $13/yard $1.00/yardTidak ada persediaan finished goods awal
16 - 40©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Accounting for ByproductsExample
Accounting for ByproductsExample
Biaya produksi bersama (Joint production costs)untuk joint (main) products and byproducts:
Material $2,000Manufacturing labor 3,000Manufacturing overhead 4,000Total production cost $9,000
16 - 41©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Accounting for ByproductsMethod A
Accounting for ByproductsMethod A
Method A: The production method
Berapa nilai persediaan akhirdari joint (main) products?
Total biaya produksi ($9,000) – nilai realisasi bersih dari byproduct ($400) = Biaya produksi
bersih untuk the joint products ($8,600)
16 - 42©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Accounting for ByproductsMethod A
Accounting for ByproductsMethod A
200 ÷ 1,000 × $8,600 = $1,720 adalah nilaiDibebankan pada 200 yards dalam persediaan akhir
Berapa harga pokok penjualan (cost of goods sold)?
Joint production costs $9,000Less byproduct revenue 400Less main product inventory 1,720Cost of goods sold $6,880
16 - 43©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Accounting for ByproductsMethod A
Accounting for ByproductsMethod A
Income Statement (Method A)
Revenues: (800 yards × $13) $10,400Cost of goods sold 6,880Gross margin $ 3,520
Berapa persentase gross margin ?
$3,520 ÷ $10,400 = 33.85%
16 - 44©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Accounting for ByproductsMethod A
Accounting for ByproductsMethod A
Berapa biaya persediaan?
Main product: 200 ÷ 1,000 × $8,600 = $1,720
Byproduct: 100 × $1.00 = $100
16 - 45©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Journal Entries Method AJournal Entries Method A
Work in Process 2,000Accounts Payable 2,000
Untuk mencatat direct materials yang dibeli dan digunakan dalam produksi
Work in Process 7,000Various Accounts 7,000
Untuk mencatat biaya konversi dalam joint process
16 - 46©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Journal Entries Method AJournal Entries Method A
Byproduct Inventory 400Finished Goods 8,600
Work in Process 9,000Untuk mencatat harga pokok produk jadi
Cost of Goods Sold 6,880Finished Goods 6,880
Untuk mencatat biaya main product terjual
16 - 47©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Journal Entries Method AJournal Entries Method A
Cash or Accounts Receivable 10,400Revenues 10,400
Untuk mencatat penjualan dari main product
16 - 48©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Accounting for ByproductsMethod B
Accounting for ByproductsMethod B
Method B: The sale method
Berapa nilai dari persediaan akhir darijoint (main) products?
200 ÷ 1,000 × $9,000 = $1,800
Tidak ada nilai dibebankan pada 400 yards dari byproducts pada waktu produksi.
The $300 yang dihasilkan dari penjualanbyproducts dilaporkan sebagai revenues.
16 - 49©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Accounting for ByproductsMethod B
Accounting for ByproductsMethod B
Income Statement (Method B)
Revenues: Main product (800 × $13) $10,400Byproducts sold 300Total revenues $10,700Cost of goods sold:
Joint production costs 9,000Less main product inventory 1,800 $ 7,200
Gross margin $ 3,200
16 - 50©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Accounting for ByproductsMethod B
Accounting for ByproductsMethod B
Berapa persentase gross margin ?
$3,200 ÷ $10,700 = 29.91%
Berapa biaya persediaan?
Main product: 200 ÷ 1,000 × $9,000 = $1,800By-product: -0-
16 - 51©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Journal Entries Method BJournal Entries Method B
Work in Process 2,000Accounts Payable 2,000
Untuk mencatat direct materials yang dibeli dan digunakan dalam produksi
Work in Process 7,000Various Accounts 7,000
Untuk mencatat biaya konversi dalam joint proces
16 - 52©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Journal Entries Method BJournal Entries Method B
Finished Goods 9,000Work in Process 9,000
Untuk mencatat harga pokok produk jadi
Cost of Goods Sold 7,200Finished Goods 7,200
Untuk mencatat biaya main product terjual
16 - 53©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Journal Entries Method BJournal Entries Method B
Cash or Accounts Receivable 10,400Revenues 10,400
Untuk mencatat penjualan dari main product
Cash or Accounts Receivable 300Revenues 300
Untuk mencatat penjualan dari byproduct