1.2 Component in a Computer System.pdf

8/23/2015 CampusCommune

https://campuscommune.tcs.com/communities/aspire2015/content/12componentsinacomputersystemaspire2015 1/17

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Aspire2015

IntroductiontoComputerSystems

1.IntroductiontoComputerTechnology

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2.ComputerOrganizationandArchitecture

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3.SystemsSoftware

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4.IntroductiontoOperatingSystem

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5.ComputingEnvironments

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1.2.ComponentsinaComputerSystem

Acomputerconsistsoffollowingcomponents:

Hardware

Software

Firmware

1.2.1.Hardware

Hardwareconstitutesthetangiblepartsofcomputerlikeitskeyboard,mouse,VisualDisplayUnit(VDUormonitor), circuits etc. It isbestdescribedas all thephysicalpartsof a computer, thepartsyoucanactuallyseeandtouch.

Hardwareconstitutesthefollowingpartsofcomputer:

I.Caseorbodyofcomputer

II.Powersupply

III.Inputperipherals

i.Mouse

ii.Keyboard

IV.Outputperipherals

i.Monitor

ii.Printer

V.MemoryDevice

VI.Motherboard

i.CentralProcessingUnitii.RAMiii.Ports

VII.Expansioncards

Pintu KumarHighlight



Outofthecomponentslistedabove,inthissession,wewillfocusourdiscussiononthefollowingpartsofhardwareonly:

I.Mouse

II.Keyboard

III.Monitor

IV.MemoryDevice

V.CentralProcessingUnit

1.2.1.1.Mouse

AMouse is an input device and probably has at least two buttons on it. The left button is called theprimarymouse button, the right button is called the secondarymouse button or just the rightmousebutton.TherecanbeasmallwheelcalledScrollerbetweenthe twomousebuttons.Themousecanbeusedasfollows:

Click:Pointtoanitem,thentap(pressandrelease)theleftmousebutton.Likeyouclicklinksonawebsite.

Doubleclick:Pointtoanitemandpresstheleftmousebuttontwiceinrapidsuccession.

Rightclick:Pointtoanitem,thentaptherightmousebutton.

Drag:Pointtoanitem,thenholddowntheleftmousebuttonasyoumovethemouse.Thenreleasetheleftmousebuttontodroptheitem.

Rightdrag:Pointtoanitem,thenholddowntherightmousebuttonasyoumovethemouse.



Thenreleasetherightmousebuttontodroptheitem.

1.2.1.2.Keyboard

AKeyboardisaninputdeviceandisusuallyusedwhenweneedtotypesometextinputorfillaform.Variouskeysareexplainedbelow.

Thefunctionkeyshavesomedefinitefunctiondependingontheapplicationorprogramthatyouareusingonyourcomputer.TherearetwelvefunctionkeysfromF1toF12.F1canalwaysbeusedtodisplayhelpforyourcurrentapplication,F2canbeusedtochangenameofanyfile,F3canbeusedtosearchanytextorfileonthecomputer.Similarlyeachfunctionkeycanbeusedtoperformaspecificaction.

ThedirectionkeysorArrowkeyscanbeusedtomovethetypingcursor(theblinkingshortverticallineonmonitorthatindicatesthepositionoftextinsertion)atdesiredlocation.

ThenumerickeyscanbeusedtoenternumbersifwehavepressedtheNumLockkeywhichcanbeindicatedbythelightonLockKeyindicators.Otherwise,theNumerickeysbehaveasdirectionkeysandallowsyoutochangeyourcursorlocation.

CtrlandAltkeysaregenerallyusedincombinationwithotherkeystoperformsomespecifictaskthatis,youcanpressallthesecombinationkeystogethertoproduceasingleinput.

ShiftKeyisalsoaspecialkeywhichcanbeusedtochangethelowercaselettertouppercaseandviceversawhiletyping.Itisalsousedtodisplaytheparenthesis(),thequestionmark(?),theexclamationpoint(!)andthecolon(:).Also,ithelpsindisplayingotherspecialcharacterslike@,$,#thatarepresentonthehorizontalnumerickeypad.

Tabkeyallowsyoutomovethecursorbyafixednumberofspaces.Itishelpfulifyouwanttowritesomethinginatabulatedform.Itcanalsobeusedtomovetothenextinputfieldwhilefillingaform.

CapsLockKeysetsaninputmodeinwhichtypedlettersareuppercase(incapitalletters)bydefault.Thekeyboardremainsincapslockmodeuntilthekeyispressedagain.Itcanbeusefulwhenyouaretypingaheadingorfillingaformwhichrequiresonlycapitalletters.



EnterKeycausesaformoranyothercomputeroperationtoperformitsdefaultfunction.ThisistypicallyanalternativetopressinganOKbutton.Itcanalsobeusedtomovetothenextline'sstartingpositionwhiletyping.

Esc(Escape)keycanbeusedtocancelataskortogobacktoaprevioustask.

1.2.1.3.Monitor

Monitor, also called as VDU (Visual Display Unit) is the primary output device. It looks like aTelevisionandhassimilarpurposeofdisplayingvideosoroutputofprograms.Monitorsarebuiltusingtechnologies likeCathodeRayTube(CRTmonitors referGlossary)andThinFilmTransistorLiquidCrystal Display (TFT LCD monitors refer Glossary). We now generally have these monitors orscreensmadeofTFTLCD.

1.2.1.4.MemoryDevices

Thesearethedeviceswhichstoretheinformation.



Thetermprimarymemoryisusedfortheinformationinphysicalsystemswhichfunctionsathighspeed.For example, it is capable of performing complex calculations and displaying the results at the sametime.

Secondarymemorydevicesarephysicaldevicesforprogramanddatastoragewhichareslowtoaccessbutofferhighermemorycapacity.

Primarymemorystoredonsecondarymemoryiscalledvirtualmemory.

RAM (refer Figure 1.14, Glossary), and Computer cache (refer Glossary) are examples of Primarymemory storage.Magnetic tapes,CompactDisks (CDs),DigitalVersatileDisks (DVDs referFigure1.15)areallexamplesofSecondaryMemoryStorage.

Thememoryisorganizedintomemorycellseachstoringonebinarybit(0or1).Thememorycellsaregrouped into words of fixed length, for example 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 or 128 bit. Eachword in thememory can be accessed by a binary address (referGlossary) ofN bit,making it possible to store 2raisedbyNwords.

1.2.1.5.CentralProcessingUnit

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) or the computer processor performs calculations, processesinformation,storesdatainmemoryandcontrolstheflowofdata.Theconventionalprocessorsaresmallinsizeandhaveallthecircuitsintegratedonasinglechip.Becauseofitssmallsize,theprocessorisalsoknownasmicroprocessor.ItisalsocalledtheBrainofcomputer.



Aminimalhypotheticalmicroprocessormightonlyincludeanarithmeticlogicunit(ALU)andacontrollogicsection.

TheALUperformsmathematicaloperationssuchasadditionoftwonumbers,andlogicaloperationssuchasANDorOR(referGlossary).EachoperationoftheALUsetsoneormoreflagsinastatusregister(asmallmemorywithintheCPU),whichindicatestheresultofthelastoperation.

Thecontrollogicsectionretrievesinstructioncodesfrommemory,andinitiatesthesequenceofoperationsthattheALUrequirestocarryouttheinstruction.Itmayhappenthatasingleoperationcodeaffectsmanyregisters(referGlossary)atthesametime.Itislikeexecutingaflowchart(referGlossary)anddependingontheconditionencounteredintheflowchartanappropriatedecisionwillbetakenandtheflowwilljumptosomeotheroperationtobetriggeredintheALU.

GarrettAiResearch'sCentralAirDataComputer(CADC)(1968),TexasInstruments(TI)TMS1000(1971September)andIntel's4004(1971November)arethethreeprojectsthatdeliveredamicroprocessorataboutthesametime.

Wealsohavemulticoreprocessorsthathaveasinglechipcontainingmorethanonemicroprocessor.Thiseffectivelymultipliestheprocessor'spotentialperformancebythenumberofcores(theindependentactualcentralprocessingunits).

Thefirstdualcoreprocessors(microprocessorshavingtwoseparatemicroprocessorsonsingleIntegratedChipreferFigure1.16)forpersonalcomputerwereannouncedin2005.

Asof2013,dualcoreandquadcoreprocessors(microprocessorshavingfourseparatemicroprocessorsonsingleIntegratedChip)arewidelyusedinhomePCsandlaptopswhilesix,eight,ten,twelveandsixteencoreprocessorsarecommonintheprofessionalandenterprisemarketswithworkstationsandservers(referGlossary).

1.2.2.Software

Softwareisthenonmaterialpartofcomputerlikedata,programs,protocolsetc.Itisanonphysicalcomponentthatrunsonyourcomputerandcanbechangedbyasetofprogrammedinstructions.

ForexampleyouwatchamovieonaDVDusingtheDVDdriveinyourcomputer.HeretheDVDandDVDdrivearebothhardware,buttheprograminyourcomputerthatyouusetowatchthismovieiscalledsoftware.ThusasmovieisstoredonaDVD,similarlythereisaprogramlikeMediaPlayerstoredonyourcomputertowatchthatmovie.Theapplicationthatyouarecurrentlyusingtoreadthistextis



alsoasoftware.

Softwarecanbecategorizedintothreetypesasfollows:

SystemSoftware

UtilitySoftware

ApplicationSoftware

1.2.2.1.SystemSoftware

It is the software used tomanage and control the hardware components and which allow interactionbetween the hardware and the other types of software (refer Figure 1.17). Themost obvious type ofsystemsoftwareisthecomputer'soperatingsystem.WewillseeOperatingSystemindetail.

AlltheprogramsandsoftwarerunoncomputerusingthemainsoftwareTheOperatingSystem.SomepopularmodernoperatingsystemsareAndroid,iOS,Unix,Linux,MacOSX,MicrosoftWindowsandIBMz/OS(referFigure1.18).

Operatingsystemhasvariouscategoriesaslistedbelow:

Realtime:Realtimeoperatingsystemsoftenusespecializedschedulingalgorithms(referGlossary).Themainobjectiveofrealtimeoperatingsystemsistheirquickandpredictable



responsetoevents.Theirdesigniscalledeventdrivenortimesharingdesign.Aneventdrivendesignsystemswitchesbetweentasksbasedontheirprioritiesorexternaleventswhiletimesharingoperatingsystemsswitchtasksbasedonclockinterrupts.

Multiuser:Amultiuseroperatingsystemallowsmultipleuserstoaccessacomputersystematthesametime.TimesharingsystemsorInternetserversareexamplesofmultiusersystemsastheyenablemultipleuseraccesstoacomputerthroughthesharingoftime.

Multitasking:Amultitaskingoperatingsystemallowsmorethanoneprogramtorunatagiventime.Multitaskingcanbeoftwotypes:preemptiveandcooperative.

Preemptivemultitaskingistheactoftemporarilyinterruptingataskbeingcarriedoutbyacomputersystem,withtheintentionofresumingthetaskatalatertime.UnixlikeoperatingsystemssuchasSolarisandLinuxsupportpreemptivemultitasking.Forexample,youaretalkingonalandlinephonetosomeoneandthedoorbellrings.Inthiscaseyouwouldkeepthephonecalleronholdandvisitthepersonondoorandthencomebackandcontinuewiththetelephonecall.Itshowsherethattheringingofthedoorbellwasataskhavinghigherpriorityforwhichyoucouldsuspendthecurrentnormalpriorityphonecall.Cooperativemultitaskingisachievedbyrelyingoneachprocesstogivetimetotheotherprocessesinadefinedmanner.16bitversionsofMicrosoftWindows(MicrosoftWindows1.0to3.0and9xversionswhichstillsupporttheolderwindowsversions.Thesesystemsusuallyhangorstoprespondingincaseonerunningprogramdoesnotcooperatetoyieldtheprocessortosomeotherprogram)usedcooperativemultitasking.MacOSversionsbeforetoOSXusedtosupportcooperativemultitasking.

Singletasking:ASingleTaskingsystemhasonlyonerunningprogram(referGlossary).ThePalmOSforPalmhandheldcomputersisanexampleofasingleuserandsingletaskoperatingsystem.

Distributed:Adistributedoperatingsystemmanagesagroupofindependentcomputersandmakesthemappeartobeasinglecomputer.Thenetworkedcomputersworkingasagroupincooperation,makeadistributedsystem.

Embedded:Embeddedoperatingsystemsaredesignedtobeusedinembeddedcomputersystems.ThesearedesignedtooperateonmachineslikePDAswithlessautonomy.Theyoperatewithalimitednumberofresources,areverycompactandextremelyefficientbydesign.Minix3andWindowsCEareexamplesofembeddedoperatingsystems

1.2.2.2.UtilitySoftware

ItissoftwaresuchasantivirussoftwarelikeNortonandMcAfee,orMicrosoftSecurityEssentialswhichhelp to maintain and protect the computer system but may not directly interface with the hardware.UtilitieslikeWinziphelptocombineandcompressdatafilessothattheyoccupylessmemoryandcanbeeasilysentinmails.

1.2.2.3.ApplicationsSoftware

Alsoknownasapps,thesearedesignedtoallowtheuserofthesystemcompleteaspecifictaskorsetof



tasks.Appsincludeprogramslikewebbrowsers,gamesandofficesoftware.Theyareusuallythereasonyouboughtthecomputersysteminthefirstplace(referFigure1.19).

1.2.3.Firmware

It is the combination of persistentmemory (long term or permanent storagewhich is preserved evenwhenthepowersupplyisunavailable),programcodeandthedatastoredinit.

Itissoftwarestoredinhardware.

Examplesincludeembeddedsystemsliketrafficlightsandremotecontrol.

Letusunderstandfirmwareusingremotecontrol.Whenyouopenaremotecontrolyouseeasetofcircuitswhichalongwiththebodyoftheremotecontrolconstitutesthehardwarepart.Nowyoucanmoveorswitchchannelsusingtheremotecontroloryoucanputachildlockforthesame.Alsoyoucanusetheswapbuttonontheremotecontroltogobacktothepreviousviewedchannel.Sotheremotecontrolisabletorememberwhichisthemostrecentchannelyouviewedoryourcolorpreferences.Thispartconstitutesthesoftwareanddatastoredinyourremotecontrol.

Changingthefirmwareofadevicemayrarelyorneverbedoneduringitslifetime.Somefirmwarememorydevicesarepermanentlyinstalledandcannotbechangedatall.Deviceslikeprinters,scanners,camerasandUSBdriveshavefirmwarestoredinternally.



RelatedMaterial/VideoLinks:

Hardware:http://nptel.ac.in/courses/106106092/3

Software:http://nptel.ac.in/courses/106106092/2

Firmware:http://nptel.ac.in/courses/108102045/

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1.2 Component in a Computer System.pdf