12 CR questions

8/9/2019 12 CR questions

1/5

1. Historian: Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to moderncalculus. Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques. It has traditionally beenthought that these discoveries were independent. Researchers have, however, recentlydiscovered notes of Leibniz that discuss one of Newton s boo!s on mathematics. "everalscholars have argued that since the boo! includes a presentation of Newton s calculus conceptsand techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz own development ofcalculus concepts and techniques , it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false. # morecautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz notes are limited to early sectionsof Newtons book, sections that precede the ones in which Newtons calculus conceptsand techniques are presented .

In the historian s reasoning, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles$ #. %he first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends& thesecond is evidence that has been used to support an opposing position.'. %he first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends& thesecond is that position.(. %he first provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion that is drawn to providesupport for the overall position that the historian defends& the second provides evidence againstthat intermediate conclusion.). %he first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes&the second is evidence offered in support of the historian s own position.*. %he first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes& thesecond is further information that substantiates that evidence.

#nswer+ ) not confirmed-

. /hich of the following best completes the passage below$ # primary factor in perpetuating the low salaries of women wor!ers has been their segregation inthe so0called pin!0collar occupations, such as nursing, teaching, library science, and secretarialwor!. artly because these 2obs have traditionally been held by women, their salary levels havebeen depressed, and, despite increased attempts to unionize these wor!ers in recent years, theirpay continues to lag. 3oreover, although a large percentage of women than ever before are nowentering and remaining in the 2ob mar!et, most continue to gravitate toward the pin!0collar fields,despite the lower salaries. It seems clear, therefore, that if the average salaries of womenwor!ers are to approach those of men, 444444

#- labor unions must redouble th eir efforts to improve the lot of wor!ing women'- society s perception of pin!0collar 2obs as less important and less demanding than other 2obs must bechanged(- more men must be encouraged to enter fields traditionally occupied by women)- the number of 2obs in the pin!0collar fields relative to the size of the wor! force as a whole must be

mar!edly increased*- more women must enter occupations other than those traditionally reserved for them

#nswer+ *

5. *very political philosopher of the early twentieth century who was either a socialist or a communist wasinfluenced by Rosa Lu6emburg. No one who was influenced by Rosa Lu6emburg advocated a totalitarianstate.

If the statements above are true, which one of the following must on the basis of them also is true$


2/5

#- No early0twentieth0century socialist political philosopher advocated a totalitarian state.'- *very early0twentieth0century political philosopher who did not advocate a totalitarian state wasinfluenced by Rosa Lu6emburg.(- Rosa Lu6emburg was the only person to influence every early0twentieth0century political philosopherwho was either socialist or communist.)- *very early0twentieth0century political philosopher who was influenced by Rosa Lu6emburg and was not

a socialist was a communist.*- *very early0twentieth0century political philosopher who did not advocate a totalitarian state was eithersocialist or communist.

#nswer+ #

7. "ome environmentalists question the prudence of e6ploiting features of the environment, arguing thatthere are no economic benefits to be gained from forests, mountains, or wetlands that no longer e6ist.3any environmentalists claim that because nature has intrinsic value it would be wrong to destroy suchfeatures of the environment, even if the economic costs of doing so were outweighed by the economiccosts of not doing so.

/hich one of the following can be logically inferred from the passage$

#- It is economically imprudent to e6ploit features of the environment.'- "ome environmentalists appeal to a noneconomic 2ustification in questioning the defensibility ofe6ploiting features of the environment.(- 3ost environmentalists appeal to economic reasons in questioning the defensibility of e6ploiting featuresof the environment.)- 3any environmentalists provide only a noneconomic 2ustification in questioning the defensibility ofe6ploiting features of the environment.*- *ven if there is no economic reason for protecting the environment, there is a sound noneconomic

2ustification for doing so.

#nswer+ 'E planation + the 2ustification advanced by 8many environmentalists8 in the last sentence is clearly non0economic, since it runs directly counter to economic principles quote+ ... even if the economic costs of doingso were outweighed by the economic costs of not doing so-.i9ll e6plain why ( and ) are wrong.

c- /hile there is an economic 2ustification in the passage 0 specifically, the 2ustification mentioned in the firstsentence 0 this 2ustification is limited to ":3* environmentalists. this choice is wrong, then, since it claims8most8 and is thus overreaching.d- %his choice is wrong because of the 8only8.%he passage claims that certain environmentalists have advanced a non0economic 2ustification, but neversays that this is the :NL; 2ustification advanced by those environmentalists.In fact, note that, R** ?@*"%I:N, this (#NN:% be the correct answer I= b- is also anavailable option. reason+ if d- is true, then b- 3@"% also be true, since it9s a wea!er claim about the samething. therefore, if d- is true, then b- is a fortiori also true. since you can9t have two correct answers, d-can9t possibly be correct.-

A. Economist + In the interaction between producers and consumers, the only obligation that all parties have toact in the best interests of their own side. #nd distribution of information about product defects is in the bestinterests of the consumer, "o consumers are always obligated to report product defects they discover, whileproducers are never obligated to reveal them.

/hich one of the following is an assumption required by the economist9s argument$ #. It is never in the best interests of producers for a producer to reveal a product defect.'. No one e6pects producers to act in a manner counter to their own best interests.(. #ny product defect is li!ely to be discovered by consumer


3/5

). # product defect is more li!ely to be discovered by a consumer than by a producer*. %he best interests of consumers never coincide with the best interests of producers

#nswer+ #E planation +

#rgument+In the interaction between producers and consumers, the only obligation that all parties have toact in the best interests of their own side .

(onclusion + "o consumers are always obligated to report product defects they discover, while producersare never obli!ated to reveal them"

#ssumption + It is never in the best interests of producers for a producer to reveal a product defect.

B. %he wor!ers at 'ell 3anufacturing will shortly go on stri!e unless the management increases their wages. #s 'ell s president is well aware, however, in order to increase the wor!er s wages, 'ell would have to selloff some of its subsidiaries. "o, some of 'ell s subsidiaries will be sold.

%he conclusion above is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed$#- 'ell 3anufacturing will begin to suffer increased losses.'- 'ell s management will refuse to increase its wor!er s wages.(- %he wor!ers at 'ell 3anufacturing will not be going on stri!e.)- 'ell s president has the authority to offer the wor!ers their desired wage increase.*- 'ell s wor!ers will not accept a pac!age of improved benefits in place of their desired wage increase.

#nswer+ (

C. #dvertisement + #nyone who e6ercises !nows from firsthand e6perience that e6ercise leads to betterperformance of such physical organs as the heart and lungs, as well as to improvement in muscle tone. #ndsince your brain is a physical organ, your actions can improve its performance, too. #ct now. "ubscribe to"timulus+ read the magazine that e6ercises your brain.

%he #dvertisement employs which one of the following argumentative strategies$#- It cites e6perimental evidence that subscribing to the product being advertised has desirableconsequences.'- It ridicules people who do not subscribe to "timulus by suggesting that they do not believe that e6ercisewill improve brain capacity.(- It e6plains the process by which the product being advertised brings about the result claimed for its use.)- It supports its recommendation by a careful analysis of the concept of e6ercise.*- It implies that brains and muscle are similar in one respect because they are similar in another respect.

#nswer+ *E planation + since the ad states that wor!ing out your brain will improve your brain much in the same waythat wor!ing out your physical organs improve their performance

D. /hen #licia owever, when eter =oster did the same thing, he was charged with automobile theft. eter came to theattention of the police because the car he was driving was hit by a speeding ta6i. #licia was stoppedbecause the car she was driving had defective taillights. It is true that the car eter too! got damaged andthe car #licia too! did not, but since it was the ta6i that caused the damage this difference was not due toany difference in the blameworthiness of their behavior. %herefore, #licia should also have been chargedwith automobile theft.

If all of the claims offered in support of the conclusion are accurate, each of the following could be true*E(* %+#- %he interests of 2ustice would have been better served if the police had released eter =oster with awarning.'- #licia


4/5

*- eter =oster had been cited for speeding twice in the preceding month, whereas #licia owever, choice ( states that eter ran a redlight, which would imply that he was at least partially to blame.

F. @nder the influence of today s computer0oriented culture, publishing for children has ta!en on a flashy newloo! that emphasizes illustrations and graphic design& the resulting lac! of substance leads to boo!s that areshort0lived items covering mainly trendy sub2ects. %he changes also include more humorous content,simplification of difficult material, and a narrower focus on specific topics.

/hich one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above$ #. %he inclusion of humorous material and a narrower focus detract from the substance of a children s

boo!.'. %he substance of a children s boo! is important to its longevity.(. (hildren of the computer generation cannot concentrate on long, unbro!en sections of prose.). (hildren 2udge boo!s primarily on the basis of graphic design.*. %he lac! of substance of a children s boo! is unli!ely to be important to its popularity.

#nswer+ 'E planation + %he prompt says that 8the resulting lac! of substance leads to boo!s that are short0lived.8 Iflac! of substance leads to lac! of longevity, then we can conclude that substance is necessary for longevity .

1G. =urther evidence of a connection between brain physiology and psychological states has recently beenuncovered in the form of a correlation between electroencephalograph patterns and characteristic moods. #study showed that participants who suffered from clinical depression e6hibited less left frontal lobe activitythan right, while, conversely, characteristically good0natured participants e6hibited greater left lobe activity.%hus one s general disposition is a result of the activity of one s frontal lobe.

*ach of the following, if true, wea!ens the argument *E(* %+ #. 3any drugs prescribed to combat clinical depression act by causing increased left lobe activity.'. *6cessive sleep, a typical consequence of clinical depression, is !nown to suppress left lobe activity.(. =rontal lobe activity is not sub2ect to variation the way general disposition is.). *arlier studies indicated that frontal lobe activity and emotive states are both caused by activity in the

brain s limbic activity.*. "ocial interaction of the !ind not engaged in by most clinically depressed people is !nown to stimulate

left lobe activity.

#nswer+ #E planation: %he author is assuming because low left lobe levels and depression are correlated, the former causes the latter. /e can wea!en this causal relationship by establishing that 1- )epression causes a lossof left lobe activity b, e-, - "ome other root cause is responsible for both effects d-, or 5- the findings aresimply coincidence and the relationship isn9t reliable c-. #, meanwhile, indicates that depression can befought by raising left0lobe levels, strengthening the conclusion that lobe levels control disposition.

11. /e ought to pay attention only to the intrinsic properties of a wor! of art. Its other, e6trinsic properties areirrelevant to our aesthetic interactions with it. =or e6ample, when we loo! at a painting we should consideronly what is directly presented in our e6perience of it. / hat is really aesthetically relevant, therefore, is notwhat a painting symbolizes, but what it directly presents to e6perience.


5/5

%he conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is added to the premises$ #. /hat an art wor! symbolizes involves only e6trinsic properties of that wor!.'. %here are certain properties of our e6periences of artwor!s that can be distinguished as symbolic

properties.(. :nly an artwor! s intrinsic properties are relevant to our aesthetic interactions with it.). It is possible in theory for an artwor! to symbolize nothing.*. #n intrinsic property of an artwor! is one that related the wor! to itself.

#nswer+ #E planation: %he authors conclusion is that what is important to a painting is what it presents to e6periencerather than what it symbolizes we !now this by the !eyword therefore-. >is evidence is that e6trinsicproperties are unimportant, and intrinsic properties are the !ey.'ecause he9s shifting from irrelevant e6trinsic properties in his evidence to irrelevant symbolism in hisconclusion, it 3@"% be true the symbolism is e6trinsic& if any symbolism is intrinsic, then his logic is flawed.

1 . %he 'oard of %rustees of the =ederici #rt 3useum has decided to sell some wor!s from its collection in order to raise the funds necessary to refurbish its galleries. #lthough this may seem li!e a drastic remedy, thecurator had long maintained that among the paintings that the late 3s. =ederici collected for the museumwere several unsuccessful immature wor!s by Renoir and (ezanne that should be sold because they are ofinferior quality and so add nothing to the overall quality of the museum s collection. >ence, the board s

action will not detract from the museum s collection.

/hich one of the following, if true, most wea!en the argument$#- %he directors of an art museum can generally raise funds for refurbishing the building in which themuseum s collection is housed by means other than selling parts of its collection.'- %he quality of an art collection is determined not 2ust by the quality of its paintings, but by whatdevelopment of the artistic talent and ideas of the artists represented.(- %he immature wo!s by Renoir and (ezanne that were purchased by 3s. =ederici were at that timethought by some critics to be unimportant 2uvenile wor!s.)- %hose people who speculate in art by purchasing artwor!s merely to sell them at much higher priceswelcome inflation in the art mar!et, but curators of art museum regret the inflation in the art mar!et.*- %he best wor! of a great artist demands much higher prices in the art mar!et than the worst wor! of thatsame artist.

#nswer+ '

Documents

12 CR questions