12 Glossary

Supplemental Information

391Banner Engineering Corp. • Minneapolis, MN U.S.A. • bannerengineering.com • Tel: 763.544.3164

Supplemental Inform

ation

Glossary of Safety Terms

Data Reference Tables

A through D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

D through F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

F through M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

M through P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

P through S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

S through U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Table 1 - Unit Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

Table 2 - Drill Sizes for Mounting Hardware. . 398

Table 3 - English-Metric Conversion . . . . . . . 399

Table 4 - Length Conversion Factors. . . . . . . 399

Table 5 - Trig Functions & Formulas. . . . . . . 400

Table 6 - Temperature Conversion . . . . . . . . 401

Table 7 - Copper Wire Information . . . . . . . . 402

Table 8 - NEMA & IEC Ratings. . . . . . . . . . . 403

Table 9 - IEC IP Enclosure Ratings for Non-Hazardous Locations . . . . . . . 403


392 Banner Engineering Corp. • Minneapolis, MN U.S.A. • bannerengineering.com • Tel: 763.544.3164

Glossary of Machine Safety Terms

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ALARM CONTACT: a low-load-capacity, non-safety-related relay contact within a perimeterguarding system, whose primary purpose is to control an alarm. After the system has beencleared for operation (brought into the RUN condition) by a reset, the alarm relay contactwill close for either a latch or a lockout condition.

ANTIREPEAT: the part of the control system designed to limit the machine to a single stroke orcycle if the tripping or actuating means is held operated.

ANSI (AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE): the American National Standards Institute,an association of industry representatives which develops technical standards which includesafety standards. These standards comprise a consensus from a variety of industries ongood practice and design. ANSI standards relevant to application of safety products includethe ANSI B11 Series, and ANSI/RIA R15.06.

AUXILIARY MONITOR CONTACT: a low-load-capacity, non-safety-related relay contact that followsthe action of the output relays and whose primary purpose is to communicate system statusto a PLC.

AUTO POWER-UP: a feature of safety light screen systems which, when switched “ON”,enables the system to be powered up (and recover from a power interruption) without thenecessity of a key reset. When Auto Power-up is “ON”, the safety light screen controller au-tomatically begins internal diagnostics upon power-up, and automatically resets the systemif it passes the diagnostic check. With Auto Power-up “OFF”, a manual reset is required.

BG: Berufgenossenschaft – a German national insurance agency. The legislative divisiondevelops safety standards. The executive division collects premiums from employers andpolices German industry for compliance with its safety standards.

BLANKING: a programmable feature of a safety light screen system which allows the lightscreen to ignore certain objects located within the defined area. See exact blanking, fixedblanking, and floating blanking.

BLOCKED CONDITION: A condition of the safety system when an opaque object of sufficient sizeblocks/interrupts one or more beams of the light grid. When a Blocked condition occurs,OSSD1 and OSSD2 outputs simultaneously turn off within the system response time.

BRAKE: a mechanism for stopping or preventing machine motion.

CE: “Conformité Européenne” (French translation of “European Conformity”). The CE markon a product or machine establishes its compliance with all relevant European Union (EU)Directives and the associated safety standards.

CLUTCH: a mechanism that, when engaged, transmits torque to impart motion from a drivingmember to a driven member.

CONTROL RELIABILITY: a method of ensuring the performance integrity of a control system.Control circuits are designed and constructed so that a single failure or fault within thesystem does not prevent the normal stopping action from being applied to the machinewhen required, or does not create unintended machine action, but does prevent initiation ofsuccessive machine action until the failure is corrected.

CSA: Canadian Standards Association, testing agency similar to Underwriters Laboratories,Inc. (UL) in the United States. A product that is “CSA certified” has been type-tested andapproved by the Canadian Standards Association as meeting electrical and safety codes.

DEFINED AREA: the “screen of light” generated between the emitter and receiver of a safetylight screen system. When the defined area is interrupted by an opaque object of a specifiedcross section, a trip or latch condition results.

DESIGNATED PERSON: individuals identified and designated in writing, by the employer, asbeing appropriately trained and qualified to perform a specified checkout procedure.

DIVERSE REDUNDANCY: in diverse redundancy, the redundant components are of differentdesign, and any microprocessor programs used must run from different instruction sets.




Supplemental Inform

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DOUBLE INSULATION: complies with IEC 60947-5-1, Annex F. This symbol represents deviceswhich meet the constructional requirements and tests for class II control circuit devices orparts of devices in which insulation of class II according to IEC 60536 is achieved byencapsulation.

EMERGENCY STOP (E-STOP): arrest of dangerous machine motion resulting from actuation ofan emergency stop switch. The switch may be in the form of a safety switch, button, tripcable, or foot bar used in conjunction with an emergency stop safety module.

EMITTER: the light-emitting component of a safety light screen system, consisting of a row ofsynchronized modulated LEDs. The emitter, together with the receiver (placed opposite),creates a “screen of light” called the defined area.

EXACT BLANKING: a feature that allows a safety light screen system to be programmed toignore objects (such as brackets or fixtures) which will always be present anywhere withinthe area of detection, so that the presence of these objects will not cause the Final SwitchingDevices (FSDs) of the system to trip or latch. In exact blanking, the safety light screen sys-tem is programmed to ignore a specified total number of light beams. If more than thespecified number of beams are blocked, the FSDs will trip or latch. If fewer than thespecified number of beams are blocked, a lockout condition will occur. Exact blanking isoffered with MACHINE-GUARD and PERIMETER-GUARD Systems.

EXTERNAL DEVICE MONITORING (EDM): a means by which a safety device (such as a safetylight screen) actively monitors the state (or status) of external devices that may becontrolled by the safety device. A lockout of the safety device will result if an unsafe state isdetected in the external device. External device (s) may include, but are not limited to:MPCEs, captive contact relays/contactors, and safety modules.

FAILURE TO DANGER: a failure which delays or prevents a machine safety system fromarresting dangerous machine motion.

FINAL SWITCHING DEVICE (FSD): the component of the machine's safety-related controlsystem that interrupts the circuit to the machine primary control element (MPCE) when theoutput signal switching device (OSSD) goes to the OFF-state.

FIXED BLANKING: a feature that allows a safety light screen system to be programmed toignore objects (such as brackets or fixtures) which will always be present at a specificlocation within the defined area, so that the presence of these objects will not cause theFinal Switching Devices (FSDs) of the system to trip or latch. If any of the fixed objects aremoved within or removed from the defined area, a lockout condition results.

FLOATING BLANKING: a feature that allows a safety light screen system to be programmed toproduce an intentionally disabled light beam within the light screen, which appears to moveup and down (“float”) in order to allow the feeding of an object through the screen (thedefined area) at any point along its length without tripping the final switching devices andcausing a trip or latch condition. MICRO-SCREEN, MINI-SCREEN and MULTI-SCREENSystems offer floating blanking.

FMEA (FAILURE MODE AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS): a testing procedure by which potential failuremodes in a system are analyzed to determine their results or effects on the system.Component failure modes that produce either no effect or a lockout condition are permitted;failures which cause an unsafe condition (a failure to danger) are not. Banner safetyproducts are extensively FMEA tested.

FORCED-GUIDED CONTACTS: relay contacts that are mechanically linked together, so that whenthe relay coil is energized or de-energized, all of the linked contacts move together. If oneset of contacts in the relay becomes immobilized, no other contact of the same relay will beable to move. The function of forced-guided contacts is to enable the safety circuit to checkthe status of the relay. Forced-guided contacts are also known as “positive-guidedcontacts”, “captive contacts”, “locked contacts”, or “safety relays”. All Banner safetymodules and safety light screen systems use output modules with forced-guided contacts.




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FULL-REVOLUTION DEVICES: a method of machine drive arranged such that, once started, themachine can only be stopped when the full cycle is complete. Examples include positive keyclutches and similar mechanisms. Banner safety light screen systems may not be used withfull-revolution devices.

HANDSHAKE/SAFETY HANDSHAKE: A means that a Universal Safety Stop Interface uses to verifythat any device connected to its inputs meets certain fault-detection requirements.

HAND CONTROL: a hand-operated mechanism or device used as an actuating control. Twonormally open “input switches” are used as hand controls in a two-hand-control system.

HARD GUARD: screens, bars, or other mechanical barriers affixed to the frame of the machineintended to prevent entry by personnel into the hazardous area(s) of a machine, whileallowing the point of operation to be viewed. The maximum size of openings is determinedby Table O-10 of OSHA standard 1910.217. Also called a “fixed barrier guard”.

HAZARDOUS AREA: an area that poses an immediate or impending physical hazard.

HAZARD POINT: the closest reachable point of the hazardous area.

HOSTAGE CONTROL DEVICE: term used in ANSI standards to describe any actuating control de-vice or mechanism that prevents the operator from reaching the hazard point during normalcycling of the machine. A two-hand-control device is an example of a hostage controldevice.

INTERNAL LOCKOUT: a lockout condition that is due to an internal safety light screen systemproblem. Indicated by the red Status Indicator LED (only) flashing. Requires the attention ofa Qualified Person.

KEY RESET: a key-operated switch that is used to restore the Final Switching Devices (FSDs) andSecondary Switching Device (SSD) of a safety light screen system to the ON state following alockout condition. Also refers to the act of using the switch to reset a Safety System from a latchcondition.

LATCH CONDITION: the response of the Final Switching Device (FSD) relays when an objectequal to or greater than the diameter of the specified test piece enters the defined area. In alatch condition, FSD1 and FSD2 simultaneously de-energize and open their contacts. Thecontacts are held (latched) open until the object is removed from the defined area and areset is performed. A latching output is used most often in perimeter guarding applications.

LOCKOUT CONDITION: a condition of a safety light screen system that is automatically attained: (1) when its power is initially turned on or interrupted and restored (a power-up/powerinterrupt lockout), and (2) in response to certain failure signals (an internal lockout). Whena lockout condition occurs, the safety light screen system’s FSD and SSD contacts open,and a key reset is required to return the system to the RUN condition.

MACHINE OPERATOR: an individual who performs production work and who controls operationof the machine.

MACHINE PRIMARY CONTROL ELEMENT (MPCE): an electrically-powered element which directlycontrols the machine’s normal operating motion in such a way that the element is last (intime) to operate when machine motion is either initiated or arrested.

MACHINE RESPONSE TIME: the time between the activation of a machine stopping device andthe instant when the dangerous parts of the machine reach a safe state by being brought torest.

MACHINE SECONDARY CONTROL ELEMENT (MSCE): a machine control element independent ofthe Machine Primary Control Element(s) (MPCEs), capable of removing the source of powerfrom the prime mover of the relevant dangerous machine parts.

MASTER STOP CONTROL (MSC): an electrically powered device, external to the E-stop SafetyModule, which stops the machinery being controlled by immediately removing electricalpower to the machine and (when necessary) by applying braking to dangerous motion(reference ANSI B11.19, section 5.2: “Stop Control”). This stopping action is accomplishedby removing power to the actuator coil of either Master Stop Control Element (MSCE).




Supplemental Inform

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MINIMUM OBJECT SENSITIVITY: the minimum-diameter object that a safety light screen systemcan reliably detect. Objects of this diameter or greater will be detected anywhere in thesensing field. A smaller object can pass undetected through the light if it passes exactlymidway between two adjacent light beams. See also Specified Test Piece.

MPCE MONITOR CONTACTS: the normally open and normally closed contacts of a guardedmachine’s MPCEs which are connected in series with the power supply of the safety lightscreen system. Any inconsistency of action between the two sets of monitor contacts willremove power from the safety light screen system and cause a lockout condition.

MUTING: the automatic suspension of the safeguarding function of a safety device during anon-hazardous portion of the machine cycle.

OSHA (OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION): a U.S. Federal agency, Division ofthe U.S. Department of Labor, that is responsible for the regulation of workplace safety.OSHA regulations often follow ANSI standards, including mechanical power pressrequirements (OSHA CFR 1910.217). These regulations become law when adopted byOSHA, and must be followed in the U.S..

OUTPUT SIGNAL SWITCHING DEVICE (OSSD): The component of the electro-sensitive protectiveequipment (ESPE) connected to the control system of the machine which, when the sensingdevice is actuated during normal operation, responds by going to the OFF-state.

OFF STATE: The state in which the output circuit is interrupted and does not permit the flow ofcurrent.

ON STATE: The state in which the output circuit is complete and permits the flow of current.

OPTICAL ELEMENTS: The device(s) that are part of an optical circuit used for detecting thepresence of on individual or the opening of a guard.

PROTECTED HEIGHT: The distance between the center of the top beam and the center of thebottom beam of a light grid.

PART-REVOLUTION CLUTCH: a type of clutch that may be engaged or disengaged during the ma-chine cycle. Part-revolution clutched machines use a clutch/brake mechanism which canarrest machine motion at any point in the stroke or cycle.

PASS-THROUGH HAZARD: A situation that may exist when personnel pass through a safeguard(at which point the hazard stops or is removed), and then continue into the guarded area. Atthis point the safeguard may not be able to prevent an unexpected start or restart of themachine with personnel within the guarded area.

POINT OF OPERATION: the location of a machine where material or a workpiece is positionedand a machine function is performed upon it.

POINT-OF-OPERATION GUARDING: machine guards, such as hard guards or safety light screens,which are designed to protect personnel from hazardous machine motion when close to themachine’s point of operation.

POSITIVE-OPENING SAFETY CONTACTS: contacts of safety switches which are forced open whenactuated, without reliance upon spring action, as per the requirements in IEC 60947-5-1,Annex K.

POWER-UP/POWER-INTERRUPT LOCKOUT: a lockout condition of a safety light screen system that,if Auto Power-up is “OFF”, occurs when the System is powered up (including upon power-up after a loss of power). Requires a key reset by a Designated Person.

PROTECTIVE EARTH: complies with the requirements of IEC 60947-1 for identification of theprotective earthing terminal.

PROTECTED HEIGHT: The distance between the center of the top beam and the center of thebottom beam of a light grid.

PSDI (PRESENCE-SENSING DEVICE INITIATION): an application in which a presence-sensingdevice is used to actually start the cycle of a machine. In a typical situation, an operatormanually positions a part in the machine for the operation. When the operator moves out of

OSHAOSHA




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Safety InElectronics

the danger area, the presence-sensing device starts the machine (no start switch is used).The machine cycle runs to completion, and the operator can then insert a new part and startanother cycle. The presence-sensing device continually guards the machine. Single-breakmode is used when the part is automatically ejected after the machine operation. Double-break mode is used when the part is both inserted (to begin the operation) and removed(after the operation) by the operator. PSDI is defined in OSHA CFR 1910.217. Banner safetylight screen systems may not be used as PSDI devices on mechanical power presses, perOSHA regulation 29 CFR 1910.217.

QUALIFIED PERSON: a person or persons who, by possession of a recognized degree orcertificate of professional training, or who, by extensive knowledge, training, and experience,has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve problems relating to the subject matterand work.

RECEIVER: the light-receiving component of a safety light screen system, consisting of a rowof synchronized phototransistors. The receiver, together with the emitter (placed opposite),creates a “screen of light” called the defined area.

RESET: The use of a manually operated switch to restore the OSSDs to the ON state from alockout or a latch condition.

SSI (SAFETY STOP INTERFACE): This interface provides a means to integrate external devicesto effect a stop command. It consists of two input channels (A & B), which are compatiblewith devices that have two normally open hard contacts or relay outputs (four wire hookup).

SAFETY DISTANCE (TWO-HAND-CONTROL): the minimum distance from each control actuatingdevice of a two-hand control system to the hazard point such that the operator cannot reachthe hazard point with a hand or other body part before cessation of motion of the hazardousportion of the machine cycle. See also separation distance.

SAFETY RELAY: an electromechanical relay with forced-guided contacts which allow the moni-toring circuit of a safety device to check relay status. Also see forced-guided contacts.

SAFETY INTERLOCK SWITCH: a switch used on guard doors which is used to detect if the dooris opened while the machine is running, and uses a coded actuator to prevent intentionaldefeat. Safety interlock switches use positive opening contacts, which ensure that the closedswitching contact is forced open when the guard is opened, without reliance upon springaction.

SECONDARY SWITCHING DEVICE (SSD): A device which, in a lock-out condition, performs aback-up safety function by going to the OFF-state and initiating an appropriate machinecontrol action, e.g., de-energizing the machine secondary control element (MSCE).

SELF-CHECKING (CIRCUITRY): a circuit with the capability to electronically verify that all of itsown critical circuit components, along with their redundant backups, are operating properly.Banner safety light screen systems and safety modules are self-checking.

SEPARATION DISTANCE (SAFETY LIGHT SCREEN): the minimum distance from the midpoint of thedefined area to the nearest hazard point that is required to allow the hazardous motion tocome to a complete stop before a hand (or other object) can reach the nearest hazard point.Factors which influence the minimum separation distance include the machine stop time,the light screen system response time, and the light screen minimum object detection size.

SINGLE-STROKE PRESS: see Full-revolution devices.

SIMULTANEITY OF ACTUATION: Simultaneous operation of the two actuating devices of a two-hand control system, where the time between the start of the two actuations is close tozero. European standard prEN 574 requires simultaneity of the two actuations to be within0.5 seconds.

SINGLE-CYCLE MACHINE: a machine which is limited by antirepeat control to one completework-performing cycle for each machine actuation, even if the actuator is continuouslyoperated.




Supplemental Inform

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SPECIFIED TEST PIECE: an opaque object of the minimum cross section required to place asafety light screen system into a trip or latch condition when inserted into any part of thedefined area. Banner supplies specified test pieces with each controller. See also minimumobject sensitivity.

SUPPLEMENTAL GUARDING: additional electrosensitive safety device(s) and hard guarding mea-sures, used for the purpose of preventing a person from reaching over, under, or around thedefined area of an installed safety light screen system and into the point of operation of theguarded machine.

TEST PIECE: An opaque object of sufficient size used to block a light beam to test theoperation of the safety system.

TRIP CONDITION: the response of the Final Switching Device (FSD) relays of a safety lightscreen system when an object equal to or greater than the diameter of the specified testpiece enters the defined area. In a trip condition, FSD1 and FSD2 simultaneously de-energize and open their contacts. A trip condition clears automatically when the object is re-moved from the defined area .

TWO-HAND-CONTROL DEVICE: a control device that requires concurrent use of both of the ma-chine operator’s hands to initiate and continue a machine cycle. A two-hand-control deviceprotects only the hands of the machine operator, when used as a safeguarding device.

TUV (TECHNISCHER ÜBERWACHUNGSVEREIN): independent testing and certification organizationproviding EMC and Product Safety testing, certification, and quality management systemsregistration.

UL (UNDERWRITERS LABORATORY): a third-party organization which tests a manufacturer’sproducts for compliance with appropriate standards, electrical codes, and safety codes.Compliance is indicated by their listing mark on the product.

UL MARK OF CANADA: identification of products listed by UL to Canadian requirements.

UL 1998 (UNDERWRITERS LABORATORY #1998 CERTIFICATION): complies with the requirementsof UL #1998 Second Edition; “Standard for Safety for Software in Programmable Systems”

USSI (UNIVERSAL SAFETY STOP INTERFACE): This interface provides a means to integrateexternal devices to effect a stop command. It consists of two input channels (A & B), whichare compatible with Banner solid-state OSSD outputs with “handshake” verification (two wirehookup), or with devices that have two normally open hard contacts or relay outputs (fourwire hookup).

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1 000 000 000 giga

DecimalEquivalent Prefix Symbol

1 000 000 000 000 tera T

G 109

1 000 kilo

1 000 000 mega M

k 103

106

100 hecto h 102

10 deka da 10

ExponentialExpression

1012

0.01 centi

0.1 deci d

c 10-2

10-1

0.001 milli m 10-3

0.000 000 001 nano

0.000 001 micro µ

n 10-9

10-6

0.000 000 000 001 pico p 10-12

#2-56 #50 (0.0700") #42 (0.0935")M2.5 x 0.45 2.05 mm (0.0807")

or #46 (0.0810")

Thread Size Tap Drill Clearance Drill Thread Size Tap Drill Clearance Drill

2.9 mm (0.1142")or #32 (0.1160")

#8-32 #29 (0.1360") #16 (0.1770")

#6-32 #36 (0.1065") #25 (0.1495")

#10-32 #21 (0.1590") #7 (0.2010")

#4-40 #43 (0.890") #31 (0.1200")

#10-24 #25 (0.1495") #7 (0.2010")

#6-40 #33 (0.1130") #25 (0.1495")

1/4"-20 #7 (0.2010") #H (0.2660")

3/8"-32 11/32" (0.3438") #25/64 (0.3906")

5/16"-24 #I (0.2720") #Q (0.3320")

7/16"-20 25/64" (0.3906") #15/32 (0.4687")

1/2"-14 NPSM 23/32" (0.7188") #55/64 (0.8594")

1/2"-32 15/32" (0.4688") #17/32 (0.5312")M30 x 1.5

M18 x 1

M6 x 0.75

M4 x 0.7

M3 x 0.5

26.5 mm (1.0433") or 1-3/64" (1.0469")

15.5 mm (0.6102") or 39/64" (0.6094")

5.00 mm (0.1969") or #8 (0.1990")

3.30 mm (0.1299") or #29 (0.1360")

2.50 mm (0.0984") or #39 (0.0995")

33.0 mm (1.2992")or 1-5/16" (1.3125")

20.0 mm (0.7874")or 51/64" (0.7969")

6.6 mm (0.2598")or #G (0.2610")

4.5 mm (0.1772")#15 (0.1800")

3.4 mm (0.1339")or #29 (0.1360")

TABLE 2. Drill Sizes for Mounting Hardware

TABLE 1. Unit Prefixes




Supplemental Inform

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InchFraction

InchDecimal Millimeter

---------1/64------------1/32---------3/641/165/64---3/327/64---1/89/645/32---11/643/16---13/647/3215/64---1/417/64---

.0039

.0079

.0118

.0156

.0157

.0197

.0236

.0276

.0312

.0315

.0354

.0394

.0469

.0625

.0781

.0787

.0938

.1094

.1181

.1250

.1406

.1562

.1575

.1719

.1875

.1968

.2031

.2188

.2344

.2362

.2500

.2656

.2756

0.10.20.30.3970.40.50.60.70.7940.80.911.1911.5881.98422.3812.77833.1753.5723.96944.3664.76255.1595.5565.95366.3506.7477

InchFraction


9/3219/645/16---21/6411/32---23/643/825/64---13/3227/64---7/1629/6415/32---31/641/2---33/6417/3235/64---9/1637/64---19/3239/645/8---41/64

.2812

.2969

.3125

.3150

.3281

.3438

.3543

.3594

.375

.3906

.3937

.4062

.4219

.4331

.4375

.4531

.4688

.4724

.4844

.500

.5118

.5156

.5312

.5469

.5512

.5625

.5781

.5905

.5938

.6094

.625

.6299

.6406

7.1447.5417.93888.3348.73199.1289.5259.9221010.31910.7161111.11211.50911.9061212.30312.7001313.09713.49413.8911414.28814.6841515.08115.47815.8751616.272

InchFraction


21/32---43/6411/1645/64---23/3247/64---3/449/6425/32---51/6413/16---53/6427/3255/64---7/857/64---29/3259/6415/16---61/6431/32---63/641---

.6562

.6693

.6719

.6875

.7031

.7087

.7188

.7344

.7480

.750

.7656

.7812

.7874

.7969

.8125

.8268

.8281

.8438

.8594

.8661

.875

.8906

.9055

.9062

.9219

.9375

.9449

.9531

.9688

.9842

.98441.000---

16.6691717.06617.46217.8591818.25618.6531919.05019.44719.8442020.24120.6382121.03421.43121.8282222.22522.6222323.01923.41623.8122424.20924.6062525.00325.400---

To convert millimeters to inches, multiply by 0.0394. To convert inches to millimeters, multiply by 25.4.

1 millimeter(mm) 1.0x107 1.0 0.1 0.0394 3.2808x10-3 1.0936x10-3 1.0x10-3 1.0x10-6

From: Angstroms Millimeters Centimeters Inches Feet Yards Meters KilometersMiles

(imperial)

1 Angstrom(Å) 1.0 1.0x10-7 1.0x10-8 3.937x10-9 3.2808x10-10 1.0936x10-10 1.0x10-10 1.0x10-13 6.2137x10-14

6.2137x10-7

1 inch(in) 2.54x108 25.4 2.54 1.0 0.0833 0.0278 0.0254 2.54x10-5

1 centimeter(cm) 1.0x108 10.0 1.0 0.3937 0.0328 0.0109 0.01 1.0x10-5 6.2137x10-6

1.5783x10-5

1 yard(yd) 9.144x109 914.4 91.44 36.0 3.0 1.0 0.9144 9.144x10-4

1 foot(ft) 3.048x109 304.8 30.48 12.0 1.0 0.3333 0.3048 3.048x10-4 1.8939x10-4

5.6818x10-4

1 mile(imperial) 1.6093x1013 1.6093x106 1.6093x105 6.336x104 5.280x103 1.760x103 1.6093x103 1.6093

1 meter(m) 1.0x1010 1.0x103 100.0 39.3701 3.2808 1.0936 1.0 1.0x10-3 6.2137x10-4

1.0

1 kilometer(km) 1.0x1013 1.0x106 1.0x105 3.937x104 3.2808x103 1.0936x103 1.0x103 1.0 0.6214

To:

TABLE 4. Length Conversion Factors

TABLE 3. English-Metric Conversion




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Degrees cos sin cot tan csc sec

Degrees sin cos tan cot sec csc

0123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445

0.00000.01740.03490.05230.06980.08720.10450.12190.13920.15640.17360.19080.20790.22500.24190.25880.27560.29240.30900.32560.34200.35840.37460.39070.40670.42260.43840.45400.46950.48480.50000.51500.52990.54460.55920.57360.58780.60180.61570.62930.64280.65610.66910.68200.69470.7071

1.00000.99980.99940.99860.99760.99620.99450.99250.99030.98770.98480.98160.97810.97440.97030.96590.96130.95630.95110.94550.93970.93360.92720.92050.91350.90630.89880.89100.88290.87460.86600.85720.85800.83870.82900.81920.80900.79860.78800.77710.76600.75470.74310.73140.71930.7071

0.00000.01750.03490.05240.06990.08750.10510.12280.14050.15840.17630.19440.21260.23090.24930.26790.28670.30570.32490.34430.36400.38390.40400.42450.44520.46630.48770.50950.53170.55430.57740.60090.62490.64940.67450.70020.72650.75360.78130.80980.83910.86930.90040.93250.95671.0000

–57.29028.63619.08114.30111.4309.51448.14437.11546.31385.67135.14464.70464.33154.01083.73203.48743.27083.07772.90422.74752.60512.47512.35582.24602.14452.05031.96261.88071.80401.73201.66431.60031.53991.48261.42811.37641.32701.27991.23491.19181.15041.11061.07241.03551.0000

1.00001.00021.00061.00141.00241.00381.00551.00751.00981.01251.01541.01871.02231.02631.03061.03531.04031.04571.05151.05761.06421.07111.07851.08641.09461.10341.11261.12231.13261.14341.15471.16661.17921.19241.20621.22081.23611.25211.26901.28681.30541.32501.34561.36731.39021.4142

–57.29928.65419.10714.33611.4749.56688.20557.18536.39245.75885.24084.80974.44544.13363.86373.62803.42033.23613.07152.92382.79042.66952.55932.45862.36622.28122.20272.13002.06272.00001.94161.88711.83611.78831.74341.70131.66161.62431.58901.55571.52421.49451.46631.43961.4142

90898887868584838281807978777675747372717069686766656463626160595857565554535251504948474645

Degrees

Relationships:

sin ø = Y/Zcos ø = X/Ztan ø = X/Ycsc ø = Z/Y = 1/sin øsec ø = Z/X = 1/cos øcot ø = X/Y = 1/tan ø

Trigonometric Formulas for Distance or Angle Calculation

Given ø and Z: X = Z cos ø Y = Z sin øGiven X and Y: Z = √X2 + Y2 ø = arctan (Y/X)

Given ø and X: Y = X tan øZ = X sec øGiven ø and Y: X = Y cot ø Z = Y csc ø

X

ZY

Ø

TABLE 5. Trigonometric Functions and Formulas




Supplemental Inform

ation

Celsius° Fahrenheit° Celsius° Fahrenheit° Celsius° Fahrenheit°

-62-57-51-46-40-34-29-23

-17.8-17.2-16.7-16.1-15.6-15.0-14.4-13.9-13.3-12.8-12.2-11.7-11.1-10.6-10.0-9.4-8.9-8.3-7.8-7.2-6.7-6.1-5.6-5.0-4.4-3.9-3.3-2.8-2.2-1.7-1.1-0.6

-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10012345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031

0.00.61.11.72.22.83.33.94.45.05.66.16.77.27.88.38.99.410.010.611.111.712.212.813.313.914.415.015.616.116.717.217.818.318.919.420.020.621.121.7

32333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071

22.222.823.323.924.425.025.626.126.727.227.828.328.929.430.030.631.131.732.232.833.333.934.435.035.636.136.737.237.843495460667177828893100

72737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100110120130140150160170180190200212

TemperatureScale

WaterBoilingPoint

WaterFreezing

PointTo Convert

Scales:

°F(Fahrenheit) 212°F 32°F °F = (°C x 9/5) + 32

°C(Celsius orCentigrade)

100°C 0°C °C = (°F - 32) x 5/9

NOTE: For temperatures not given in thetable, use the conversioninformation at the right.

TABLE 6. Temperature Conversion: °C °F




Supp

lem

enta

l Inf

orm

atio

n

Solid Wire DiameterAmerican Wire or

Brown and Sharpe Gage

Inches

0.46010.40970.36480.32490.28930.25760.22940.20430.18190.16200.14430.12850.11440.10190.09070.08080.07200.06410.05710.05080.04530.04030.03590.03200.02850.02530.02260.02010.01790.01590.01420.01260.01130.01000.008920.007950.007080.006300.005610.005000.004450.003960.003530.003140.002800.002490.002220.001980.001760.00157

AWG

ApproximateStranded Wire Diameter1

ApproximateResistance per 100 feet

(30 meters)2

Millimeters Inches Millimeters Ohms

0000000000123456789

10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546

11,68710.4069.2668.2527.3486.5435.8275.1894.6204.1153.6653.2642.9062.5882.3042.0521.8291.6281.4501.2901.1511.0240.9120.8130.7240.6430.5740.5110.4550.4040.3610.3200.2870.2540.2270.2020.1800.1600.1420.1270.1130.1010.0900.0800.0710.0630.0560.0500.0450.040

0.5220.4640.4140.3680.3280.292

0.232

0.184

0.147

0.116

0.095

0.073

0.059

0.048

0.036

0.030

0.024

0.0200.0180.015

0.012

0.008

0.007

0.006

13.2611.7910.529.358.337.42

5.89

4.67

3.73

2.95

2.41

1.85

1.50

1.22

0.91

0.76

0.61

0.510.460.38

0.30

0.20

0.18

0.15

0.00500.00600.00800.0100.0120.0160.0200.0250.0300.0400.0500.0600.0800.100.130.160.200.250.320.400.500.640.801.01.31.62.02.63.24.15.26.58.210131620263342526683105130170210270330420

1 Exact diameter is dependent upon the wire gage used for the strands. Diameter listed represents the most commonwire type for AWG.

2 Resistance values assume the resistivity of solid copper wire. Stranding and/or copper alloy increase the resistancevalues.

TABLE 7. Copper Wire Information




Supplemental Inform

ation

StandardNEMA(IEC)*

Intended Use

NEMA 1(IP10)

NEMA 2(IP11)

NEMA 3(IP54)

NEMA 3S(IP54)

NEMA 4(IP56)

NEMA 4X(IP56)

NEMA 6(IP67)

NEMA 6P(IP67)

NEMA 12(IP52)

NEMA 13(IP54)

Indoor

Indoor

Outdoor

Outdoor

Indoor orOutdoor

Indoor orOutdoor

Indoor orOutdoor

Indoor orOutdoor

Indoor

Indoor

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

...

...

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

...

...

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

...

...

...

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

...

...

...

...

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

...

...

...

...

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

...

...

...

...

...

Yes

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

Yes

Yes

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

Yes

...

...

...

...

...

...

Yes

Yes

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

Yes

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

Yes

...

Yes

...

...

*The IEC equivalents listed in this column are approximate: NEMA types meet or exceed the test requirements for the associated IEC classifications.

Acci

dent

albo

dily

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tact

Falli

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irt

Dust

, lin

t, fib

ers

(non

-vol

atile

)

Win

dblo

wn

dust

Falli

ng li

quid

, lig

ht s

plas

h

Hose

dow

n an

d he

avy

spla

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Rain

, sno

w,

and

slee

t

Ice

build

up

Oil o

r coo

lant

se

epag

e

Oil o

r coo

lant

sp

ray

and

spla

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Occa

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subm

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on

Prol

onge

dsu

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Corr

osiv

e ag

ents

Numeral

Numeral Short Description0123456

Non-protectedProtected against solid objects greater than 50 mmProtected against solid objects greater than 12 mmProtected against solid objects greater than 2.5 mmProtected against solid objects greater than 1.0 mmDust protectedDust-tight

Short Description

012345678

Non-protectedProtected against dripping waterProtected against dripping water when tilted up to 15°Protected against spraying waterProtected against splashing waterProtected against water jetsProtected against heavy seasProtected against the effects of immersionProtected against submersion

1ST CHARACTERISTIC: Protection against contact and penetration of solid bodies

TABLE 9. IEC IP Enclosure Ratings for Nonhazardous Locations

2ND CHARACTERISTIC: Protection against the penetration of liquids

TABLE 8. NEMA Enclosure Ratings for Nonhazardous Locations

Documents

12 Glossary