US006170202B1

(12) United States Patent (10) Patent N0.: US 6,170,202 B1 Dav00di et a1. (45) Date of Patent: Jan. 9, 2001

(54) BUILDING SYSTEM USING SHAPE OTHER PUBLICATIONS MEMORY ALLOY MEMBERS

J. N. Yang et al., “Control of Seismic—EXcited Buildings (75) Inventors. Hamid Daveedi College Station. Using Active Variable Stiffness Systems”, Proceedings of

Frederick A_ Ju’st. Ali Sa?-ar bath of the American Control Conference, Baltimore, Jun. 29, 1994, Mayagiiez, all of PR (US); Mohammad V01- 1’ PP~ 1083_1088~ _ _ N_ Noori Westboro M A (Us) Ian D. Aiken et al., “Comparative Study of Four Passive

’ ’ Energy Dissipation Systems”, Bulletin of the NeW Zealand (73) Assignee; University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, National Society for Earthquake Engineering, vol. 25, No. 3,

PR (Us) 175—192 (1992). Pedro Manuel Calas Lopes Pacheco et al., “Heat Transfer

(*) Notice: Under 35 U.S.C. 154(b), the term of this Analysis on Shape Memory Alloys”; COBEM—CIDIM95 patent Shall be extended for 0 days_ Congresso Brasileiro de Eng. Mecanica—II C, Congresso

Iberoameriancano de Ingenieria Meanica Belo HoriZonte, Brasil, 12—15 (Dec., 1995).

(21) Appl' NO‘: 09/095’897 Pedro Manuel C. L. Pacheco et al., “Anisothermal Analysis (22) Filed; Jun, 11, 1998 of Shape Memory Alloy Bars Submitted to Thermomechani

cal Loadings”, ENCIT—LATCM— 6th Congress Brqasileiro Related US. Application Data de Enhenharia 3e Ciencias, Technicas, 6th Congreso Lati

(60) Provisional application No. 60/049,402, ?led on Jun. 12, noamericano de Transferencia de Matria, F1rianapo11is—SC 1997~ BraZil, 11—14, pp. 791—796 (Nov., 1996).

Peter W. Clark et al., “Experimental and Analytical Studies (51) Int. c1.7 ..................................................... .. E04H 9/02 of Shape Memory AHOY Dampers for Structural Column

SPIE vol. 2445, 241—251 (1995).

(52) US. Cl. ..................... .. 52/1671; 52/1673; 52/1678; (Llst Con?rmed 0“ next Page")

52/5731 Primary Examiner—Christopher T. Kent (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Greenblum & Bernstein,

(58) Field Of Search .............................. .. 52/1673, 167.8, P'LC'

52/1671, 573.1 (57) ABSTRACT

(56) References Cited A system and method is described by Which the structural integrity of a building or other structure can be increased and

US. PATENT DOCUMENTS made more resistant to earthquake damage. A structural _ member may be incorporated into a building structure. At

4,890,430 * 1/1990 Kobori et a1. .................... .. 52/1673 570657552 11/1991 Kobori et a1‘ ' least a portion of the structural member is made of a material

5,375,382 * 12/1994 Weidlinger ........................ .. 52/1673 that undergoes ,a Shape, or Phase transformation in response 574917938 2/1996 Niwa et aL _ to energy applied. This member can alter the natural fre 5,842,312 * 12/1998 Krumme et a1. ......................... .. 52/8 quency of the building Structure from a ?rst natural fre

quency to a second natural frequency When the material FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS undergoes the transformation to make destructive resonance

09317821 12/1997 (JP). 1655 hkely to Occur‘

WO 95/20705 8/1995 (WO) . WO 96/27055 9/1996 (W0) . 33 Claims, 18 Drawing Sheets

US 6,170,202 B1 Page 2

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

E.J. Graesser et a1., “Shape—Memory Alloys as NeW Mate rials for Aseismic Isolation”, pp. 2590—2608, J. Eng.

Mechanics, vol. 117, No. 11 (1991). Marcelo Amorim Savi et al.,Passive Vibration Control Using Pseudoelastic materials, University of BraZil, DINAME ’95—VI Symposium on Dynamic Problems of Mechanics, Caxambu, BraZil, 6—10, pp. 230—233 (Mar., 1995). AndreW S. Whittaker et al., “Structural Control of Buildings Response Using Shape Memory Alloys”, USACERL Tech nical Report 95/22 (Aug. 1995). Toriq Samad, “Special Issue on Emerging Technologies”, IEEE Control Systems (Dec. 1997). M. Attanasio et a1., “Use of Shape Memory Alloy for Seismic Isolation Devices, ” Seventh International Confer ence on Adaptive Structures, edited by Paolo Santini et a1., Rome. Italy, pp. 267—276 (Sep. 1996). Sankaran Kannan et al., “Active Control of Building Seis mic Response by Energy Dissipation”, Earthquake Engi neering and Structural Dynamics, vol. 24, pp. 747—759 (1995). S. Dimova et a1., “Numerical Technique for Dynamic Analy sis of Structures With Friction Devices”, Earthquake Engi neering and Structural Dynamics, vol. 24, pp. 881—898 (1995). E. J. Graesser et al., “A Proposed Three—Dimensiona1 Con stitutive Model for Shape Memory Alloys”, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, vol. 5, pp. 78—89 (Jan. 1994). J osé A. Inaudi et a1., “Experiments on Tuned Mass Dampers Using Viscoelastic, Frictional and Shape—Memory Alloy Materials”, First World Conference on Structural Control, pp. TP3—127 —TP3—136 (Aug. 1994). J. M. Kelly, “Application of Shape Memory Materials for Reduction of Structural Response to Earthquake Ground Motion”, Workshop on Smart and High Performance Mate rials and Structures (May 1993). Robert D. Hanson et a1., “State—Of—The—Art and State—Of—The—Practice in Seismic Energy Dissipation”, ATC—17—1 Seminar on Seismic Isolation, Passive Energy Dissipation,and Active Control, vol. 2, pp. 449—471 (Mar. 1993). EdWard J. Graesser et a1., “Fully Cyclic Hysteresis of a Ni—Ti Shape Memory Alloy”, Mechanical Engineer, pp. ECB—1—ECB—28, Proceedings of Damping ’93 (Feb. 1993).

José A. Inaudi et a1., “Analytical and Experimental Study of AMass Damper Using Shape Memory Alloys”, Proceedings of Damping ’93 (Feb. 1993). Ian D. Aiken, et al., “Testing of Passive Energy Dissipation Systems”, Earthquake Spectra, vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 335—370 (1993). F. A. CoZZarel1i, “Structural Damping With Shape Memory Alloys”, NCEER Bulletin, pp. 4—7 (Oct. 1992). T. B. Sa1Zano et a1., “Embedded—strain—sensor Development for Composite Smart Structures”, Experimental Mechanics, pp. 225—229 (Sep. 1992). A. Whittaker, “Tentative General Requirements for the Design and Construction of Structures Incorporating Dis crete Passive Energy Dissipation Devices”, Proceedings of the Fifth U.S.—Japan Workshop on the Improvement of Building Structural Design and Construction Practices, pp. 149—173 (Sep. 8—10, 1992). P. R. Witting et al., “Shape Memory Structural Dampers: Material Properties, Design and Seismic Testing”, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research Technical Report (May 1992). Craig A. Rogers, “Active Structural Control”, Engineering Mechanics, Proceedings of the Ninth Conference, Edited by Loren D. Lutes et al., pp. 824—827 (May 1992). E. J. Graesser et a1., “Multidimensional Models of Hyster etic Material Behavior for Vibration Analysis of Shape Memory Energy Absorbing Devices”, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research Technical Report (Jun. 1989). H. Davoodi et al., “Design of an Intelligent Structure”, Engineering Mechanics, pp. 1553—1556 (1998). H. Davoodi et a1., “Application of Shape Memory Alloys in Vibration Control”, Proceedings of the 16”” Canadian Con ference of Applied Mechanics, CANCAM 97, pp. 91—92 (Jun. 1—5, 1997). Kalle Matso, “Using SMAs to Outsmart Earthquakes”, Emerging Technology, Edited by Harry Goldstein (J an.—Feb. 1997). “Earthquake Energy Dissipators Incorporating A Superelas tic Alloy”, NCEER Bulletin (Jan. 1990). “School Notes” The San Juan Star (Tuesday, Mar. 11, 1997).

* cited by examiner

U.S. Patent Jan. 9, 2001 Sheet 1 0f 18 US 6,170,202 B1

U.S. Patent Jan. 9, 2001 Sheet 2 0f 18 US 6,170,202 B1

37 72 W/ [M1111]

U.S. Patent Jan. 9 2001 Sheet 3 of 1s

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U.S. Patent Jan. 9, 2001 Sheet 4 0f 18 US 6,170,202 B1

U.S. Patent Jan. 9, 2001 Sheet 5 0f 18 US 6,170,202 B1

FIG. 9

U.S. Patent

FREQUENCY (HZ)

FREQUENCY (HZ)

Sheet 6 0f 18 Jan. 9, 2001 US 6,170,202 B1

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1

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U.S. Patent Jan. 9, 2001 Sheet 7 0f 18 US 6,170,202 B1

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U.S. Patent Jan. 9, 2001 Sheet 8 0f 18 US 6,170,202 B1

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DISPLACEMENT (MM) 01 6‘ Z; 8 L?

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U.S. Patent Jan. 9, 2001 Sheet 9 0f 18 US 6,170,202 B1

—o— BASE +AC ATED + NO TIVATED

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Jan. 9, 2001 Sheet 10 0f 18 US 6,170,202 B1

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U.S. Patent Jan. 9, 2001 Sheet 11 0f 18 US 6,170,202 B1

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U.S. Patent Jan. 9, 2001 Sheet 12 0f 18 US 6,170,202 B1

+ SERIES 1 + NOT ACTIVATED —~— ACTIVATED

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U.S. Patent Jan. 9, 2001 Sheet 13 0f 18 US 6,170,202 B1

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U.S. Patent Jan. 9, 2001 Sheet 14 0f 18 US 6,170,202 B1

+ BASE + NOT ACTIVATED + ACTIVATED

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U.S. Patent Jan. 9, 2001 Sheet 15 0f 18 US 6,170,202 B1

NO BRACE MASS ABSORBER X-BRACE V-BRACE INVERTED Y-BRACE LZZIQIDI§EI

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U.S. Patent Jan. 9, 2001 Sheet 16 0f 18 US 6,170,202 B1

STRUCTURE UNDER ERRATIC EXCITATION (DISPLACEMENT OF FLOOR #1

14

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U.S. Patent Jan. 9, 2001 Sheet 17 0f 18 US 6,170,202 B1

STRUCTURE UNDER ERRATIC EXCITATION (DISPLACEMENT OF FLOOR #1)

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U.S. Patent Jan. 9, 2001 Sheet 18 0f 18 US 6,170,202 B1

STRUCTURE UNDER ERRATIC EXCITATION (DISPLACEMENT OF FLOOR #1)

14.000

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