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Dynamic LogicDynamic Logic• Dynamic Circuits will be introduced and

their performance in terms of power, area, delay, energy and AT2 will be reviewed.

• We will review the following logic families: Domino logic P-E logic NORA logic 2-phase logic Multiple O/P domino logic Cascode logic

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A brief introduction to Dynamic logic

• Dynamic logic• Steady-State Behavior of Dynamic

Logic• Performance of Dynamic Logic• Noise Considerations in Dynamic

Design

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Dynamic Latch: Charge Dynamic Latch: Charge LeakageLeakage

Stored charge leaks away due to reverse-bias current. Stored value is good for about 1 ms. Value must be rewritten to be valid. If not loaded every cycle, otherwise it must be ensured that the

latch is loaded often enough to keep data valid.

Cd+Cg

D

X

X

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Dynamic Latch-Operation Dynamic Latch-Operation

Uses complementary transmission gate to ensure that storage node is always strongly driven.

Latch is transparent when transmission gate is closed. Storage capacitance comes primarily from transmission gate

diffusion capacitance and inverter gate capacitance. = 0: transmission gate is off, inverter output is determined by

storage node. = 1: transmission gate is on, inverter output follows D input. Setup and hold times determined by transmission gate—must

ensure that value stored on transmission gate is solid.

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Dynamic Combinational Dynamic Combinational LogicLogic

Precharge/ Evaluate Networks

Mp

Me

VDD

PDN

In1

In2

In3

OutM

eM

p

VDD

PUN

In1

In2

In3

Out

CL

CL

p networkn network

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OUTPUT

A C

B

CLK

CLK

OUTPUT Precharge Evaluation Precharge

Example of Dynamic Circuit

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Mp precharge transistor

OUTPUT

A C B CLK ф Me Evaluation transistor

CLKOUTPUT Precharge Evaluation Precharge

General ConceptGeneral ConceptPrecharge and EvaluationPrecharge and Evaluation

Example of nmos block For OUTPUT= (A.B + C)’

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Charge and dischargeCharge and discharge

Clock, ф

A

B

C

Output

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Mp

OUTPUT

A C

B

CLK ф Me

Overcoming the charge leakage and the charge sharing

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Mp

Me

VDD

Out

A

B

C

• N + 1 Transistors

• Ratioless

• No Static Power Consumption

• Noise Margins small (NM L)

• Requires Clock

Example… continueExample… continue

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Charge LeakageCharge Leakage

Solution:Make CL small by reducing the drain Cd and Gate Cg capacitance small.

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Charge SharingCharge Sharing

To Reduce Charge Sharing •Increase Cout•Reduce Cg of input transistors•Use feedback transistor at the output

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Clock Feed throughClock Feed through

Solution:Make contacts to the substrate: to Gnd, Vdd to take away the injected electrons

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Cascading Dynamic LogicCascading Dynamic Logic

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Transient ResponseTransient Response

0.00e+00 2.00e-09 4.00e-09 6.00e-09t (nsec)

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0V

out

(Vol

t)

Vout

PRECHARGEEVALUATION

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4 Input NAND4 Input NAND

In1

In2

In3

In4

Out

VDD

GND

Prentice Hall/Rabaey

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Dynamic Flip-Flop Dynamic Flip-Flop

D Q

X Y

X

X

Y

Q

x

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P-E logic • Instead of using a static invert to ensure that 0 to 1

transitions occur during precharge, we can exploit the duality between n- block and p-block . The precharge output value of n- block equals 1, which is the correct value for the input of a p-block during precharge. All PMOS transistors of the Pull-Up Network (PUN) are turned off, so, an erroneous discharge at the on set of the evaluation phase is prevented. In a similar way, an n- block can follow a p-block without any problem, as the precharge value of inputs equals 0. To make the evaluation and precharge times of the p and

n-block coincide, one has to clock the p-block with an inverted clock p’.

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Mp

Me

VDD

PDN

In1

In2

In3

OutM

eM

p

VDD

PUN

In1

In2

In3

Out

CL

CL

p networkn network

PE LogicPE Logic

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Domino logic Domino logic A Domino logic module consists of a n

block followed by a static inverter. This ensures that all inputs to the next logic block are set to 0 after the precharge periods. Hence, the only possible transition during the evaluation period is 0 to 1 transition, so that formulated rule is obeyed.

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The block of Domino logic

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One Bit full Adder-DominoOne Bit full Adder-Domino

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Simulation ResultsSimulation Results

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2-Phase Logic • We can use two-phase clock to

control logic transition similar to PE. A single clock (phi1 or phi2) is used to precharge and evaluate the logic block. The succeeding stage is operated on the opposite clock phase. A latch is needed between two stages.

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2-Phase logic2-Phase logic

ф1n-logic

ф2n-logic

Ф1’

ф1

ф1’

Ф1’

Ф2’

ф2

Ф2’

Ф2’

To ф1 stageFrom ф2 stage

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2-Phase Domino logic2-Phase Domino logic

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Multiple O/P Domino Logic

The main concept behind MODL is the utilization of sub-functions available in the logic tree of domino gates, thus saving replication of circuitry. The additional ouputs are obtained by adding precharge devices and static inverters at the corresponding intermediate nodes of the logic tree.

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Multiple output DominoMultiple output Domino

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MODL 4-bit Carry BlockMODL 4-bit Carry Block

C 1 = G 1 + P 1 C 0

C 2 = G 2 + P 2 G 1 + P 2 P 1 C o C 3 = G 3 + P 3 G 2 + P 3 P 2 G 1 +P 3 P 2 P 1 C 0

C 4 = G 4 + P 4 G 3 + P 4 P 3 G 2 +P 4 P 3 P 2 G 1 + P 4 P 3 P 2 P 1 C 0

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In

Ф’

ф

Out

CMOS2 Logic

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CLK’

F

CLK

CLK’

F’

B’

C’

D’

A’CLK

CLK’

A’

A

B’C’D’

CMOS2 and Domino Logic

BC’D’

N BLOCK

Domino Logic CMOS2 Latch/INV

Latch/INV

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CLK’

F

CLK

CLK’

F’

B’

C’

D’

A’CLK

CLK’

A’

A

B’C’D’

F = AB + BC + D, F’ = (AB + BC + D)’ = (A’ + B’)(B’ + C’)D’ = D’(A’C’ + B’)

Example of CMOS2 Logic

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NORA Logic

• Combining C2MOS pipeline register and P-E CMOS dynamic logic function block, we get NORA-CMOS (mean NO-Race). The method is suitable for the implementation of pipelined datapaths.

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The block of NORA logic

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Cascode Logic• Further refinement leads to a clocked

version of the CVSL gate. This is really just two “Domino” gates operating on the true and complement inputs with a minimized logic tree. The advantage of this style of logic over domino logic is the ability to generate any logic expression, making it a complete logic family. This is achieved at the expense of the extra routing, active area, and complexity associated with dealing-rail logic.

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CASCOD LogicCASCOD Logic

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A clocked version of the CVSL A clocked version of the CVSL gategate

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The block of 8-bit DRCA using the Cascode logic

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Comparison of 8-bit Adders Designed with Dynamic Logic

Seven circuits using six dynamic logic functions are designed and simulated. The performance in terms of power, area, delay, energy and AT2 are compared.

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Dynamic Logic Adders that are designed and compared

• Domino logic 8-bit Adder

• P-E logic 8-bit Adder

• NORA logic 8-bit Adder

• 2-Phase Logic 8-bit Adder

• Multiple O/P Domino Logic 8-bit Adder

• Cascode Logic 8-bit Adder

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Power

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Area

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DelayDelay

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DP

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AT2

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Conclusion

• Domino Logic: It has minimum area and number of transistors. The power consumption is low, and the delay is the longest. The DP and AT2 are average. If the design goal is minimum area and speed is a secondary concern the Domino logic is the best structure for Ripple Carry Adder.

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Conclusion….Conclusion….

P-E Logic: has a small area and the minimum number of transistors. The power consumption is low, and the delay is short. It has the lower DP and AT2 for Ripple Carry Adder. If the logic has no inherent race problem, it will be the best choice for Ripple Carry Adder.

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Conclusion….Conclusion….P-E (race-free) Logic: In order to avoid the

race condition of P-E Logic, the P-E (race-free) Logic is introduced. It has a small area and average of number of the transistors. The area and number of transistors is larger than P-E logic. The power consumption is average. The delay is shortest. It has lower DP and AT2 for Ripple Carry Adder. For synthesis, it is the best choice for Ripple Carry Adder.

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Conclusion….Conclusion…. NORA Logic: The power consumption is higher. The area is small, and using a few transistors except Domino logic. The delay is longer. The DP is high and AT2 are average.

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Conclusion….Conclusion…. 2-Phase Logic: The area is larger and the number of transistors is more than others except Cascode logic. The delay is longer. The power consumption, DP and AT2 are extremely high. Try to avoid this logic structure for designing Ripple Carry Adder.

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Ф1’ ф2’

ф1 ф2’

From ф2 To ф1 stages stage Ф1’ ф2

Ф Ф1’ ф2’

Ф1block

Ф2 block

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2-phase domino logic

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Dynamic Circuits: Advantages & Dynamic Circuits: Advantages & DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Advantages: Circuits occupy less area the static circuits Operate at higher speed than static CMOS Noise sensitive

Drawbacks: Affected by charge sharing and charge re- distribution Always require clocks Cannot operate at low frequency Design is not straight forward

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Race Condition of PE deviceRace Condition of PE device